The discovery that changed the world: Graphene

МБОУ Якшур-Бодьинская гимназия

The discovery that changed the world:

Graphene

Выполнил: Ялалов Марат,

ученик 6-В класса

Научный руководитель:

Копытова Е.Н.

Якшур-Бодья, 2020

Contents

Introduction ………………………………………………………………….3

Chapter 1. The history of Graphene …………………………………………4

Chapter 2. Applications………………………………………………………5

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………....8

Bibliography …………………………………………………………………9

Introduction

Nowadays science and technology  develops very quickly. There can not be any development without inventions. Modern world can be called the world of technology, but the way to this title was rather long. Nowadays there are numerous laboratories discovering something new on a daily basis.  Almost all of contemporary discoveries have been based on previous inventions, so we should give credit to those talented inventors, who laid the foundation for our comfort.  I've had gadgets in my life since I was a child. I and my friends used them mostly for entertainment: games, watching cartoons and videos.

The problem is that many modern children do not have time to follow the latest scientific achievements and they are not aware of the effective discoveries of modern scientific society.

At the moment I really want to know the internal structure of gadgets and their additional functions. I recently learned about a current scientific discovery like graphene. Graphene is a unique material in strength and many other properties, which was first obtained by Russian physicists ( working in Britain) Konstantin Novoselov and Andrey Geim in 2004. This is a very effective modern material and so I decided to devote my research project to this topic.

My aim is to tell about such a unique discovery as the invention of graphene.

My objectives:

-                     to study the history of this discovery,

-                     show the pros and cons of this material,

-                     show where graphene can be useful.

In my work I’ve used such research methods as selection and analysis of material, sociological survey.

The history of Graphene

Although sporadic attempts to study graphene can be traced back to 1859, there has been an explosion in research around the material since 2004, when Professor Sir Andre Geim and Professor Sir Kostya Novoselov of the University of Manchester discovered and isolated a single atomic layer of carbon for the first time. The pair received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 in recognition of their breakthrough.

The ‘Scotch tape method’ used at Manchester was so simple and effective that this area of science grew extremely quickly, and now hundreds of laboratories around the world deal with different aspects of graphene research. Also known as the micromechanical cleavage technique, the Scotch tape method does not require large investments or complicated equipment, which has helped to broaden the geography of graphene science considerably. Graphene is a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-like pattern. Graphene is considered to be the world's thinnest, strongest and most conductive material - to both electricity and heat. All this properties are exciting researchers and businesses around the world - as graphene has the potential the revolutionize entire industries - in the fields of electricity, conductivity, energy generation, batteries, sensors and more.

Applications

Mechanical strength. Graphene is the world's strongest material, and so can be used to enhance the strength of other materials. Dozens of researches have demonstrated that adding even a trade amount of graphene to plastics, metals or other materials can make these materials much stronger - or lighter (as you can use less amount of material to achieve the same strength).

Such graphene-enhanced composite materials can find uses in aerospace, building materials, mobile devices, and many other applications.

Thermal applications. Graphene is the world's most conductive material to heat. As graphene is also strong and light, it means that it is a great material to make heat-spreading solutions, such as heat sinks or films used to dissipate heat. This could be useful in both microelectronics (for example to make LED lighting more efficient and longer lasting) and also in larger applications - for example thermal foils for mobile devices. Huawei's latest smartphones, for example, adopt graphene-based thermal films.

Energy storage. Because graphene is the world's thinnest material, it is also the material with the highest surface-area to volume ratio. This makes graphene a very promising material to be used in batteries and supercapacitors. Graphene may enable batteries and supercapacitors (and even fuel-cells) that can store more energy - and charge faster, too.

 In 2017, Samsung introduced one of the first grapheme-based batteries with 45% higher capacity than its comparable lithium-ion counterpart. But most importantly, the new battery charges and gives off charge 5 times faster than usual. It is noteworthy that this is not about completely grapheme, but about a hybrid battery, where innovative material is used as an auxiliary material. If, more precisely, when the developers create a completely grapheme battery, this will be a real revolution in the energy sector. The main problem in the widespread use of grapheme is the high cost of its production and shortcomings in technology that do not yet allow to obtain a completely homogeneous material. However, already now the number of patent applications using grapheme has gone over 50000, so there is no doubt that already in the foreseeable future, unusual material will noticeably affect the quality of lide of people. The first graphen batteries are already mass-produced. For example, this small Samsung battery is capable of fully charging a sufficiently capacious iPhone battery in just 5-10 minutes.

