Времена английского глагола

Present Simple 1. Permanent situations ex. She works as a nurse. 2. Repeated / habitual actions ex. I go to the gym twice a week. 3. Permanent truths / laws of nature ex. The earth goes round the sun. 4. Timetables / programmes ex. The plane leaves at 6 a.m. / The match finishes at 7:45. 5. In news headlines ex. SECOND QUAKE HITS JAPAN 6. In informal spoken English: in the stories, jokes, narratives, anecdotes, reviews, sport commentaries ex. ... all of a sudden this dog jumps at me... 7. Expressions:   It says here.../I hear.../I gather.../They say.../He tells me... I promise / apologies / suggest / advise / insist / agree /refuse... To be I He/she/it You/we/they Affirmative sentence (+) am is are Negative sentence (-) am not isn't aren't General questions Am I...? Is he/she/it...? Are you/we/they ...? Short answers I am. Yes, he/she/it is. you/we/they are. I'm not. No, he/she/it isn't. you/we/they aren't. V (verb) I/You/we/they He/she/it Affirmative sentence (+) V1 V1 + -s/-es *-es: to verbs ending in -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch, -o Negative sentence (-) don't + V1 doesn't + V1 General questions Do I/you/we/they V1...? Does he/she/it V1...? I/you/we/they do. Yes, he/she/it does. Short answers I/you/we/they don't. No, he/she/it doesn't. Present Continuous 1. Temporary situations ex. At present they are staying at Eton hotel. 2. Actions happening at the time of speaking / around the time of speaking ex. I'm reading now. / I'm looking for a better job. 3. Changes happening around now (get, change, become, increase, rise, fall, grow, improve) ex. My English is getting better. / The population of the world is increasing very fast. 4. Fixed arrangement in the near future ex. They are visiting us tonight. 5. Repeated actions with "always" expressing annoyance or criticism ex. I'm always loosing things. (I lose things very often. perhaps too often, or more often than normal) *STATE VERBS are not used in continuous forms state verbs: love, believe, feel, think,etc.   mental state verbs: agree, find, realise, regret,etc.  performatives: suggest, request, acknowledge, name, order, promise,etc. I He/she/it You/we/they Affirmative sentence (+) am + Ving is + Ving are + Ving Negative sentence (-) am not + Ving isn't + Ving aren't + Ving General questions Am I Ving ...? Is he/she/it Ving ...? Are you/we/they Ving ...? Short answers I am. Yes, he/she/it is. you/we/they are. I'm not. No, he/she/it isn't. you/we/they aren't. Past Simple (2 days ago, last week, when I was a child, yesterday) 1. Complete action in the past (things are not recent or new) ex. Mozart was a composer. He wrote more than 600 pieces of music. 2. finished time in the past (yesterday/last week/from 2007 to 2010) V (verb) Affirmative sentence (+) regular verb: + ed V2 Irregular verb: 2nd form Negative sentence (-) didn't + V1 I He/she/it You/we/they General questions Did I/he/she/it/you/we/they V1 ...? Short answers I Yes, he/she/it did. you/we/they I No, he/she/it didn't. you/we/they To be Affirmative sentence (+) I/You/we/they He/she/it were was Negative sentence (-) weren't wasn't General questions Were I/you/we/they ...? Was he/she/it ...? I/you/we/they were. Yes, he/she/it was. Short answers I/you/we/they weren't. No, he/she/it wasn't. Present Perfect (for, since, ever, never, already, yet) 1. Connection with now. The action in the past has a result now. ex. 'Where is your key?' 'I've lost it.' 2. New or recent happenings. / It's the (first) time something has happened. ex. He has never driven a car before. / It's the first time he has driven a car. 3. A period of time that continues until now (today/this week/since 2007). ex. Jack lives in LA. He has lived there for seven years. I/You/we/they He/she/it Affirmative sentence (+) have + past participle (V3) has + past participle (V3) *Past Participle: regular verbs: +ed / irregular verbs: 3d form Negative sentence (-) haven't + V3 hasn't + V3 General questions Have I/you/we/they V3 ...? Has he/she/it V3 ...? I/you/we/they have. Yes, he/she/it has. Short answers I/you/we/they haven't. No, he/she/it hasn't. Past Continuous 1. Somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. ex. This time last year I was living in Brazil. Affirmative sentence (+) I/You/we/they He/she/it were + Ving was + Ving Negative sentence (-) weren't + Ving wasn't + Ving General questions Were I/you/we/they Ving ...? Was he/she/it Ving ...? I/you/we/they were. Yes, he/she/it was. Short answers I/you/we/they weren't. No, he/she/it wasn't. Present Perfect Continuous 1. An activity has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now. ex. You're out of breath. Have you been running? 2. An activity started in the past and continuing up to the present (how long/for.../since...) ex. It has been raining for 2 hours. Affirmative sentence (+) I/You/we/they He/she/it have been Ving has been Ving Negative sentence (-) haven't been Ving hasn't been Ving General questions Have I/you/we/they been Ving ...? Has he/she/it been Ving ...? I/you/we/they have. Yes, he/she/it has. Short answers I/you/we/they haven't. No, he/she/it hasn't. Past Perfect 1. An event happened before another past event ex. When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat. Affirmative sentence (+) I/He/she/it/you/we/ they had + V3 *Past Participle: regular verbs: +ed / irregular verbs: 3d form Negative sentence (-) hadn't + V3 General questions Had I/he/she/it/you/we/they V3 ...? Short answers I Yes, he/she/it had. you/we/they I No, he/she/it hadn't. you/we/they Past Perfect Continuous 1. Something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened. ex. We had been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily. I/You/we/they He/she/it Affirmative sentence (+) had been Ving Negative sentence (-) hadn't been Ving General questions Had I/you/we/they been Ving ...? he/she/it Short answers I/you/we/they . Yes, he/she/it had. I/you/we/they No, he/she/it hadn't. Future Forms Present Continuous - arrangement (exactly) ex. She is having dinner with Kate on Friday. - an action just before you begin to do ex. Are you ready? - Yes, I'm coming. Present Simple - timetables / programmes ex. What time does the film start this evening? - plans are fixed like a timetable ex. What time do you finish work tomorrow? - Suppose ... / Supposing ... / What if ... ex. Suppose we miss the bus. / What if the train's late? to be going to V1 - to intend to do smth (not exactly) ex. I'm going to eat. Are you hungry? Future Simple - you have just decided to do smth ex. What would you like to drink? - I will have an orange juice, please. - offering / agreeing / promising / asking to do smth ex. I will help you with it - predict a future happening or situation ex. To my mind, she will pass her exam easily. - probably / I'm sure... / I think... / I wonder... / I hope... ex. I wonder what will happen. - talking about 'now' ex. Don't phone Kate. She will be busy. Future Continuous (will be Ving) - I will be in the middle of doing smth ex. This time next week I will be lying on the beach or swimming. Future Perfect (will have V3) - smth will already be complete before a time in the future ex. We are late. The film will already be started. Future Perfect Continuous (will have been Ving) - duration of an activity at a particular point in the future ex, Next year I will have been working in the company for 30 years.