MACMILLAN

Exam Skills for Russia

Reading and Writing

Malcolm Mann

Steve Taylore - KngwJÅêJ

MACMILLAN

Учебное пособие для подготовки к ЕГЭ по английскому языку: Чтение, Письмо,

Мапп Steve Toylore - knowles

Series Adviser: Elena klekovkina

MACMILLAN

Дорогие друзья !

()сповная цель vqc61 юго пособия «Macmillan Ехат Shills .for Rus.sia: Reading and Writing» состоит в тОМ, чтобы ПОМОЧЬ вам овладеть различными видами

члепия  свои х:мепия И П'ДВЫКИ письменной речи.

ли вы когда-нибудь над тс:м, что в разных ситкъи (иях мы читаем по-разному.“ ТО, как мы это делаем, кс. специфика цс:с.са ЧЛСПИЯ, зависит юГО, какую цель мы перед собой СЛАВИМ. Бх^удетс

например, читать ог начала до конца всю

 (71 ранит»! с телевизиоппой программой, если вас интересует ТОЛЬКО вечерняя программа?

1€:чно — пет. Вы искало па странице тОЛЬКО  вам информацию о  передачах.

l«.ew вам попалась па глаза газета с последними повосллми, вы, ВОЗМОЖНО, ЛИшЬ просмотрите стали, члобы подучить общее представле| ше о ЛОМ, чло происходи г в мире. Если же какая-ло заметка дейслвилслы покажелк:я вам инлерссной. то в :-пом см^у чае вы (Ласте читать более В с мраясь попяль все детали пля.

Иными  различные ВИдЫ ЧЛСПИЯ м ребуюл от хмащихся владения соотвслствшощими х•МСПИЯМИ и навыками раболл с текстом. Задания, предложенные в пособии «Macmilla.n Ехат Shills for Russia: Reading and Writing», помоги- вам сформи ровал ь и развить ге Умения и П,лВЫКИ, колорые  при овладении РаЗАИЧНЫМИ видами чтения .

Вам. без сомнения, приходилось писал письма или гронпые СОО(ЗЩСНИЯ своим дрезьям. ЯЗЫК и СТИлЬ ЭтИХ сообщениЙ, лексика и грамма лика.

ВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗУС|С, В Л оп и чаюп:я от 101-o языка, который бы вы использовали при П'(шИсДНИИ ШКОЛЬНЫХ сочинениГ4 И-\И. скажем, резюме.

Мал ериал пособия «Macm.illan Ехат Skills for Russia: Reading and Writing» способслвуст овладению

СТИЛЯМИ  1 ИЯ ЛСКСТОВ. 1 риобрелсмныс вами ч;.меиия и навы ки письменпоЙ речи ПОМОГи вам легко (_:п ра виться с экзаменационными заданиями по

Я.ЗЫК\',         общаться на ан гмлиск•ом языке: в

ДОСП1ВIЛТ вам удовольствие и поможет

СВОИ       В области       И ш      сов рем ем ного а Н ГАИИС.К(НО языка!

\lalcolm Мапп                                     ,Stevc

У в ажаем ые коллеги

Учащиеся с ми владения ИНОСТР'ДПНЫ.М язы ком, он ми в Совета

Европы как В 1 и В2 (ч го и ВЫСОКОМУ х:ровпям ЕГЭ) владеть рядом КМОЧСВЫХ VMCl-lVlVl       КОВ в обхаслм ЧтСНИЯ и письма.

Основная задача пособия «МастТап Ехат Shills .|br

Ru.ssia: Reading and Wri,ting»

справился с заданиями в разделах « Чтение» и

«l |исьмо» х:ровпей 13 1 и В2 ЭКЗа,МСПОВ по

Пособие «Macmi,llan. Ехат Shills for Ru.ssia: Reading

a.nd Writin.g» сослоит из [ (5 лсматически организовт шых уроков, каждый из которых включает два раздела: «Чтение» и «1 [исьмо».

умении названных видов речевой деятельпослм.

В каждом разделе уделяемся внимание лексических П'ЛВЫКОВ (в рх^т брике «WordPerfect») и работе над. грамматическими рами (в рубрике «C,rammar focus»). В разделе «Reading» в «Grammar ]bcus» всдеп:я работа пал,

сове ш-гвоваписм  сл-рх:к т ^т р, знание КОП)РЫХ ИО.МОжСТ учащимся Cl цуавилл:я с гскслом любой  В разделе «Writing» — в «Grammar .focus» особос ВПИ.\ПшИС уделяется работ пад пуми граммати чески ми сл рук-гурами, КОЛОРЫС, как П РТВ ИДО, В

Все разделы « Wri,ling» тавлепы на развилме

СЛ   создавать различные   ТЫ

писс:м «до написания сочинении с эле:мсш ами рассуждения, рассказов, докладов и Т.д. [ с развилмс.м ОСНОВНЫХ \'МСПИИ и павы ков ПИСЬ.МСПШОЙ речи разделы во всех уроках обх:чают пап псаншо

гаки.х как. личное ПИСЬМО, официалхьнос письмо, СОЧИНСППС с элементами расск^г жл,спия, рассказ, доклад и лил. В пособии «Macm.illan Ехат Shills for Russia.: Reading and Writing» представлено ВОСС.мЬ ОСНОВ ПЫХ письмен н ых текса ор, , ка жлом из которых ПОСВЯЩСП() два раздела ПОСОбПЯ.

^м ы надеемся. ч мо вы и ВтПИ №чащиеся с

        Мапп                                   ,Stexv l-avlorc-k

                     using complex sentences                 discursive composition                  participle clauses

skimming for gist

                     using set phrases                                 letter of application                        formal conditionals

                      interpreting graphics                    formal transactional letter            prefer/would rather

                    understanding fact and opinion                                                                     adverbs of attitude

                     recognizing discourse markers                                                                      phrasal verbs

                     presenting an argument                   discursive composition                 expression of contrast

                     text type and function                                                                                     causative form

Writing    punctuation, spelling                         report                                                  comparative

                     and abbreviations                                                                                              comparisons

Reading Skills Development

Model compositions

Useful Phrase Reference

Formal and Informal Language

I Reading Films

WARM-UP

Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions:

• What kinds of film do you like or dislike?

• Would you like to be an actor? Why/Why not?

• Do you prefer to watch videos or go to the cinema?  Do you ever read film reviews?

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

What kind of film?

Quickly read these four reviews of different films. Choose from the box the kind of film being reviewed. There is one extra kind of film you do not need to use.

nce again, Tom Granger shows in his latest film why audiences find him so amusing. Playing his usual character, the lovable loser Benny , Granger makes fun of doctors and hospitals in

Kind of film:

a hilarious film. Crazy situations and funny dialogues keep you grinning, and the car crash at the end had me crying for all the right reasons .

real hit!

2

This film proves that you can't make a great film but most of us will yawn through this one. just bv giving a director a lot of money. I, for one, was glad when the monster finally did The special effects and costumes are wonderful, get the girl. At least it saved us from her terrible but the story is about as frightening as a rabbit. acting. Ghosts and graveyards may scare small children,

Kind of film:

3

Director Sarah Howard, best known for suspense as they are her exciting chases and explosions , police to the FBI and tries a new style in this complicated in a world of spies story of two people in New York whose this film will leave you looking lives are changed when they are over your shoulder to see who' s both arrested. The film is full of following you.