Coatings ,sensors, electronics and more. Graphene has a lot of other promising applications: anti-corrosion coatings and paints, efficient and precise sensors, faster and efficient electronics, flexible displays, efficient solar panels, faster DNA sequencing, drug delivery, and more.

Graphene is such a great and basic building block that it seems that any industry can benefit from this new material. Time will tell where graphene will indeed make an impact - or whether other new materials will be more suitable.

Researchers use graphene to resolve a known imaging impediment. Researchers at NIST have used a graphene membrane to solve a long-standing problem affecting the understanding of both living cells and batteries. When a solid and an electrically-conducting liquid come into contact, a thin sheet of charge forms between them. Although this interface, known as the electrical double layer (EDL), is only a few atoms thick, it plays a central role in a wide range of systems, such as keeping living cells nourished and maintaining the operation of batteries, fuel cells, and certain types of capacitors.

For instance, the buildup of an EDL on a cell membrane creates a difference in voltage between the liquid environs outside the cell and the cell's interior. The voltage difference draws ions such as potassium from the liquid into the cell, a process essential for the cell's survival and ability to transmit electrical signals.

Graphene acts as superconductor, insulator and ferromagnet in a single device.

A collaborative group of scientists has designed a device that makes use of graphene’s assorted talents: superconducting, insulating, and a type of magnetism called ferromagnetism. The multitasking device could enable new physics experiments, such as research in the pursuit of an electric circuit for faster, next-generation electronics like quantum computing technologies.

 “So far, materials simultaneously showing superconducting, insulating, and magnetic properties have been very rare. And most people believed that it would be difficult to induce magnetism in graphene, because it’s typically not magnetic. Our graphene system is the first to combine all three properties in a single sample,” said Guorui Chen, a postdoctoral researcher in Wang’s Ultrafast Nano-Optics Group at UC Berkeley, and the study’s lead author.

Haydale supplies graphene for iCraft's new cosmetic face masks.

Haydale has announced that its graphene nanoplatelets have been incorporated into iCraft’s recently launched cosmetic face mask sheet. These sheet masks are face-shaped sheet fabrics which utilize the thermal and electrical conductivity of graphene to help the skin absorb its contents through bio-electric currents.

Haydale has supplied graphene to iCraft since May 2019 for development work in a number of areas including cosmetic use. iCraft, based in South Korea, is a global technology company with interests in security and network solutions as well as the health and beauty sector. Following intense research and rigorous testing, iCraft manages to report zero harmful substances for graphene-based products, and has applied for three related patents.

Conclusion

So, we have studied one of the discoveries of modern Russian scientists: the invention of graphene. We’ve found out a lot of advantages of this material:

·          It is the thinnest material ever discovered until now and as well as it is very much strong enough in its working.

·          The layer it has is only a single one of atoms of carbon that is mostly transparent and pliable in nature.

·          It can easily absorb heat as it is the best conductor of heat and electricity.

·          It is easily be utilized in the making of such electronic devices that can change the technology very much efficiently and with the best speed as these devices are made of very high efficiency by the Graphene,s.

·          They managed the transistors that operate the high-frequency measurements with others. In a comparison of other transistors that are being operated by another slow making of transistors.

·          It stores fuel in power cars that stores hydrogen.

·          The water is distilled by using Graphene’s that is nearly equal to the size of nanometer that is used to remove ions from water.

These are only some of the advantages worth mentioning. They have set the grounds for further innovations. In the future thanks to this discovery, we will be able to see massively electric cars on our roads. Also, in the near future, our cell phones will be able to hold a charge longer and better.

Graphene is a great modern discovery of  Russian scientists.

Bibliography

·         Anon., 2014. Advantages and disadvantages of Graphenes. [Online] Available at: https://samaterials.wordpress.com/2014/03/27/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-graphene/.

·         Azonano.com, 2013. Production and Benefits of Graphene Supercapacitors. [Online] Available at: https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3491 [Accessed 2011 July].

·         Zheng, J.-K.K., 2015. Synthesis, Structure, and Properties. 2(2), pp.29-38.

·         Quora.com, 2018. What are the disadvantages of graphene? [Online] Available at https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-disadvantages-of-graphene.

·         Radianceiitb.org, 2017. Graphene an overview. [Online] Available at http://www.radianceiitb.org/blog/graphene/.

·         Rfwireless-world.com, 2012. Advantages of Graphene | Disadvantages of Graphene. [Online] Available at http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Graphene.html.

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