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Талғатова Айсұлу ХПқ-311 орг срс.pptx
Carboxylic
acids
PLAN:
С Н СООН
n
2n+1
Formula:
Carboxylic acids - compounds with a COOH carboxyl group bound to a hydrocarbon radical in the molecule.
Depending on the amount of the carboxyl group, it is divided into one base, two bases, and a multi-base.
In order to name the saturated base, carboxylic acid according to the system nomenclature, the word "acid" is added to the name of saturated hydrocarbons.For example: N-Coon-methanoic acid; CH3-Coon-ethanoic acid.
The isomerism of saturated monobasic carboxylic acids is related to the construction of a carbon chain, the isomer begins with the number of carbon atoms above 4. C3H7COOH-two isomers; C4H9COOH-four isomers. HCOOH-formic (methane) acid; CH3-Coon-acetic (ethanoic) acid; C2H5-Coon-propionic (propane) acid; C3H7-Coon-fatty (butanoic) acid; CH3-CH(CH3) - Coon-isomay (2-methylpropanoic) acid .
Homologous series,
nomenclature, isomerism.
Formula | Nomenclature | ||
H-COOH | formic acid | --- | methane acid |
CH3-COOH | acetic acid | ethanoic acid | |
C2H5-COOH | propionic acid | methyl acetic acid | propanoic acid |
C3H7-COOH | fatty acid | ethyl acetic acid | butanoic acid |
C4H9-COOH | valeric acid | propyl acetic acid | pentanic acid |
Physical properties:
Chemical properties:
magnesium formate
1. Carboxylic acid + metal; alkali = salt
b)2CH3-COOH + Ca → (CH3-COOH)2Ca + H2 ↑
calcium acetate
c)CH3-COOH + KOH → CH3-COOK + H2O
potassium acetate
d)CH3-COOH + NH3 → CH3-COONH4
ammonium acetate
2. Formation of halogen anhydrides
a)H-COOH + PCl5 → H-COCl + POCl3 + HCl
b)CH3-COOH + SOCl2 → CH3-COCl + SO2 + HCl
formyl chloride
acetyl chloride
3. Formation of acid anhydrides
CH3-COCl + CH3COONa → CH3-C-O-C-CH3 + NaCl
=
=
O
O
acetic anhydride
4. Halogen anhydride + alcohol = ester
CH3-COCl + NaO-CH2-CH3→CH3-COOCH2-CH3 + NaCl
ethyl acetate
sodium ethylate
5. Peroxides and hydroperoxides are formed from halogen anhydrides and acid anhydrides
2CH3-COCl + Na2O2 → CH3-C-O-O-C-CH3 + 2NaCl
=
=
O
O
diacetyl peroxide
6. Halogen anhydride + ammonia = acid amide
CH3-COCl + 2NH3 → CH3-CONH2 + 2NH4Cl
acetamide
7. Formation of nitriles
CH3-CONH2 → CH3-C N
=
=
-H2O
P2O5, t
nitriles of acetic acid
8. Acid amides undergo acidic, basic hydrolysis.
CH3-CONH2 + H2O →
CH3-COONa +NH3
CH3-COOH +NH3
sodium acetate
acetic acid
9. Oxidation reactions
a) CH3-CH-COOH → CH3-C-COOH
CH3
CH3
OH
α-oxyisomic acid
[O]
9. Oxidation reactions
b) CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH → CH3-CH-CH2-COOH
CH3
OH
b- oxymaic acid
[O]
10.Redox reaction
propyl alcohol
A complicated production of the ether. Carboxylic acids interact with alcohols, esters and water concentrate are formed sulfuric acid is involved.
methyl acetate
Amida direct: when heated, ammonium salts of the carboxylic acid amide is formed, water.
acetamide
The reaction of oxidation. Monocarboxylic acids are resistant to oxides, only formic acid forms and oxidizes carbon dioxide.
gas
water
Methods of extraction and individual representatives
It is found in nettle juice and ant secretion, in coniferous leaves and fruits. Burns human skin. In industry, methane acid is synthesized from odorous gases.
H-COOH
CO + NAOH → H-COONA → H-COOH + Na2SO4
H2SO4
120-150 *C
It is used in the processing of dyes for textiles, for tanning leather, for the synthesis of some polymers.
Methods of extraction and individual representatives
CH3-COOH
CH3-CH2-OH + O2 → CH3-COOH + H2O
Used as a solvent for many organic substances. 3-5% is called vinegar. 70-80% is called vinegar essence. Found in plants, sweat, urine. Contains wine and beer.
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