Методические указания для 3 курса "Транспортные средства"

ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

образовательное учреждение Нижегородской области

«КРАСНОБАКОВСКИЙ ЛЕСНОЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

по дисциплине «Иностранный язык

в профессиональной деятельности (Английский язык)»

для студентов III курса

«Транспортные средства»

для специальности 23.02.07 «Техническое обслуживание

и ремонт двигателей, систем и агрегатов автомобилей»

 

 

РАССМОТРЕНО: на заседании предметно-цикловой комиссии общеобразовательных дисциплин ПРОТОКОЛ №   от «   » сентября 2020г. Председатель ПЦК _

Составилаи: преподаватели иностранных языков Воронина М.В., Булкина Т.А.

 

 

 

Красные Баки

2020

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов специальности «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт двигателей, систем и агрегатов автомобилей» по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)». В пособие включены технические тексты и тексты для дополнительного чтения. Материал представлен для изучения и закрепления специальной лексики будущих специалистов.

 

 

LAND TRANSPORT

LESSON 1

Vocabulary

land transport – наземный транспорт

goods – товары, груз

vehicle – экипаж, повозка, автомобиль

lorry – грузовик

coach – карета, экипаж, автобус (междугородный)

transportation – транспортировка

engine – двигатель 

internal – внутренний

combustion – сгорание

to pave – мостить

horsepower – лошадиная сила

mile – миля

timber – строительный лес

to operate –  действовать, управлять, приводить в движение

capacity – мощность, емкость

drawback – недостаток

trouble – поломка, авария, неполадки

readings – показания (на приборе)

to convert – превращать(ся)

urgent – срочный, крайне необходимый

bulky – большой, громоздкий

cargo – груз

THE HISTORY OF LAND TRANSPORT

The word transport means to carry people or goods from place to place. It is also used for the vehicles that carry people or goods - for example, motor transport includes buses, lorries, motor coaches and motor cars. The American word for the same thing is transportation, and the remark "transportation is civilization" was made by an American, the motor-car manufacturer Henry Ford

The history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in which all forms of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals or on natural forces such as winds and current. The second stage began with the development of the steam engine, which was followed by the electric motor and the internal combustion engine as the main sources of power for transport.

One of mankind's earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communi­cation, only crude farming, no electric power.

Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indians until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals. At first all wheels were solid discs.

The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same tune keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became somewhat lighter, then wheels with spokes were made. Finally, the wheel was covered with iron and then with rubber.

Light two-wheeled carriages were used widely in the ancient world. As time passed they were made lighter, stronger, and better. Later people joined together a pair of two-wheeled carts into a four-wheeled vehicle. At first only kings and queens had the privilege of driving in them.

In the West the first steam carriage was invented in France. The three-wheeled machine had the front wheel driven by a two-cylinder steam engine, and carried two people along the road at a walking pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not produce enough steam for keeping the carriage going for more than about 15 minutes.

The steam engine appeared in 1763. It was followed by several improved steam road carriages. Their further development was prevented by railway companies The rapid spread of railways in the United Kingdom was due largely to George Stephenson, who was an enthusiast as well as a brilliant engineer,

He demonstrated a locomotive that could run eighteen kilometers an hour and carry passengers cheaper than horses carried them. Eleven years later Stephenson was operating a railway between Stockton and Darlington. The steam locomotive was a success

In Russia the tsar's government showed little interest in railway transportation. After long debates the government, which did not believe in its own engineers, finally decided to invite foreign engineers to submit projects for building railways in Russia.

Yet at the very time when foreign engineers were submitting their plans, in the Urals a steam locomotive was actually in use. It had been invented and built by the Cherepanovs, father and son, both skillful mechanics and serfs. The first Russian locomotive was, of course, a "baby" compared with the locomotives of today. Under the boiler there were two cylinders which turned the locomotive's two driving wheels (there were four wheels in all), At the front there was a smoke stack, while at the back there was a platform for the driver.

1. Answer the following questions.

1)    What kind of animals were used for work during the Bronze Age?

2)    What were the first wheels like?

3)    What are the stages in the development of the wheel?

4)    How many people did the first steam carriage carry?