Kind of film:

4

follows the heroine, Nadine, through her

Kind of film:

How did you know?

Underline two words or phrases in each review which helped you make your decision.

R e a d i n g S k i lU i t

1

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

Choose the best title

Which of these titles might be best for each of the films in A? There is one extra title you do not need to use.

Last Days ot

What kind of film might have the title you haven't used?

Pairw

Discuss

In pairs, discuss your answers. Did you choose the same titles? Why/Why not? What do you think the other film might be about?

Choose the best heading

Read this review and circle the best heading for each paragraph.

The wrong title / A disappointing result / A good past record The Good Guys Always Win is a missed opportunity. Starring John Devon and written by Carol West, all the ingredients were there for a great movie, but, alas, this one proves that the good guys sometimes lose. With their work together in the past, I was looking forward to seeing what they had been working on. The answer is a film that lets them down.

An old-fashioned story / A fight for love

/ A new acting style

The story is the same old plot of boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy gets girl back. We've seen it a thousand times before. With women playing strong characters on our screens these days, we've had enough of the gentle heroine who just waits for the boy to fall in love with her. Patty LeBelle, who plays Wendy, cries and sighs but does little else, and those who saw her in Climbers will wonder what's happened to her.

A terrible script / Poor leadership /

Future possibilities

The dialogue is slow and too much of the film is people pausing and looking at each other. Donna Short, the director, must take most of the blame since it's her job to guide the actors. It's difficult to see exactly why she was given this film when her last two efforts, Catch Me, I'm Falling and The Man Next Door, were so unexciting. Let's hope that John Devon's career can recover.

Choose the best title

Read these quotes from film trailers and choose a title for each film.

1 'Watch out! Bill Fredericks is back, and this time he's better than ever! When Bill decides to take his family on holiday, you just know it won't be long before he causes trouble! Even before they get to the airport,  Bill finds some way of messing things up! You'll laugh till you cry in this family funpacked film.' a Airport Terror 2 b Don't Forget Your Passport!

c The Holiday from Hell

2     'It was a time of innocence. A time of love. A time that Mary Jones would never forget. When the stranger rode into town on his black horse, nobody in Watersville knew how it would change all their lives, forever. A tale of passion. A story of two people fighting for what they believe in, even if that means losing each other.' a Difficult Choices b I Was Frankenstein's Bride c Those Crazy Cowboys!

3     'Based on a true story, this award-winning film takes you to the heart of tragedy. A mother's search for a cure for her son takes her far from home. They said he would never walk again, and she is determined to prove them wrong. There are times when she must fight, and times when she wants to give in. The human spirit finally triumphs, but not before she has paid the ultimate price.'

a Where Have You Left the Patient? b Fight for Glory Ill c Love Will Find a Way

Pairw t.

Discuss

In pairs, discuss your answers.

Did you choose the same titles for the films?

What kinds of film might have the other titles?

.1

Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

       The special effects were amazingl The spaceships all seemed real!

       I haven't seen the film, but I've seen the trailer and it looks really exciting.

 The director shouted 'Action!' and the actor started running.

 The film is based on a book by Leo Tolstoy.  All the members of the cast had to wear strange costumes in one scene.  ] thought the acting was quite good, but the story was boring.

       If you sit in the front row at the cinema, it can be difficult to see.  I've seen Star Wars on TV, but I haven't seen it on the big screen.

       J read a review of that film and it sounds really interesting.

       We could call the cinema to see what's on tonight.

1       Action films are much better when you see them on the

2       As far as I know, this film is a true story.

3       The  were very talented and did a great job.

4       Not Rambo again! That film was

 last week.

5       They use computers to create all the  these days.

6       After watching the

I decided not to go and see the film.

7       The film got a really bad  in the newspaper.

8       This  js empty. Why don't we sit here?

9       When they had finished the scene, the  shouted 'Cut!'.

10     Even though the film starred a lot of children, the  was very good

Making a film is such a complicated process that It's a wonder any of them ever get made. When vou go to your local cinema to sec what's on, do you ever think of all the separate steps that have to come together to end up with what vou see on the bi(' screen? Where does it start?

Most films start as an idea. It might be in a director's mind, or a writers but wherever It comes from it's the producer who needs convmcing. The producer IS businessman who finds the money to make the film. If you've got an idea for the next blockbuster, you need to find somebody xvho is willing to make your film. The producer will then organize the bud(ÿet and decide how much it is worth spending on the film.

The producer will decide who is to be responsible for making the film: the director.

This is an important decision since the director is the person who will be in charge of the whole cast and crew. The producer either find somebody who has made similar films in the past or he or she might take a chance on a new director. Most importantlv, the producer wants someone he or she can trust to do a good job and to stay under budget.

rhe producer and director will then choose the other people to work on the film and will decide on the members of the cast. People feel verv stronglv about actors and a film has to have the right ones if it is to draw people into cinemas. Actors usually become associated with a particular kind of film in the mind of the public and it can be a risk to cast an actor in a different kind of role. Auditions and screen tests might be held to make final decisions and rehearsals will begin.

While the actors are developing their characters, the director xvill be makill(' other key decisions concerning things such as location. Where the film is shot IS verv Important and the locations for filming will be chosen carefullv. The film will also be storyboarded, pictures of al] the kev moments. Special effects will be planned and costumes will be designed. This pre-production phase can take a time because there may not be a chance to change things later.

The actual shootin(' can take anywhere from a fexv weeks to a year, or possibly even more. The actors spend a lot of time waiting for evervthin(' to  the set, the li('hting, the cameras and boredom can be a real problem. Life at the Oscars might seem wonderful, but life on a film set can be stressful and tedious.

Discuss

In pairs, discuss the answers you have chosen. Have you chosen the same answers for the same reasons?

Once IS over, post-production beoins. This, is the stage where all the elements of the film are brought together. The film is edited so that it tells a clear storv and any special effects are perfected. Music is added to emphasise the excitement or the emotion of certain moments in the film. Often, the film is previexvcd to small audiences and changes are made, depending on their reactions. FinalÌ\', the film makes its way Into the cinemas.

Once the process IS over, what the backers will want to know is where the monev has gone. We hear a lot these days about the huge fees commanded bv stars, but the cast will typical-Iv cost around otthe total budget. Pre- and post-production costs wi]] account for wbi]e the director and crew xvill take another 1 0%. This leaves around of the total cost of the film to be spent on actual

Grammar focus

The film is edited to make the story clear.         Auditions and screen tests might be held. The special effects are perfected.        The film is previewed to small audiences.

Remind yourself why we use the passive voice. Circle Yes or No.

We might use the passive voice ...

when we don't know who did something.       

when who did something is not important. Yes / No to confuse others. for emphasis.

to produce a more formal style.

Decide why these sentences have been written in the passive by circling a or b.

3 Computers are used in the editing process.  The writer wants to emphasise the computers rather than the people.

b We don't know the name of the editor on this

                                                                                                                                                 7

Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions: Do you recognise the people/characters in the pictures?

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS

Formal or informal?

Read these extracts from different pieces of writing about films, and decide whether the language is generally formal or informal. Circle the appropriate

word above each extract.

A formal / informal

I saw a great movie last night with Helen. You'd have loved it! les called The Score, and it's about a robbery. De Niro is fab as one of the robbers, and Edward Norton — as usual — is really cool! Great twist at the end, too. I reckon it's gonna win loads of Oscars.

