Hardware Processor Specifications methodological_instructions 2 2 variant

Methodological Instructions

Theme: Processor Specifications

Objective: 10.1.1.3 explain the main characteristics of a processor: capacity and clock speed

Assessment criteria

•              understands the role of the processor in managing

•              knows the characteristics of the processor

•              knows the purpose of the processor memory registers

Knows and can determine the clock speed Basic Level:

Von Neumann architecture, CPU (7-9 grades)

Key words and phrases:

Control Unit,

Cache, Main Memory (RAM), Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

System bus, Control bus, Address bus, Data bus

I.                   Theory

Clock speed is the rate at which a processor can complete a processing cycle. It is typically measured in megahertz or gigahertz. One megahertz is equal to one million cycles per second, while one gigahertz equals one billion cycles per second. This means a 1.8 GHz processor has twice the clock speed of a 900 MHz processor.

However, it is important to note that a 1.8 GHz CPU is not necessarily twice as fast as a 900 MHz CPU. This is because different processors often use different architectures. For example, one processor may require more clock cycles to complete a multiplication instruction than another processor. If the 1.8 GHz CPU can complete a multiplication instruction in 4 cycles, while the 900 MHz CPU takes 6 cycles, the 1.8 GHz processor will perform the operation more than twice as fast as the 900 MHz processor. Conversely, if the 1.8 GHz processor takes more cycles to perform the same instruction, it will be less than 2x as fast as the 900 MHz processor.

Other factors also contribute to the overall performance of a computer. Examples include the number of processors, the bus speed, cache size, speed of the RAM, and HDD or SSD speed. Therefore, while the processor's clock speed is a significant indicator of how fast a computer is, it is not the only factor that matters.П. Tests and Assignments for Self-assessment.

A processor register (CPU register) is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of the computer processor.

A register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any kind of data (such as a bit sequence or individual characters). Some instructions specify registers as part of the instruction. For example, an instruction may specify that the contents of two defined registers be added together and then placed in a specified register.

A register must be large enough to hold an instruction - for example, in a 64-bit computer, a register must be 64 bits in length. In some computer designs, there are smaller registers - for example, half-registers - for shorter instructions. Depending on the processor design and language rules, registers may be numbered or have arbitrary names.

A processor typically contains multiple index registers, also known as address registers or registers of modification. The effective address of any entity in a computer includes the base, index, and relative addresses, all of which are stored in the index register. A shift register is another type. Bits enter the shift register at one end and emerge from the other end. Flip flops, also known as bistable gates, store and process the data.

П. Tests and Assignments for Self-assessment.

1.      Name two common brand names associated with the manufacture of CPU’s.

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2.      For the two brand names you listed above, find out the clock speed for their most recently released processor.

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3.      Why do people ‘overclock’ their computers?

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4.      What are the risks of overclocking?

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5.      Find and insert an image that represents the CPU.

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6.      Find and insert an image that represents overclocking.

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7.      What does ‘CPU’ stand for?

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8.      What is the purpose of the CPU?

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9.      Clock speed is measured in MHz. What is meant by the computer’s clock speed?

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10.  Identify and describe one factor that affects the performance of a CPU.

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11.  Describe the relationship between the fetch-execute cycle and clock speed.

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Visual Aids and Materials.

1.                  Slides

2.  Registers https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/register

3.  About registers https://youtu.be/TBADs7knuWM

4.                  http://userwords.ru/tehnicheskie-harakteristiki-protsesso/

5.                  processors rating, defining clock speed and bit by processor name: http://www.notebookcheck-ru.com/Vsjo-o-mobilnykh-processorakh-Opisanie-i-bystrodeistvie.14099.0.html

6.                  Choosing processor by its specs: http://compsovet.com/stati/kompjuternaja-tehnika/processor/76-kak-vybrat-processor-i-chto-jeto-takoe.html

7.                  http://www.kakprosto.ru/kak-878020-po-kakim-harakteristikam-vybirat-processor

8.                  How a CPU Works  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA&t=213s

9.                  The CPU and Von Neumann Architecture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbqXqQ-2ixs&t=183s

10.              How a CPU is made https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm67wbB5GmI

11.              https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYlq8ugedxA

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