5)    Who demonstrated the first locomotive in the United Kingdom''

6)    Was the Russian government interested in railway transportation?

7)    Who were the Cherepanovs?

8)    What was the first Russian locomotive like?

9)    Are the locomotives widely used in Russia?

10)  What kind of locomotives are used in Russia now?

 

2. Translate into Russian:

1)    The invention of the wheel was the earliest and the greatest one.

2)    The wheel was invented during the Stone Age.

3)    People used oxen and horses for transportation during the Bronze Age.

4)    It was necessary to make wheels lighter but keep them strong.

5)    At last wheels were covered with iron.

6)    Nowadays people cover wheels with rubber.

7)    Only kings and queens could drive four-wheeled vehicles.

8)    The boiler couldn’t produce enough steam for high speed.

9)    George Stephenson was the inventor of the first railway in the United Kingdom.

10)  The serves Cherepanovs were skillful mechanics.

 

3. Translate into English:

1)    легкие двухколесные повозки

2)    паровой двигатель появился

3)    под котлом было два цилиндра

4)    дымовая труба

5)    платформа для водителя

 

Different kind of land transport

What was the reaction of the people after the invention of the steam engine? In Washington the story is told of the Patent Office who in the early thirties of the last century suggested that the Office be closed because «everything that could possibly be invented had been invented». People experienced a similar feeling after the invention of the steam engine. But there was a great need for a more efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an engine that could quickly be started and stopped. This problem was solved by the invention of the international combustion engine.

Who introduced the first cheap motor car? The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto in 1876. Since then motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly. But the person who was the first to make it really popular was Henry Ford, an American manufacturer who introduced the first cheap motor car, the famous Ford Model «T».

When did diesel-engine Lorries become general? The rapid development of the internal combustion engine led to its use in the farm tractors, thereby creating a revolution in agriculture. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until the 1930s when diesel-engined Lorries became general. The motor cycle steadily increased in popularity as engines and tyres became more reliable and roads improved. Motor cycles were found well suited for competition races and sporting events and were also recognized as the cheapest form of fast transport.

When were the trams introduced first? Buses were started in Paris in 1820. In 1828 they were introduced in London by George Shillibeer, a coach builder who used the French name Omnibus which was obtained from the Latin word meaning «for all». His omnibuses were driven by three horses and had seats for 22 passengers. Then in the 20^th century reliable petrol engines became available, and by 1912 the new motor buses were fast replacing horse-driven buses. Trams were introduced in the middle of the 19^th century. The idea was that, as the rails were smoother than the roads, less effort was needed to pull a tram than a bus. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were almost all driven by electricity. The electric motor driving the tram was usually with electric current from overhead wires. Such wires are also used by trolleybuses, which run on rubber tyres and do not need rails. Another form of transport used in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev and some other crowded cities is the underground railway. London’s first underground railway of the «tube» type was opened in 1863, the Moscow underground in 1935.

What do the longest oil pipe-lines connect? The pipe-lines, which were in use by the ancient Romans for carrying water supplies to their houses, are now mainly used to transport petroleum. The first pipe-line of this kind was laid in Pennsylvania, the United States, in 1865. Some of the longest oil pipe-lines connect oil-fields in Iraq and near the Persian Gulf with ports on the Mediterranean coast. A famous Pipe-line Under the Ocean was laid across the English Channel in 1944.

What are the cableways used for? A form of transport which is quite common in some mountainous parts of the world, especially in Switzerland, is the aerial cableway. Cableways are used at nearly all winter sport centers to pull or carry skiers to the top of the slopes. Cableways are used by many Alpine villages which lie high up the mountain-sides for bringing up their supplies from the valley below.

 

1. Распределите правильно слова, в соответствии с развитием транспорта

Omnibus, cableway, steam engines, pipe-lines, motor cars, diesel engines

 

2. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

invention of the steam engines                 усилие

efficient engine                                        дизельный двигатель

internal combustion engine.                    омнибус

motor transport                                        изобретение парового двигателя

the rapid development                             бензин для транспорта

diesel-engine                                           троллейбусы

trams                                                        продуктивный двигатель

omnibuses                                                связь с нефтяной сферой

horse-driven buses.                                  двигатель внутреннего сгорания

effort                                                        моторный транспорт

the electric motor                                     трамваи

trolleybuses                                              лошадиная сила

pipe-lines                                                  электрический мотто

transport petroleum.                                 трубопровод

connect oil-fields                                      бензин

 

3. Закончите предложения, используя текст

1)    People experienced a similar feeling after the….