B formal / informal

I would be extremely grateful if you could let me know how long I will have to wait from the date of my order until the satellite dish and programme decoder are installed.

C     formal / informal

Although there may well be some kind of connection between violence on TV and violence in society, it's really not clear what that connection is. It certainly is not the case that the majority of people, after watching a violent film, feel an increased need to commit violent acts. In fact, possibly quite the opposite.

D    formal / informal

As requested, I have visited the three outdoor cinemas currently taking part in the film festival. I have compared them in terms of ticket pricing, facilities, comfort, sound quality and picture quality. My findings are outlined below.

E     formal / informal         G formal / informal

To conclude, cinema appears to be Furthermore, your advertisement stated that the increasing in popularity amongst younger DVD contains interviews with the stars and the age groups, despite the availability of director. The copy which I received unfortunately high-quality video and DVD. The evidence contains the film and nothing more. suggests that this is due partly to the social element involved in going to the H formal / informal cinema, and partly to the benefits of a As you will see from my CV (attached), I have large screen and state-of-the-art sound worked as an extra on a number of films. I believe system. that my references from those films demonstrate that I am professional, reliable and hardworking.

F     Kyle's language: formal / informal

The writer's language: formal / informal 'Oh, I really don't fancy going to the cinema tonight. Can't we just stay in and watch a movie on TV or something?' said Kyle. His tone of voice revealed that he was hiding his real reasons for wanting to remain at home.

How did you know?

Look again at extracts A, B and C.

Write a word or short phrase from the extracts on the lines provided.

extract A

1      Find two examples of informal grammar.   

2      Find an example of an informal verb.          

3      Find an example of informal punctuation.   

4      Find a sentence without a verb.       

5      Find an example of VERY informal spelling. 

6      Which word is short for 'fabulous'? 7 Which phrase means 'many'?

extract B

1 Which phrase means 'Please tell me ...'?        2 Find one example of the passive.     

extract C

1      Find one example of formal grammar.        

2      Find one example of informal grammar.     

3      Find a more formal phrase for 'It's not true at all 4 Find a more formal phrase for 'most'.

r              i                   S k                                                 i t        7

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS

Match the text types

Now look at all the extracts again. Match each extract with a text type below, by writing A-H on the lines provided.

         I letter of application                                       

       2 letter of complaint                                       

       3 letter requesting information                        

      4 letter to a penfriend                                      

5 composition for your teacher 6 article for a young people's magazine

7     report

8     short story     

Paitwor

 Discuss

Discuss your answers. Do you agree on the text types?

What do you think?

Write T for True and F for False next to these statements about writing.

1     In an article for a young people's magazine, you shouldn't use contractions (don't, can't, it's, etc) at all.

2     In a composition for your teacher, you should avoid using contractions.  

3     Only grammar is formal or informal; vocabulary isn't.        

4     Phrasal verbs are usually (but not always) informal.           

5     When you write a piece of writing, the level of formality depends on who your reader is.          

6     You only need to have paragraphs in a formal piece of writing.     

7     You can be quite chatty and conversational in a letter of application.       

8     A composition for your teacher is more formal than an article for a young person's magazine.  

9     An article for a young person's magazine is the same level of formality as a letter to a penfriend.

Study the model

Quickly read model composition 1 on page 212 and find informal words and phrases that mean the same as these more formal words and phrases.

Now find three examples of informal grammar and two examples of informal punctuation and circle them in the model.

COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT

Read this composition question and do the exercises that follow.

Brainstorming

Answer the following questions using your imagination. Discuss your answers with the class.

What's the name of your penfriend?

What will you refer to from their last letter, or what will you ask them, BEFORE you mention the film?

Who did you go to the cinema with?

What was the name of the film you saw?

What kind of film is it?

Who is in it?  Who directed it?

What is it about?

Why did you particularly enjoy it?

Why do you think your friend will enjoy it? What reason will you give for ending your letter?

Think about formality

Circle the sentences which would be appropriate for this kind of letter.

There might be more than one sentence in each group which is appropriate.

Paragraph 1 a I am writing to thank you for your letter. b Thanks a lot for your last letter.

c I'm writing to thank you for your last letter.

Paragraph 2

a   Anyway, a bunch of us went to the cinema last night.

b   My news — I went to the movies last night with Michail and Lubmilla.

c    I would like to describe an interesting film I saw at the cinema last night.

Paragraph 3

a   Bruce Willis was great as the baddie!

b   Furthermore, we were all extremely impressed by both the quality of the acting and the direction.

c    I'd therefore recommend that you see it as soon as you get the chance.

W r i t i n g s k i           I U n i t     7

d  Go and see it if you get the chance — I think you'll love it!

e   I would strongly suggest that you go and see this movie.

Paragraph 4 a To conclude, the film was marvellous.

b   Well, I'd better go now as I've got to do some homework.

c    That's all from me for now. I'll be in touch again soon.

Closing expressions a Yours, b Yours faithfully, c Yours sincerely, d Take care, e Lots of love, f Bye for now!

1                                             Wordperfect .11 .

Plan your paragraphs Read these sentences and then use the words in Complete the following paragraph plan, bold to complete the sentences below. making notes on what you are going to

include in each paragraph.

Homework

Now write your letter. Read this checklist. When you have written your letter, tick the boxes.

I have used informal grammar (including contractions).

I have used informal vocabulary. I have used some informal letter expressions.

I have mentioned my penfriend's letter in paragraph 1.

I have recommended that my I ll penfriend sees the film.

a I have used at least one informal closing expression.

• i have written my first name at the

•

•

•

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 You can get your tickets at the box office at the cinema.

We don't watch many videos these days; we tend to watch DVDs — the quality is better. The film is about a guy who travels back in time to save the planet.

The Score stars Robert De Niro, Marlon Brando and Edward Norton.

In the film, De Niro plays a jazz club owner who is also a master thief.

Gone with the Wind is set in the American Civil War.

Shall we go to the video store/club and get a video out for tonight?

Most foreign-language films have subtitles at the bottom for you to read.

Some foreign-language films are dubbed, which means that they put all the voices into your language.

A twist in the plot is when something very unexpected happens.

I hate it when foreign films are

•           I like to listen to them in their original language. The film ison another planet, but it's really about modern-day issues on Earth.

Let's get our tickets from the first and then get some popcorn.

There's avery near here, but it doesn't have many recent films. Leonardo Di Caprioa struggling artist who falls in love with a rich girl.

It's a comedya group of people who work in a TV studio.

I'm going to try not to read the

•          

There's a greatat the end — it turns out that he's actually a ghost!

As the price of the players comes down, are going to become more and more popular.

The filmBrad Pitt, and was directed by Robert Redford.

bottom of the letter.

Each of these informal letters should be written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.

1       You and your friends recently made a short film with a video camera.

Write a letter to a friend in an English-speaking country saying what the film was about and describing the experience.

Write your letter.

2       Your penfriend is interested in film and has asked you about your favourite film stars. Write a letter to your friend describing one or two of your favourite stars, explaining why you like their films.

Write your letter.

Grammar focus

You've got to see this film! (informal)

= You have to/must see this film. (more formal)

Rewrite these sentences using the 'have got to' form. Use contractions wherever you can.

