Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic
acids
PLAN: Homologous series, nomenclature, isomerism
PLAN:
Homologous series, nomenclature, isomerism.
Physical and chemical properties.
Methods of extraction and individual representatives.
С Н СООН n 2n+1 Formula:
С Н СООН
n
2n+1
Formula:
Carboxylic acids - compounds with a
Carboxylic acids - compounds with a COOH carboxyl group bound to a hydrocarbon radical in the molecule.
Depending on the amount of the carboxyl group, it is divided into one base, two bases, and a multi-base
Depending on the amount of the carboxyl group, it is divided into one base, two bases, and a multi-base.
In order to name the saturated base, carboxylic acid according to the system nomenclature, the word "acid" is added to the name of saturated hydrocarbons.For example: N-Coon-methanoic acid; CH3-Coon-ethanoic acid.
The isomerism of saturated monobasic carboxylic acids is related to the construction of a carbon chain, the isomer begins with the number of carbon atoms above 4. C3H7COOH-two isomers; C4H9COOH-four isomers. HCOOH-formic (methane) acid; CH3-Coon-acetic (ethanoic) acid; C2H5-Coon-propionic (propane) acid; C3H7-Coon-fatty (butanoic) acid; CH3-CH(CH3) - Coon-isomay (2-methylpropanoic) acid .
Homologous series, nomenclature, isomerism
Homologous series,
nomenclature, isomerism.
Formula | Nomenclature | ||
H-COOH | formic acid | --- | methane acid |
CH3-COOH | acetic acid | ethanoic acid | |
C2H5-COOH | propionic acid | methyl acetic acid | propanoic acid |
C3H7-COOH | fatty acid | ethyl acetic acid | butanoic acid |
C4H9-COOH | valeric acid | propyl acetic acid | pentanic acid |
Physical properties : The first 3 members have a pungent odor, liquid, insoluble in water
Physical properties:
The first 3 members have a pungent odor, liquid, insoluble in water. Fatty acids have an unpleasant odor and are poorly soluble in water. Solids from C10. As the number of molecules increases, the solubility in water decreases, the boiling point increases.
Chemical properties : Determined by the structure of the carboxyl group
Chemical properties:
Determined by the structure of the carboxyl group. The electron density of the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen shifted to oxygen. As a result, the hydrogen atom is easily released in the form of protons.
Н-СООН + Мg → (HCOO)2Mg + H2 ↑ magnesium formate 1
a)2Н-СООН + Мg → (HCOO)2Mg + H2 ↑
magnesium formate
1. Carboxylic acid + metal; alkali = salt
b)2CH3-COOH + Ca → (CH3-COOH)2Ca + H2 ↑
calcium acetate
c)CH3-COOH + KOH → CH3-COOK + H2O
potassium acetate
d)CH3-COOH + NH3 → CH3-COONH4
ammonium acetate
Formation of halogen anhydrides a)H-COOH +
2. Formation of halogen anhydrides
a)H-COOH + PCl5 → H-COCl + POCl3 + HCl
b)CH3-COOH + SOCl2 → CH3-COCl + SO2 + HCl
formyl chloride
acetyl chloride
Formation of acid anhydrides CH3-COCl +
3. Formation of acid anhydrides
CH3-COCl + CH3COONa → CH3-C-O-C-CH3 + NaCl
=
=
O
O
acetic anhydride
Halogen anhydride + alcohol = ester
4. Halogen anhydride + alcohol = ester
CH3-COCl + NaO-CH2-CH3→CH3-COOCH2-CH3 + NaCl
ethyl acetate
sodium ethylate
Peroxides and hydroperoxides are formed from halogen anhydrides and acid anhydrides 2CH3-COCl +
5. Peroxides and hydroperoxides are formed from halogen anhydrides and acid anhydrides
2CH3-COCl + Na2O2 → CH3-C-O-O-C-CH3 + 2NaCl
=
=
O
O
diacetyl peroxide
Halogen anhydride + ammonia = acid amide
6. Halogen anhydride + ammonia = acid amide
CH3-COCl + 2NH3 → CH3-CONH2 + 2NH4Cl
acetamide
Formation of nitriles CH3-CONH2 →
7. Formation of nitriles
CH3-CONH2 → CH3-C N
=
=
-H2O
P2O5, t
nitriles of acetic acid
Acid amides undergo acidic, basic hydrolysis
8. Acid amides undergo acidic, basic hydrolysis.
CH3-CONH2 + H2O →
CH3-COONa +NH3
CH3-COOH +NH3
sodium acetate
acetic acid
Oxidation reactions a) CH3-CH-COOH →
9. Oxidation reactions
a) CH3-CH-COOH → CH3-C-COOH
CH3
CH3
OH
α-oxyisomic acid
[O]
Oxidation reactions b) CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH →
9. Oxidation reactions
b) CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH → CH3-CH-CH2-COOH
CH3
OH
b- oxymaic acid
[O]
10.Redox reaction propyl alcohol
10.Redox reaction
propyl alcohol
A complicated production of the ether
A complicated production of the ether. Carboxylic acids interact with alcohols, esters and water concentrate are formed sulfuric acid is involved.
methyl acetate
Amida direct: when heated, ammonium salts of the carboxylic acid amide is formed, water
Amida direct: when heated, ammonium salts of the carboxylic acid amide is formed, water.
acetamide
The reaction of oxidation. Monocarboxylic acids are resistant to oxides, only formic acid forms and oxidizes carbon dioxide
The reaction of oxidation. Monocarboxylic acids are resistant to oxides, only formic acid forms and oxidizes carbon dioxide.
gas
water
Methods of extraction and individual representatives
Methods of extraction and individual representatives
It is found in nettle juice and ant secretion, in coniferous leaves and fruits. Burns human skin. In industry, methane acid is synthesized from odorous gases.
H-COOH
CO + NAOH → H-COONA → H-COOH + Na2SO4
H2SO4
120-150 *C
It is used in the processing of dyes for textiles, for tanning leather, for the synthesis of some polymers.
Methods of extraction and individual representatives
Methods of extraction and individual representatives
CH3-COOH
CH3-CH2-OH + O2 → CH3-COOH + H2O
Used as a solvent for many organic substances. 3-5% is called vinegar. 70-80% is called vinegar essence. Found in plants, sweat, urine. Contains wine and beer.
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