2)    The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by…

3)    The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until…

4)    The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were…

5)    The first pipe-line of this kind was laid…

 

 

LESSON 2

Passive Voice

1. Study the material:

 

2. Exercises:

    I. Write the past participle of the following verbs:

1.     want  à      …………………………

2.     buy    à      …………………………

3.     decide à      …………………………

4.     marry à      …………………………

5.     choose à     …………………………

6.     drop   à      …………………………

7.     make  à      …………………………

8.     draw  à      …………………………

 

     II. Change the underlined active verbs into the passive form:

1.     Adam hit the ball. - The ball was hit by Adams.

2.     Someone is ringing the bell. - The bell …………………………………….

3.     Mom washes the carpet. - The carpet ………………… by Mom.

4.     Children should drink milk. - Milk ……………………… by children.

5.     I have paid my checks. - Checks …………………………… by me.

6.     Tim will write a story. - A story ………………………… by Tim.

7.     Tom needs to do this work. - This work needs ……………………….

8.     Dina may invite some friends. - Some friends …………………………… by Dina.

 

III. Change the following sentences from active into passive:

1.   The lawyer will give you some advice.

2.   Sue asked the policeman for directions.

3.   The pirates had found the treasure.

4.   Peter is going to take the package later.

5.   Someone has already stopped the machine.

6.   The coach always encourages the trainees.

7.   Meg needs to wipe the floor right now.

8.   The employees might suggest new rules.

 

    IV. Change the following negative sentences from active into passive:

1. We didn’t notice the new changes.

2. The store won’t deliver the furniture.

3. They haven’t collected the taxes yet.

4. The students didn’t study the poem well.

5. We don’t accept credit cards here.

6. Tim wasn’t planting trees at seven.

7. You shouldn’t water this plant daily.

8. They are not interviewing the applicants.

 

    V. Change the following questions from active into passive:

1.   Did the driver hit the boy yesterday?

2.   Will the police question all the suspects?

3.   Have you signed the house contract?

4.   Do people speak English in Spain?

5.   Who broke the vase in the sitting room?

6.   Are you roasting chestnuts now?

7.   Can you reach the top of this mountain?

8.   Was Jim playing the piano very loudly?

 

 

LESSON 3

AIR TRANSPORT

№1. Scan the text and find the information about the first flights in different countries. Make up a scheme of air transport development.

Many countries have national airlines that the government owns and operates. Fully private airlines are subject to a great deal of government regulation for economic, political, and safety concerns. For instance, the government often intervenes to halt airline labor actions in order to protect the free flow of people, communications, and goods between different regions without compromising safety.

The first countries in Europe to embrace air transport were Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

KLM, the oldest carrier still operating under its original name, was founded in 1919. The first flight (operated on behalf of KLM by Aircraft Transport and Travel) transported two English passengers to Schiphol, Amsterdam from London in 1920. Like other major European airlines of the time (see France and the UK below), KLM's early growth depended heavily on the needs to service links with far-flung colonial possessions (Dutch Indies). It is only after the loss of the Dutch Empire that KLM found itself based at a small country with few potential passengers, depending heavily on transfer traffic, and was one of the first to introduce the hub-system to facilitate easy connections.

France began an air mail service to Morocco in 1919 that was bought out in 1927, renamed Aéropostale, and injected with capital to become a major international carrier. In 1933, Aéropostale went bankrupt, was nationalized and merged with several other airlines into what became Air France.

In Finland, the charter establishing Aero O/Y (now Finnair, one of the oldest still-operating airlines in the world) was signed in the city of Helsinki on 12 September 1923. Junkers F 13 D-335 became the first aircraft of the company, when Aero took delivery of it on 14 March 1924. The first flight was between Helsinki and Tallinn, capital of Estonia, and it took place on 20 March 1924, one week later.