1      I must get a DVD player.

2      He has to understand that he can't go to the cinema until he's done his homework.

3      'Do I have to do the scene again?' asked the actor impatiently.

4      Does she have to do the scene again?

5      There's no need for you to pick me up. I'll meet you at the box office.

6      Don't you have to be a professional actor to be an extra in a movie?

7      It isn't necessary for film actors to learn the whole script.

8      The dubbing must be really accurate.

W r i t i n g              U  i t  

Reading Occupations

WARM-UP O)

 Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions:

 What do you think the people in the pictures do every day?

• What are the good things about their jobs?

• What are the bad things?

• Would you like to have any of these jobs? Why/Why not?

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

What's their job?

You are going to read about four different jobs.

Read the paragraphs as quickly as you can, and write on the line below each paragraph which job you think the person is describing.

'l spend about half of my time in my office, and the other half in court. I don't have customers. I have clients. They come to me with legal problems and I represent them. It's a very demanding job, because you feel responsible for what happens to your clients, but it's also very satisfying. One of my clients was recently arrested for a crime he hadn't committed, and I was able to persuade the police they'd made a mistake. It's a great feeling helping people when they're in trouble.'

What's their job?

2

'Many people think that this is an easy job, but in fact it can get very tiring and lonely. You're often away from your family for long periods of time — maybe two or three weeks, if you have to go to Germany or somewhere. That can be difficult. I do love it, though. I like being on the road behind the wheel, and being able to look down on all the cars. But it's a pain when you have to unload all the boxes and stuff at the end of the journey. Still, it's all part of the job.'

What's their job?

What's their job?

Pairw r

Discuss

In pairs, discuss your answers. Do you agree?

How did you know?

Write TWO words or phrases from each paragraph which helped you make your decision.

                                     3

                 2                        4

Answer the questions

Now answer these questions about the four paragraphs.

           Paragraph 1                                                                Paragraph 2

What does the writer enjoy most about What does the writer dislike most about the job? the job?

a working in two places          a being on the road for so long b having a lot of responsibility   b the fact that the work is so easy c being able to help clients       c driving through foreign countries d arguing with the police d the fact that the work is physical

R e a d i n g               U n i t

U n

2

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

                Paragraph 3                                                                   Paragraph 4

According to the writer, one of the skills    The writer suggests that modern libraries required to do this job well isa have a better atmosphere than they a being able to write quickly       used to.

and accurately. b have more books than they used to. b knowing what is happening in the world. c provide a better service than they c making sure your questions are answered. used to. d getting your name printed in the newspaper. d employ more caring librarians than they used to.

Now match these headings with the four paragraphs in A.

a Member of the media  b Serious consequences c A good atmosphere d A long way from home

Choose a heading

Here are two more descriptions of different jobs.

Quickly read them, and underline the best heading for each description.

An actor's life for me / Luck is so important / The same every night

'l can't imagine being in any other profession. This job is my life. I do do a little TV work, but I'm mainly based in the theatre. Every night, Monday to Saturday, and twice on Thursdays. At the moment, I'm in a production of King Lear. I'm playing Cordelia. It's a great role, and I've been lucky to have some very good reviews. The rest of the cast are so supportive — we're like a family — and John, the director, is marvellous. I just can't wait to get on the stage every night. And the audiences are so appreciative, too. We got a standing ovation last night.'

B

Low cost housing / Building a building / I'd rather be inside

'You actually feel a real sense of achievement once a house is finished. You know, you've seen it grow from just a hole in the ground to somewhere for someone to live in. And you've made it happen. You've dug the foundations, laid the brickwork, put the roof on, put in the windows and the doors. It's actually very creative. Of course, it's hard work too, with all the carrying and lifting you have to do. You have to be prepared to get dirty, and work outside in all weathers, but that's a small price to pay, if you ask me.'

Wordperfect

Write a heading

Here's another description of a job. Can you think of a good heading for the paragraph?

c Heading:

'l have to be very careful in my job. Working with wires, cables and plugs can be very dangerous if you don't know what you're doing. If you make a mistake, you could be electrocuted. But of course I've been trained, so I make sure nothing like that happens to me. I do all sorts of things each day, from changing an old lady's light bulbs to rewiring a whole factory. That's why I like my job — it's so varied. You're in a new place almost every day and, without you, people wouldn't be able to cook, or listen to music, or even see at night.'

Pairw

Discuss

In pairs, discuss your headings. Which one do you think is better? Why?

Who says what?

Now write the letter of one of the three job descriptions above, A, B or C, next to each idea below.

1      It's satisfying taking something to completion.

2      I really value the people I work with.    

3      You have to put up with some unpleasant working conditions.

4      Safety is a very important issue.

5      I'm always on the move.

6      I wouldn't want any other job.

Pairworsk

Discuss

In pairs, discuss your answers. Which words and phrases helped you make your decision?

R e a d i n g

Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

       When I worked on the building site, I was paid my wages every Friday afternoon.  The salary is £15,000 per year and you will be paid at the end of every month.

       Most people retire when they are about sixtyfive years old.

 When you retire you get a pension, which is paid every month

 450 workers were made redundant when the company went bankrupt.

       I'm going to get a raise/pay rise next week!  John has just been promoted to Senior Manager.

 I live outside the city, so I have to commute to work every day by train.

 I'd love to work as a clown in a circus, but only for a few months.

       Please send a CV/Curriculum Vitae/ résumé with your application form.

       I haven't had a          for over two years; it's not fair!

2          When I I'm going to travel round the world.

3         You need to update your you're going to start job hunting.

4         Jan's parents were furious when she decided to a waitress.

5         The best thing about working from home is that you don't have to to work every morning.

6         Although she's ninety-two years old, she still walks to the Post Office to get her every Thursday.

7         I love being a nurse, even though the isn't very good.

8         Derek hasn't had a job since he was made two years ago.

9         You'll get your every night before you leave the bar.

10     (n this company, you generally get every two years or so.

Although I left university with a good degree, I suddenly found that it was actually quite hard to find a job. After being unemployed for a few months, I realised I had to take the first thing that came along or I'd be in serious financial difficulties. And so, for six very long months, I became a market research telephonc interviewer.

I knew it wasn't the best company in the world when they told me that I'd have to undergo three days of training before starting work, and that I wouldn't get paid for any of it. Still, I knew that the hourly rate when I actually did start full time would be a lot better than unemployment benefit, and I could work up to twelve hours a day, seven days a week if I wanted. So, I thought of the money I'd earn and put up with three days of unpaid training. Whatever those three days taught me and I can't rea]]y remember anything about them today — I wasn't prepared for the way I would be treated by the supervisors.

It was worse than being at school. There were about twenty interviewers like myself, each sitting in a small, dark booth with an ancient computer and a dirty te]ephone. The booths werc around the walls of the fifth floor of a concrete office block, and the supervisors sat in the middle of the room, listening in to all of our telephone interviews. We weren't allowed to talk to each other, and if we took more than about two seconds from ending one phone call and starting another, they wou]d shout at us to hurry up and get on with our jobs. We even had to ask permission to go to the toilet. I was amazed how slowly the day went. Our first break of the day came at eleven o'clock, two hours after we started. I'll always remember that feeling of despair when I would look at my watch thinking, 'It must be nearly time for the break' on]y to find that it was quarter to ten and that there was another hour and a quarter to go. My next thought was always, 'I can't believe I'm going to bc here unti] nine o'clock tonight.'