Germany's Lufthansa began in 1926. Lufthansa, unlike most other airlines at the time, became a major investor in airlines outside of Europe, providing capital to Varig and Avianca. German airliners built by Junkers, Dornier, and Fokker were the most advanced in the world at the time. The peak of German air travel came in the mid-1930s, when Nazi propaganda ministers approved the start of commercial zeppelin service: the big airships were a symbol of industrial might, but the fact that they used flammable hydrogen gas raised safety concerns that culminated with the Hindenburg disaster of 1937. The reason they used hydrogen instead of the not-flammable helium gas was a United States military embargo on helium.

The British company Aircraft Transport and Travel commenced a London to Paris service on 25 August 1919, this was the world's first regular international flight. The United Kingdom's flag carrier during this period was Imperial Airways, which became BOAC (British Overseas Airways Co.) in 1939. Imperial Airways used huge Handley-Page biplanes for routes between London, the Middle East, and India: images of Imperial aircraft in the middle of the Rub'al Khali, being maintained by Bedouins, are among the most famous pictures from the heyday of the British Empire.

Groups such as the International Civil Aviation Organization establish worldwide standards for safety and other vital concerns. Most international air traffic is regulated by bilateral agreements between countries, which designate specific carriers to operate on specific routes. The model of such an agreement was the Bermuda Agreement between the US and UK following World War II, which designated airports to be used for transatlantic flights and gave each government the authority to nominate carriers to operate routes.

 

№2. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1)    Only a few countries have their own airlines.

2)    In most countries government does not interfere into air transportation.

3)    The first countries in Europe to admit air transport were Holland, Japan and Italy.

4)    The oldest carrier working under its original name was organized in 1919.

5)    One of the oldest still-working airlines in the world is Finnish Aeropostale.

6)    The apex of German air travel was in 1940s.

7)    The disaster of Hindenburg took place in 1937.

8)    The world's first regular international flight was in July, 1919.

9)    Such group as ICAO proclaims worldwide standards for safety only.

10)  World air traffic is controlled by bilateral agreements between countries.

 

№3. Look through the text once again and explain to your partner the meaning of the dates and names given below.

1)    KLM

2)    1920

3)    Aeropostale

4)    Finnair

5)    12 September 1923

6)    Hindenburg

7)    1937

8)    BOAC

9)    Bermuda Agreement

10)  ICAO

 

№4. Read and translate the text

Modern air transport using craft which is heavier than air requires a good deal of power merely to stay in the air. It is for this reason that air transport uses more fuel to carry a ton over a distance of a mile than land or water transport. Another drawback of air transport is that whereas a ship, truck or train whose engines break down can stop until they are mended, an aircraft with the same trouble must land. This means that an aircraft must have several engines and this increases its cost. Safety precautions for air transport also tend to make it expensive. It cannot be relied upon for regular services in places or seasons with low clouds and mist. The great advantage of air transport being its high speed, all civilized countries try to develop it. If you want to save time, you will naturally fly by air.

The earliest form of air transport was balloons, which are sometimes called "free balloons" because having no engines they are forced to drift by the wind flow. This fact alone makes balloons not reliable enough for carrying people. If they were safer, they would be used more for transportation, but at present the scientists use balloons mostly for obtaining information about the upper atmosphere, its density, and other scientific subjects. Weather balloons are particularly used by meteorologists. They carry instruments whose readings are automatically sent back to the ground by the radio, the position of the balloon being obtained by radar. Small balloons released from air-fields are observed to obtain the direction and strength of the wind.

The heavier-than-air machines called aeroplanes were rather slow in being adopted for transport. The first aeroplane flight was made in 1884.

World War I quickened the development of aeroplanes enormously. By 1918 they were no longer unreliable things capable of only short flights, but powerful machines able to carry heavy loads at high speeds for long distances. What was more, the ending of the war meant that thousands of aeroplanes and skilled pilots were available.

The first aeroplanes were machines that had been used as bombers. They were quickly converted for use by passengers by fitting extra seats and windows. The first regular public air service from London to Paris was started in August.