It wouldn't have been so bad if what we were doing had been useful. But it wasn 't. Most of our interviews were for a major telecommunications company. We'd have to ring up businesses and ask them things like, 'Is your te]ccoms budget more than three million pounds a year?' The chances are we'd get the reply, 'Oh, I don't think so. I'll ask my husband. This is a corner shop. We've only got one phone.' And so the day went on.

The most frightening aspect of the job was that I was actually quite good at it. 'Oh no!' I thought. 'Maybe I'm destined to be a market researcher for the rest of my life.' My boss certainly seemed to think so. One day — during a break, of course she ordered me into her office. 'Simon,' she said, 'I'm promoting you. From tomorrow, you're off telecoms and onto credit card complaints. I'm sure you can handle it. There's no extra pay, but it is a very responsible position.'

Three weeks later I quit. It was one of the best decisions I've ever made.

1 Why did the writer become a market research telephone interviewer?

A    He had completely run out of money.

B     He had the right university degree for the job.

C     It was the first job he was offered.

D    He knew it was only for six months.

2   The writer had doubts about the company when

A     they only offered him three days of training.

B     they told him he wouldn't receive payment for his training. C they told him he had to be trained first.

D he was told what the hourly rate would be.

3   His workplace could best be described as A large and noisy.

B    silent and dirty.

C    untidy and crowded.

D    old-fashioned and uncomfortable.

4   How did he feel when he realised it wasn't time for the break yet?

A     He felt that he would have to go home early.

Pair¥

Discuss

In pairs, discuss the words you underlined that gave you the answers. Did you underline the same things?

B     He felt that he wouldn't survive to the end of the day.

C     He felt that the end of the day seemed so long away.

D     He felt that he must have made a mistake.

5   What would have made the job more bearable?

A     knowing that he was carrying out a valuable service

B     being able to phone much larger companies

C     not having to talk to shopkeepers D not having to ring up businesses

6   What was unusual about Simon's promotion?

A     It showed how good he was at his job.

B     It meant he would be phoning different people.

C     It involved greater responsibility. D There was no increase in salary.

7   What would be the most suitable title for this extract?

A     Typicaf Office Life

B     Unpleasant Employment

C     How To Earn a Decent Salary

D     You Get What You Deserve

Grammar focus

Present simple: always/usually/sometimes/generally/never Sally commutes to work every day by bus.

Present continuous: now/at the moment/around now John is working in a restaurant for the summer.

Present perfect simple: before now/from then until now/since

I've had lots ofjobs; I've been a singer, a comedian and a truck driver!

Present perfect continuous: from then until now/since (without stopping) She has been working as a civil servant for the past six years.

Now read these sentences and circle the correct time word or phrase, a or b.

a d i n g S k i  I         U

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS

Who reads what?

 Match the following kinds of writing to the people you think might read them.

1     a letter describing your summer job

2     a job application

3     an international student magazine article on young people and work

4     a local newspaper article on training opportunities

5    

6 a composition written as a class project on careers

7 a story about office workers written for a competition

a a teacher b a student in another country c somebody interested in national opinion d somebody interested in local news e a manager in a company f a member of your family g a fiction magazine editor

when writing for them. Circle the correct answer.

1      an article for students at your school a a formal style using academic English b an informal style using everyday

English

2      a discursive composition for your teacher a an informal, conversational style b a formal style presenting a clear argument

3      a letter to an employer who js offering a job a an informative style presenting personal information clearly b an informal style showing your friendly personality

W                  t                                  S                    I                                        U              i

4     a letter to a member of your family a a discursive style presenting a clear argument b a conversational style using informal language

5     an article for young people around the world a a formal, business style b a neutral, interesting style

6     a story for the judges of a competition a an interesting, descriptive style b a simple, informative style

2

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS

Match the sentences to the readers

Match the following sentences to the readers they are intended for.

 1 Sorry you were sacked. Listen, why don't you call Bill and see if they need anybody at the hotel?  

2     This means that something like twenty per cent of young people are looking for weekend jobs — and that's a lot of waiters and waitresses!           

3     In conclusion, it seems clear that the advantages of working during the holidays outweigh the disadvantages.

4     The experience I gained working part-time in my uncle's hotel  means that I am used to dealing with the public.

 5 1 wouldn't have much chance of getting into trouble working  at this isolated hotel. At least, that's what I told myself.

Study the model

 Read model composition 2 on page 212 and answer the following questions.  1 Who is the article aimed at?

 2 What kind of style has the writer used?

3 Why does the writer use question marks within the text?

Pairw rle

 Discuss

Discuss your answers with your partner. Do you both agree?

COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT

Read this composition question and do the exercises that follow.

Brainstorming

Answer the following questions.

Discuss your answers with the class.

1     Which of these people might read your article?

a            adults who want to change their job b young people in other parts of your country c students around the world

2     What would they expect from your article? a advice about their future that interests them b detailed descriptions of certain jobs c an explanation of why a good job is important

3     Are your readers . a much younger than you? b the same age as you? c much older than you?

4     Are these statements True or False?

a            You should use a formal style to show how much you know. b You could start with a question to interest your readers.

c      't would be appropriate to use contractions (isn't, don't, etc).

d     Your style should be conversational and friendly.      

e     You have to tell them to be good students and work hard.   

5     Which of these might be a good title for this article?

a           

                                                                         I      I                                      U n

Match

Match the paragraph contents on the right with each paragraph 1-4.

a Suggest some other things you might think about.

2                              b Conclude and wish your readers good luck.

3                              c Ask an interesting question and introduce the subject.

4                              d Suggest first steps you might take in choosing a career.

Starting your article

Circle two sentences you might use to begin your article.

1     I have been requested to write an article by this magazine and here it is.

2     Are you still wondering exactly what you're going to do with your life?

3     I am writing to inform you about the career options open to you.

4     It can be pretty scary taking decisions that affect the rest of your life.

Ending your article

Circle two sentences you might use to end your article.

1    In conclusion, these are the things I had to say on the subject.

2    I am looking forward to hearing from you as soon as possible.

3    I hope these suggestions have given you something to think about.

4    So, good tuck in your future career, whatever you decide.

2Wordperfect

Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

I think job satisfaction is far more important than earning a lot of money.

Dave's dad has been unemployed for over a year and can't find a job.

Sally was fired/sacked for surfing the Internet too much at work.

I'd like to have my own business and be my own boss.

I get on very well with my colleagues in the office.

Some workers are paid more because of dangerous working conditions.

The Minister was forced to resign when the truth came out.

It can be very difficult not having a job and trying to live on unemployment benefit/the dole.

• The company is looking for trainees to start immediately.

My contract says that I should get four weeks paid holiday a year.

1      When sales went down dramatically, the manager decided to

2      The new  are learning all about the factory.

3      I get a tot of  from my work as a nurse.

4      Tom was constantly late and in the end he was

Each of these articles should be written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.

1       Your school magazine is running a series of articles under the title 'My dream job'. Write an article to appear in the series describing your ideal job.

2       A local newspaper has invited readers to write short articles about how they imagine the world of work will change over the next decade. The best articles will be published in the newspaper.

Write your article.

Grammar focus

Some verbs are followed by the gerund (-ing), some by the full infinitive, and some by both, sometimes with a change of meaning. It is important that you know which form to use. Read these examples.