During World War II the value of aeroplanes for carrying heavy loads was recognized. This led after the war to an increase in the practice of sending goods by air. Air freight is expensive but is often thought worthwhile for such goods as early vegetables, fruit and flowers, as well as for things urgently needed such as spare parts for machinery, medical supplies, films and photographs. Some parts of the world are hundreds of miles from a road, railway or waterway, and air transport is the only possible kind of transport. Such places are kept supplied wholly by air.

After World War II, bigger and faster airliners were introduced. Jet-propelled aircraft were first used in 1950. Air transport is very valuable for emergency medical work. The most important use of air transport besides carrying passengers is carrying mail. If the letters are sent by air mail, they are not long in coming. Although it is unlikely that aircraft will ever replace ships for carrying heavy and bulky cargoes such as oil, coal, minerals, grain and machinery, air transport is already proving a serious rival to passenger ships on some routes.

Helicopters are very useful in places where there is no room for long, flat runways. Modern turbo-jet airliners need a run of nearly two miles long to take off, but helicopters can use small fields, platforms mounted on ships and the flat tops of buildings. Helicopters were first introduced for regular airline service in 1947. Later, helicopters were used for carrying passengers and mail on short routes, and for taking airline passengers between the centres of cities and the main airports.

While helicopters gain in needing very little space for taking-off and landing, they lose because the speed at which they move forward is quite low. So the problem was to develop an aircraft combining the advantages of the helicopter with the high speed of an ordinary aircraft. If the designers could develop such a machine the problem would be solved. So for this purpose the hovercraft was designed. Hovercrafts are likely to be useful for ferry services - for example, in ferrying motor cars across the English Channel. They may also be useful for travel in roadless countries.

LESSON 4

FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

1. Study the material:

Tenses	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Future Simple in the Past	would (should) + V	would (should) + be + V3
Future Continuous in the Past	would (should) + be + Ving	-
Future Perfect in the Past	would (should) + have + V3	would (should)+have been+V3
Future Perfect Continuous in the Past	would (should) + have been + Ving	-

 

2. Exercises:

Exercise 1. Перепишите следующие предложения в прошед­шем времени.

1.     I am afraid I shall be late.

2.     Do you think we shall pick all the apples in three days?

3.      He hopes you will often visit him.

4.      They expect he will be at home in a few days.

5.      Are you afraid we shan’t be in time?

6.      She promises that she will finish the work in a week.

7.     I think Henry will help us.

8.      I hope we’ll enjoy the show.

9.      She expects he’ll win the race.

 

Exercise 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Future Simple или Future-in-the-Past Simple.

1)    I know we (not to be) late.

2)    I knew we (not to be) late.

3)    I want to know whether he (to be) at home.

4)    I wanted to know whether he (to be) at home.

5)    «When you (to be) ready?» he asked.

6)    He asked when I (to be) ready.

7)    I can’t say whether Bob (to do) the work perfectly, but he (to do) his best.

8)    He asked me whether he (to see) Olga there.

9)    Are you sure that we (to have) time to do that?

10)  I was afraid he (to say), «I don’t think I (to be) able to come»

 

Exercise 3. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внима­ние на время глагола в главном предложении.

1.     Я знаю, что он скоро придет.

2.     Я знал, что он скоро придет.

3.     Я думаю, что она будет спать в это время.

4.     Я думал, что она будет спать в это время.

5.     Она думает, что сделает всю работу к пяти часам.

6.     Она думала, что сделает всю рабо­ту к пяти часам.

7.     Я был уверен, что к десяти часам он уже выучит стихотворение.

8.     Я знал, что к девяти часам мама уже приготовит ужин и в девять часов вся семья будет сидеть за столом. Я боялся, что приду слишком поздно.

9.     Она боя­лась, что ее друг не придет.

10.  Они написали, что скоро приедут.

11.  Я был уверен, что встречу его на станции.

12.  Я думаю, что папа скоро напишет нам письмо.

13.  Вам сказали, что в декабре мы будем писать контрольную работу?

14.  Он понял, что никогда ее не забудет.

15.  Я полагаю, что они вспомнят о нас.

 

Exercise 4. Поставьте данные в скобках глаголы в нужную временную форму, соблюдая правило согласования времен.

1. They promised that they (bring) ____ us all the necessary books.

2. He did it better than I (expect) ____ he would.

3. He said that the tractors (be) ____ there soon.

4. I think it all happened soon after the meeting (end) ____.

5. He said that he (can) ____ not do it without my help.

6. The astronomer told us that the Moon (be) ____ 240,000 miles from the Earth.

7. We asked the delegates whether they ever (see) ____ such a demonstration.

8. It was decided that we (start) ____ our work at four o’clock.

9. I told you that I (leave) ____ town on the following day.

10. I did not know that you already (receive) ____ the letter.

 

LESSON 5

WATER TRANSPORT

№1. Read the international words and give their Russian meaning

barge, compass, diesel, port, radiation, companion, army, aeroplane, reactor, turbine, magnetic, ton, atomic, canal, motor.

 

№2. Read and translate the text.

         One of the most important things about water transport is the small effort needed to move floating craft. A heavy boat or a barge weighing several tons can be moved through the water, slowly but steadily, by one man. An aeroplane of the same weight as the barge needs engines of 1,000 horsepower or more in order to fly.

         The raft made of logs of wood is supposed to be the earliest type of boat.

Rafts seem to be clumsy vessels, although the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl and his five companions in 1947 made a voyage on the raft Kon-Tiki from Peru to Tuamotu Islands - a distance of 4,500 miles.

         The water transport in ancient times developed most rapidly on great rivers. The ancient Romans used vessels to carry their armies and supplies to colonies. These ships, usually called galleys, continued to be used in the Mediterranean till 1750.

         The introduction of the magnetic compass allowed long voyages to be made with much greater safety. At the end of the 15th century, sailing vessels are known to have carried men from Europe to America and round Africa to India.

The middle of the 19th century proved to be the highest point in the development of sailing ships.

        Steam and Motor Ships. One of the earliest steamboats is known to have been tested at the end of the 18th century. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, 98-foot ship built in New York, which made the crossing in 1819. Like all the early steamships, it had sails as well as paddles.' By the middle of the 19th century it became possible to build much larger ships for iron and steel began to replace timber.

        The rapid increase in the size and power of ships was promoted by the industrial revolution). The industrial countries produced great quantities of goods which were carried to all parts of the world by ships. On their return voyages, the ships brought either raw materials such as cotton, metals, timber for the factories, or grain and foodstuffs for the growing population.

         During the same period, a great deal was done to improve ports, and that permitted larger ships to use them and to make loading and unloading faster. Improvements introduced in the 20th century included the smoother and more efficient type of engines called steam turbines and the use of oil fuel instead of coal. Between 1910 and 1920 the diesel engine began to be introduced in ships. These diesel-engined ships are called motor ships. The largest ships, however, are still generally driven by steam turbines. In the late 1950s a few ships were being built which were equipped with nuclear reactors for producing steam.

          In 1957 the world's first atomic ice-breaker was launched in Leningrad. This atomic ice-breaker is equipped with an atomic engine owing to which her operating on negligible quantities of nuclear fuel is possible. In spite of the capacity of her engine being 44,000 h.p. it will need only a few grams of atomic fuel a week.

        The atomic ice-breaker has three nuclear reactors. The operation of the nuclear reactor is accompanied by powerful radiation. Therefore, the ice­breaker is equipped with reliable means of protection. The ice-breaker is designed for operation in Arctic waters.

 

№3. Study the table and say what kinds of Water Transport consists of:

Water Transport
Inland			Ocean
Rivers	Lakes	Canals	Coastal shipping	Overseas shipping
- boats -steamers, etc.			- for passengers - for cargo	Liner		Tramps	Tankers
				Cargo	Passengers

 

№4. Scan the text, find information devoted to cruise ships and write out it.

A watercraft is a vehicle designed to float on and move across (or under) water. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance, and appearance.

English seldom uses the term watercraft to describe any specific individual object (and probably then only as an affectation): rather the term serves to unify the category that ranges from small boats to the largest ships, and also includes the diverse watercraft for which some term even more specific than ship or boat (e.g., canoe, kayak, raft, barge, jet ski) comes to mind first.