•     This job means getting up early every morning.

•     Police work involves writing reports.

•     You need to be careful jn this line of work.

•     Frank threatened to resign if the plan wasn't changed.

•     Did you remember to post my letter of application for the job?

In the following sentences, put the verb in brackets into the correct form. 1 To be a pilot, you have to enjoy  (live) dangerously.

2          An office job in England usually means  (work) from nine to five.

3          The workers stopped  (have) a ten minute break.

4          Taxi drivers find themselves  (wait) around a lot.

5          My brother works as a baker, but he trained  (be) a mechanic.

6          Working as a vet involves  (answer) calls in the middle of the night.

7          I'll always remember  (be) (ate for my first job interview.

8          It was a waste of time trying  (get) a job at that new company.

9          I couldn't afford  (pay) all my bills when I was fired. 10 One day, I hope  (be) offered a job as a manager.

                 S k i

Reading Education

WARM-UP

Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions:

 What is happening in the three pictures?

• Are there any differences/similarities between the types of education shown in the photographs?

• How do you think the people in the photographs feel?

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

What comes before?

You are going to read some sentences from different texts about education. For each of the sentences, decide what kind of point the writer was making in the previous sentence.

Write in the gap:

A    for a point which CONTRASTS (disagrees) with the point made in the second sentence

B     for a point which SUPPORTS (agrees with) the point made in the second sentence

C     for a point which gives the CAUSE (the reason) for something happening

Example:

 6 Moreover, many educational psychologists argue today that strict classroom discipline is actually a disincentive to effective and efficient learning.

Find and write

Underline the words or phrases in each second sentence which helped you make your decision. Then write them in the appropriate column in the table below.

R e a d i n g S k l i                3

3                                                  

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

 What comes next?

Here are some more sentences. For each one, decide what kind of point the writer makes in the next sentence.

Write in the gap:

 A for a point which CONTRASTS (disagrees) with the point made in the previous sentence

B    for a point which SUPPORTS (agrees with) the point made in the previous             sentence

C    for a point which gives the EFFECT (the result) of the point made in the previous sentence

 D for a point which is the writer's own OPINION

 E for a point which is someone else's OPINION

 F for a CONCLUSION

 G for an EXAMPLE

1 On the one hand, we do have to have a system that adequately tests what has been taught, On the other hand,

 2 Firstly, there is no evidence that left-handed students are treated any differently by teachers than right-handed students. Secondly,

3 A number of teachers have managed to reduce the amount of homework  they assign their students without it affecting overall performance.  For instance,

   4 We have seen in this chapter that there are a number of ways for the teacher to attempt to motivate a troublesome class. To sum up,

   5 The number of school leavers from disadvantaged backgrounds entering  higher education is falling dramatically. According to the Education Research Foundation, _.

 6 If education doesn't prepare our children for the realities of modern            working practices, then it is failing both our children and our society as a whole. Therefore,

7 Corporal punishment is seen by most people today as being barbaric, unnecessary, destructive and old-fashioned. To my mind,

How did you know?

Underline the words or phrases which helped you make your decision.

When do writers use these expressions?

Here are some more words, phrases and expressions which we sometimes find in texts. Writers use them to make their argument clearer. What do they tell us?

Write a letter from the list A-G in exercise C next to each expression below.

                  j

Wordperfect

Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

      Qualifications are exam results which prove you have reached a certain level.

      I'm going to get a job as soon as I graduate from university.

 The qualification you get when you graduate from university is called a degree.

      In Britain, a public school is a private, fee-paying school.

 In the USA, a public school is a state school which is run by the government and is free to attend.

 She went to nursery (school)/ kindergarten when she was two years old.

 We're not taking exams this year at school; all our work is assessed.

 I'd like you all to write an essay entitled

'Deception in Hamlet.'

 If you are illiterate, you don't know how to read and write.

 Your skills are the things that you can do well.

 I've got to write an weekend on the causes of the First World War.

2      Apart from a GCSE in English, do you have any other

3      35% of this course is examined, and the rest is throughout the year.

4      Because Jeffrey had been a boarder at an expensive he adapted to prison life remarkably easily.

5      I personally believe that the system is much fairer, as every pupil, irrespective of how much money their parents have, receives the same quatity of education.

6      There are far too many adults today; something must be done about it. 7 Almost all children round here go to a  until they're five years old.

8        He's got some very impressive qualifications, but do you think he's got the necessary  for the job?

9        As long as I don't completely mess up my university final exams, I should  from Warwick next July.

10   I think Helen's got an honours  in German Literature from

Hull University.

Welcome to the University of Alcot. We very much hope that your time here will be both highly productive and highly enjoyable, but we do recognise that it is not always easy for students from other countries to adapt to campus life in ^Britain .

Your Hall of Residence contains twelve rooms, all like yours. The kitchen and bathrooms are communal. In the interests of hygiene and respect for your fJatmates, we would ask you to keep these shared facilities as clean and tidy as possible. These rooms will be cleaned by a member of the cleaning staff once a day (Monday to Friday).  Please be polite and respectful to your cleaners — they have a difficult and unpleasant job to do. Your Hall Tutor will introduce himself or herself to you over the next few days. If you have any problems with anything to do with your life on campus, they are there to help you.

Student social life revolves around the Student Union, which js the large yellow building opposite the library. As a student at Alcot, you are automatically a member of the Union. This entitles you to use all the facilities and to vote in all Union elections and meetings.

See The Alcot Excalibur, the free weekly student newspaper, for further information regarding upcoming Union events.

Regarding your course of studies, you will receive a letter in the next couple of days from your Head of Department inviting you to attend a welcome meeting for new students. You wilt be given further information concerning your course at this meeting•  He or she will be able to deal with any academic problems or questions you may have.

Discuss

In pairs, discuss your answers. Which words or phrases in the text and in the list of sentences helped you get the answers right?

you have any problems, issues or concerns directly related to that fact that you are a non-British citizen, these can be referred to the International Office. Situated next to the Arts Building, the International Office is staffed by one permanent Welfare Officer and a body of trained student volunteers. They are experienced in handling issues related to visas, immigration and police registration.

Further information regarding other university facilities, such as the medical centre, sports centre, arts centre and library, can be found in the accompanying Alcot Guide for Undergraduates. This also contains useful phone numbers and a map of the campus.

Grammar focus

We do recognise that it is not always easy for students from other countries to adapt to campus life in Britain. = 'We recognise ... with extra emphasis This is the emphatic present simple.

He did pass the exam. = 'He passed ... with extra emphasis. This is the emphatic past simple.

Why did the writer or speaker decide to use the emphatic form in these sentences? Circle the correct reason a or b.

3 I really do love physics; it's such an interesting subject.

a to emphasise how much the speaker loves physics b to express disagreement with what someone else has just suggested

i n g  S k                     t                                                  35

Writing Education WARM-UP 0)

Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions.

 What are the advantages of each way of studying shown in the photographs?

•  Do you personally learn better alone or in a group?

• 

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS

What do I have to include?

Read this question.

You saw this advertisement for a course and contacted the college for more details, making the notes below. Read the advertisement and the notes carefully.

Write a letter to your penfriend, who you know is interested in languages, telling them about the course.

Saluton, Kiel vi fartas?