Ship transport is the process of moving people, goods, etc. by barge, boat, ship or sailboat over a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. This is frequently undertaken for purposes of commerce, recreation or military objectives.

Early sea transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, and often, in earlier times with smaller vessels, a combination of the two.

In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam.

Although relatively slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than transport by air for trans-continental shipping.

Cruise ships are passenger ships used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are considered an essential part of the experience. Cruising has become a major part of the tourism industry, with millions of passengers each year as of 2006. The industry's rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year since 2001, as well as others servicing European clientele. Smaller markets such as the Asia-Pacific region are generally serviced by older tonnage displaced by new ships introduced into the high growth areas.

 

№5. Find English equivalents in the text above:

1 плыть по воде / под водой

2 главная часть конструкции

3 иное судно

4 в коммерческих целях

5 в развлекательных или военных целях

6 использовать ветер для движения вперед

7 гребное колесо

8 незначительно очищенный тип топлива

9 увеселительное путешествие

10 быстро развивающиеся области

 

№6. Find antonyms to the following words:

1 to stop

2 minor

3 similar, the same

4 seldom

5 greatly

6 fast

7 ineffective

8 cheap

9 decline

10 form time to time

 

№7. Read the description of different kinds of ships and try to match them with their names given below:

1. They are cargo ships for the transport of fluids, such as crude oil, petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas and chemicals, also vegetable oils, wine and other food – this sector comprises one third of the world tonnage. 2. They are passenger ships used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are considered an essential part of the experience. 3. It is a boat used to maneuver, primarily by towing or pushing other vessels in harbours, over the open sea or through rivers and canals. They are also used to tow barges, disabled ships, or other equipment like towboats. 4. It is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Most of them are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing or towboats pushing them. 5. They are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo such as automobiles, trailers or railway carriages. Such vessels have built-in ramps which allow the cargo to be efficiently "rolled on" and "rolled off" the vessel when in port. 6. Also known as coasters, they are shallow-hulled ships used for trade between locations on the same island or continent. Their shallow hulls mean that they can get through reefs where sea-going ships usually cannot

a) Roll-on / roll-off ships     b) Barge     c) Tugboat       d) Cruise ships     e) Tanker       f) Coastal trading vessels

 

 LESSON 6

LEXICAL-GRAMATICAL EXERCISES

№1. Write the number and the right word:

№2. Fill in the gaps using the words: 

means of transport, speed, roads, miles, petrol

1)    Cars are a common sight on … today, but that wasn’t always true.

2)    Back in the days before the car was invented, the only personal ….were the horse and the bicycle.

3)    The first cars got their power from steam and gas, and had a maximum … of around nine miles an hour.

4)    In Britain, there was a law stopping cars from going over two miles an hour in towns.

5)    At the end of the nineteenth century, cars started to use … and became much faster than they had been.

6)    Very few people at that time said that cars would change the world in the future. That is exactly what has happened, though, and since then we have built about eighteen million … of roads on the Earth.

№3. Find the synonyms.

1	journey	a	wagon-lit
2	dining car	b	by road
3	by air	c	flight
4	voyage	d	way
5	walking tour	e	trip
6	mean	f	hike
7	sleeping car	j	by plane
8	by car	h	buffet car

 

№4. Open the brackets, use the verb in Present, Past or Future Simple Passive.

1.     Tom always (to ask) at the lessons.

2.     I (to ask) at the last lesson.

3.     Our country house (to finish) next year.

4.     The dog (to find) by my sister yesterday.

5.     This work (to do) tomorrow.

6.     This text (to translate) at the last lesson.

7.     These trees (to plant) every autumn.

8.     Many interesting games always (to play) at our P.E. lessons.

9.     This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow.

10.  We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday.

11.  My question (to answer) yesterday.

12.  Hockey (to play) in winter.

13.  Mushrooms (to gather) in autumn.

14.  Many houses (to burn) during the war.

15.  His new book (to finish) next year.

16.  Flowers (to sell) in shops and in the streets.

17.  St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703.

18.  Bread (to eat) every day.

19.  The letter (to receive) yesterday.

20.  Nick (to send) to Moscow next week.

 

№5. Divide the following words or phrases into four groups, those which describe or belong to a) passenger vehicles; b) vehicles for the carriage of goods; c) non-road mobile machinery; d) off-road vehicles.

 

Coach, truck, pickup, omnibus, scraper, gravel surface, flexible suspension, lorry, excavator, caterpillar track, grader, bus, motor car, bulky equipment, large tyres, bulldozer, deep open treads.

 

№6. a) agree or disagree with the following definitions

1. Bulky is too big to be carried or stored easily.

2. Bulldozer is a heavy vehicle with a large curved open container at the front used for moving earth and stones, destroying buildings, etc.

3. Coach is a long comfortable vehicle for carrying a large number of passengers, especially on long journeys.

4. Omnibus is an old word meaning a ‘bus’.

5. Trailer is a long container that can be fixed to a vehicle and used for moving heavy objects or large animals.

 

b) match each word with its correct definition

scraper, excavator, pickup, ambulance, truck

1. A machine used for removing a layer from a surface.

2. A large road vehicle used for carrying goods.

3. A vehicle for taking people to hospital.

4. A truck with an open back and low sides.

5. A large machine for digging holes in the ground.

 

№7. Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts and choose the most suitable heading given below for each paragraph.

1) Trailers and Semi-trailers

2) Off-road Vehicles

3) Passenger Vehicles

4) Classification of Vehicles

5) Non-road Mobile Machinery

6) Vehicles for the Carriage of Goods

7) Special Purpose Vehicles

8) Tractors

VEHICLE CATEGORIES

On the 30th of November, 2011 at the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicles, the Inland Transport Committee of Economic Commission for Europe adopted “Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles”. One of the units of the resolution is devoted to the classification of power driven vehicles and trailers. Vehicle categories are defined according to the following classification: motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers (category “M”); motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods (category “N”); trailers (category “O”); special purpose vehicles; agricultural and forestry tractors (category “T”); non-road mobile machinery; off-road vehicles (category “G”).

There are numerous types of passenger vehicles: light passenger vehicles (motor cars or cars), people carriers or mini-buses, buses (omnibuses), coaches, etc. They may be classified according to the types of chassis frame, engine, fuel, as well as the purpose for which they are used.

Motor vehicles for the carriage of goods include light commercial vehicles (also light goods vehicle) and large goods vehicles, LGV (also heavy goods vehicle, HGV). “A large goods vehicle” is the European Union (EU) term for any truck (lorry) with mass over 3.5 tonnes. Trucks vary greatly in size, power and configuration. Light commercial vehicles with mass not more than 3.5 tonnes are called light vans. When a vehicle is required for the transportation of bulky equipment, a pickup would be often desirable.

Trailers and semi-trailers are any non-self propelled vehicles. It is required that they should be towed by power-driven vehicles.

Special purpose vehicles embrace the vehicles of categories “M”, “N” or “O” for the carriage of passengers or goods and for performing special functions with special body arrangement and equipment. They include motor caravans, armoured vehicles, ambulances, etc.

Agricultural and forestry tractors are power-driven vehicles, either wheeled or caterpillar tracks, which are designed to pull, push, carry or actuate certain tools, machines or trailers.

The term “non-road mobile machinery” means any mobile machine, transportable industrial equipment or vehicle with or without body not intended for the use of passenger- or goods- transport on the road, in which the internal combustion engine is installed. Non-road mobile machinery embraces earthmoving machinery, such as scrapers, bulldozers, graders, excavators, etc.

Off-road vehicles are considered to be any types of vehicles which are capable of driving on and off paved or gravel surface. They are generally characterized by having large tyres with deep open treads, a flexible suspension, or even caterpillar tracks. They have a versatile application, e.g. several types of motorsports involve racing off-road vehicles.

 

№8. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1. The classification of power-driven vehicles was defined at the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicles.

2. Numerous types of passenger vehicles are known to be included into category “M”.

3. Category “G” represents off-road vehicles.

4. Light commercial vehicles are considered to be passenger vehicles.

5. Agricultural tractors may be either wheeled or with caterpillar tracks.

6. The vehicles of “M”, “N” or “O” categories may be special purpose vehicles.

7. Trailers are non-self propelled vehicles.