Confused? Don't be. That's Esperanto for 'Hello. How are you?' Esperanto is an artificial language spoken by many people around the world. How would you like to learn Esperanto from home? With our new home study course you could be communicating in Esperanto with people from many countries In just two mont s. bsolute beginners are welcome. Low fee. Call 01276 333451 for further details. Course director: Mr Hope, Eurolingua College

              lwe*ea: 1 887                        COCOA AO

                   Speaka^es: 2                                          ever Ae

Fee: €40 cowcse

Tex¥books

It is very important to include all the right information from your notes. Tick which of the following pieces of information you have to include.

1        Esperanto isn't a confusing language.

2        It was invented in 1887.

3        You have to pay extra for the textbooks.

4        The fee is €60.

5        Your friend could do the course over the summer.

6        Saluton' means 'Hello' in Esperanto.

7        There are 2 million speakers of Esperanto around the world.

How did they do?

Read these two paragraphs from letters written by different students in answer to the composition question above. Underline where they mention the points from the notes above.

I called them for you yesterday. The secretary told me about the guy who invented it in 1887, but I can' t remember his name.    do remember that there are something like two million speakers around the world, though. She said it was €60 for a two—month course, which you could possibly do over the summer. You can aet more information from the course director, Mr Hope . Do you want the number?

2

There owe speakeys ±-he worl¿k. Espeyan±-o was inve*ea 1887. The is €60 -Per coco-se, over ehe  you like. Tex+books exera. The course  (s MY Hope. Codl 01274333451.

Write the correct number, 1 or 2, to answer the following questions.

Which writer has ...

a   written natural sentences using the prompts?       

b   copied one of the prompts without understanding it? c forgotten to mention one of the prompts? d used an appropriate style?         

         e not thought about the grammar of the prompts?                           

W r i t i n g                     n

     U n i      

3

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS

              Write a paragraph

Here is an incomplete answer to the question above.

Tick which of the following points the writer has mentioned.

a   Esperanto was invented in 1887.

b  You have to pay extra for the textbooks. c The fee is €60 for the 2-month course.

d   Your friend could do the course over the summer.

e   There are 2 million speakers of Esperanto around the world.

Now write the missing paragraph in your notebook, including the remaining points from above.

Dear Jenny,

Hi! How aye yetn? yet-o^r lase le+ev. Gyeaþ hews cote. Sevevi ki±+0is! house be chaos ehe

Anyway, lisþevt. I said were hew you aeciAe which one. Have

Espevan¥o, 4-he 10th9t.nage? I Saw home set.ay coco-se eke of-her any perQec±

                                      I called \-he college        HAey       Wie

                              H- was                     887         Fheve ave                 Million speakeys

ineeves¥ea.

homewe•. yeta'ye

Read your partner's writing

Swap paragraphs and read what your partner has written.

Using your partner's paragraph, answer the following questions.

                      Has my partner used all the remaining prompts?             

2   Has my partner put them into natural sentences? 

3   Has my partner used an appropriate informal style?        

 Study the model

 Read the question on page 213. Circle which of the following the writer has to mention.  a They do vegetarian meals.           d There are no tables on the 7th, but there b A meal costs about €25 per person.   are on the 8th.

c Large groups get a discount of 10%. e They have live music at the weekend. f The restaurant is in the countryside.

Now read model composition 3 on page 213.

Underline the phrases where the writer mentions the necessary information above. What style has the writer used?

COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT

Read this composition question and do the exercises that follow.

Brainstorming

Answer the following questions. Discuss your answers with the class.

What's your penfriend's name?

What news might you tell them before you mention the course?

Where do you do the course?

How long does the course last?

How much does the course cost?

What does 'certificate at end' mean?

What reason will you give for ending your letter?

How might you close your letter?

What would be an appropriate style?

How many points do you need to include?

From prompts to sentences

For each prompt, write a sentence that you might use to tell your penfriend that information.

2 send you worksheets with exercises                        4 certificate at end

Make it informal

For each of these sentences, write a second sentence that gives the same information in an informal, friendly style.

1      Regarding your enquiry, I am pleased to be able to report that my mother's health is much improved.

2      1 received the news of your recent success in your examinations with satisfaction.

3      1 would like to inform you that the total cost will be approximately £55.

W r i t i n g      I                  t                                                          39

3

 Plan your paragraphs

Complete the following paragraph plan, making notes on what you are going to include in each paragraph.

Homework

 Now write your letter. Read this checklist. When you have written your letter, tick the boxes.

  I have used the information in all the prompts.

  I have turned the prompts into natural sentences.

 I have used an appropriate informal style.

  I have checked for spelling mistakes.

  I have checked for grammar mistakes.

Wordperfect

Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

Students at school are sometimes called pupils. Pupils in Britain go to primary school up to the age of eleven.

  From eleven to sixteen, pupils in Britain have to go to secondary school; in America, they go to junior and senior high school.

 Some pupils decide to stay on at school until they are eighteen to do exams.

 The fee(s) for the course is/are €200, but the books are free.

 Turn to page seven in your textbook and study the model.

    I did the course by distance learning, so I studied at home and sent exercises back through the post.

 I passed the exam and I should get the certificate in the post in a few weeks.  I understand English, but I have problems learning definitions by heart.

 If you leave college or school before the end of your course, you drop out.

1        If there aren't any colleges in your area, you could consider studying by

2        I'll be so proud when I pass that I'm going to hang my  on the wall.

3        My mum's worried that my brother's going to  of college and not get any qualifications.

4        All students are required to pay the course  before taking the examination.

5        Many young people  at school because it's difficult to find a job without qualifications.

6        We moved house when I was nine, so I had to start at a new

7        It took me ages to learn the English alphabet

8        I think the  we use in our History lesson is really boring.

9        Our new English teacher gets on well with alt the

10    It can be a bit frightening when you leave primary school and have to move up to

Write an answer to the following question in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.

You saw this advertisement for a summer course abroad and contacted the college for further details, making the notes below. You have decided to attend the course and would like to invite a friend of yours who lives in another town to join you.

Read the advertisement and the notes carefully. Then write a letter to your friend, giving the necessary information and trying to persuade your friend to join you.

Accow-iHoaakon — covQ0YYable above cohlege

Da+es:

cevi9e

Grammar focus

When we write notes, we often miss out the articles.

Principal said we must pay fee. = The Principal said we must pay the fee.

When you are given notes as prompts, you have to make sure you use the correct articles (a, an, the) in your writing. Rewrite the following prompts in complete sentences, using articles where appropriate.

1      College has swimming pool at back.

2      College may offer discount on fee for group.

3      Exams take place in local school.

4      Library is open for few hours each morning.

5      College charges extra €30 for Welcome Party.

i n g                                                                                           41

4 Reading Sport

WARM-UP

Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions:

What are the main differences between the sports shown in the photographs?

 Which is more important to you when playing games: winning or enjoying yourself?

•    Do you prefer to be part of a team or to compete individually?

•   

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS (4

•    What's the sport?

You are going to read some statements which are all concerned with sport.

•    Read the statements as quickly as you can, and write on the line below each statement which sport you think the statement is about.

'I'm not so keen on the field events such as the javelin and the high jump, but I love all the track events, especially the 1500 m.'

What's the sport?

2

'And it's a goal! What a match! So, that's three two to Blackburn ... six more minutes till half-time.'

What's the sport?

3

'l think there's a real feeling of achievement once you get to the top. You know, it's just man against nature, and you've actually done it. It's a great feeling!'

What's the sport?

4

'l tried it for the first time when we were on holiday last summer. I spent about fifteen minutes practising on the beach: standing on the board, holding the sail, trying to keep my balance. I thought I'd got the hang of it, but as soon as I actually got in the water I couldn't stay on at all. John couldn't stop laughing!'

What's the sport?

5

'It's a bit like tennis in that there's a net and you're trying to get the ball over the net. But you don't have a racket, and you hit the ball with your hands or your wrists. Also, you've got to hit the ball before it touches the ground.' What's the sport?

Find and write

6

The course at St Andrew's is one of the most challenging courses in the country. Even the most experienced professionals sometimes end up stuck in the sand, or losing their ball in the lake.

What's the sport?

7

'They don't have a pool at school, so I usually take the kids to the local leisure centre every Saturday afternoon. They love it. Nicola usually does lengths, and Adam just splashes around in the shallow end.'

What's the sport?

Find THREE words or phrases in each statement which helped you make your decision. Write them in the table below.

Pairw

Discuss

In pairs, discuss your answers. Do you agree?

R e a d i n g S k i l l s U n i t 4                                             43

U n i t

4

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

What did they mean?

Look at the statements again on the previous page and circle the best answer to each question.

Statement 1

Which of these events would the speaker probably prefer to watch? a the hurdles b the discus

Statement 2

Is Blackburn winning? a yes b no

Statement 3

The speaker says: 'once you get to the top'. Who is 'you'? a the person the speaker is speaking to b the speaker and other climbers

Statement 4

Why does the speaker use the word 'actually'?

a to emphasise the fact that they did take the board into the water eventually b to emphasise the difference between practising and doing the sport for real

Statement 5

Which word or phrase does the speaker use to compare this sport with tennis? a in that b Also

Statement 6

Why does the speaker use the word 'Even'?

a to emphasise that the course is not just used by amateurs b to emphasise that everyone finds the course difficult

Statement 7

Who is probably the better swimmer? a Nicola b Adam

Pairw

Discuss

In pairs, discuss your answers.

How did you decide which answer was correct?

Wordperfect

Match

Here are some more short statements about different sports. Match the statements 1-7 with their meanings (a-g) below.

 You ought to take some waterproof clothes with you.

2      I don't think you lost because your opponent was better. I think you lost because of your strategy.

3      You're going so fast and just concentrating on winning that you don't have time to think about the danger.

4      Injury js an occupational hazard for professional athletes.

5      You've got to be prepared to go out and

train every day, whatever the weather.

6      Don't forget that you're a team!

7      The referee said it was out, so there's no point arguing.

a    Your mind is focused on one thing.

b    You have to follow the rules.

c     You have to be very dedicated to your sport.

d    You'll probably get wet.

e    You have to work together.

f      You have to accept that accidents can happen. g You could have made some better decisions.

R e a d i n g    I I

Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

      The match was a draw, with both sides scoring three goals.

      The spectators clapped and cheered when Williams came onto the court.

      The referee/ref blew the whistle and the game began.

      Football, cricket and rugby are played on a pitch/field.

 Basketball, volleyball and tennis are played on a court.

      Only six of the competitors will get through to the final.

      Athletics includes events such as the 100 m, the pole vault and the long jump.  Gymnastics includes events such as the beam, and activities such as vaulting.   I think betting on horse races and boxing matches is a complete waste of money.  She won a million pounds on the football pools!

1         There aren't any finals today, so there won't be many  in the stadium.

2        The  has to be completely impartial; he can't favour either team, or it's not fair.

3        Professional goalkeepers can kick the ball from

        one end of the                                          to the other.

4        There's no point on him; he's lost the last three fights!

5        We used to do at school in the summer term; I was quite a good sprinter.

6         In tennis, the         is wider for doubles matches than it is for singles.

7        My dad does the week, but I prefer the lottery.

8        Are in Olympic events allowed to be professional athletes?

9        I love watching       it's incredible how they keep their balance on such narrow pieces of equipment.

10   What happens if it's a

Do they have a rematch?

45

4

Read and answer

You are going to read some information about some sports centres.

For questions 1-15, choose from the sports centres (A-F). Some of the centres may be chosen more than once. When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. There is an example at the beginning (O).

Which sports centre or sports centres:

mainly provides activities for young people?

offers special diets for its diners?

arranges particular activities for pensioners?

do you have to join before you can use its facilities?

advertises that it particularly welcomes disabled people?

has plans to expand the range of sports it currently offers?

    would appeal to people who like animals?         

serves food?

offers a financial saving to large groups of visitors?

emphasises that its activities are not dangerous?

^{A B} Stanton Bridge Sports and C E

D The Millennium Centre

Pairw k:

Discuss

In pairs, discuss the words you underlined that gave you the answers. Did you underline the same things?

Grammar focus

No membership fee. = There is no membership fee.

Organising a school outdoor sports holiday for your pupils?

= Are you organising a school outdoor sports holiday for your pupils? No children. = No children are allowed.

Rewrite these notes as full sentences.

R e a d i n gU n i                   47

4 Writing Sport

WARM-UP O)

Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions.

•               What facilities for sports does your town have?

•               Are you a member of a gym? Would you like to be?

•               What facilities do you think a sports centre should have?

•               Looking at layout

Even though you can't read the words, you can still say what kinds of composition these are. Match the diagrams to the composition type and write why.

A letter

Diagram number:  why?

A report

Diagram number: why?

A discursive composition Diagram number:

Complete the table

For each type of composition, tick the correct boxes.

Starting a report

Read this question and complete the start of the report.

You work for a local tourist information office. Your manager has asked you to write a report on the new sports centre which opened recently in your town. Describe the facilities offered by the sports centre and explain how interested you think tourists would be in visiting it.

To:

From:

Subject:

Which of these can also be used at the start of a report? Choose two.

Date:            Conclusion: Mark:   Re:

How did they do?

Read these two paragraphs from two different answers to the question above and answer the questions that follow.

Swimming Pool

                  -The                                       spe*s cen¥re                          Olympic-sized pool,

one           size     ayea. Nee only         be lased races,          will also be       'khe     secqe Aays the

                   2                                                                                                                    

W r i t i n g                     U   i t

4                                                       

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS

Which paragraph ...

a   tries to mention too many things?          d makes a good suggestion? 

b  has a more formal style?             e is clearly laid out with a heading? 

c   clearly focuses on one main point?         f would get better marks in the exam?

Write a paragraph

Complete this answer to the question above by writing a paragraph of about 30 words. Read your paragraph to the class and listen to other  students' paragraphs.

Mr Johnson

                         From:       Debbie Lambert

                          Subject: The new sports centre

Introduction

As requested, I have visited the new sports centre in King Street. The centre has now been open for two months. The main facilities are the basketball courts, the gymnasium and the ice-skating rink.

                         Basketball courts

The centre has three courts, which are generally modern and wellmaintained. They are often booked days ahead and we should tell tourists this when they contact us for information.

                  Ice-skating rink

The rink is in excellent condition and has already attracted people from other towns. The centre organises classes in skating on Saturday mornings,  which are popular with young people.

Conclusion

To sum up, the sports centre is very positive for our area. We can expect  it to attract a number of visitors. I suggest asking the manager to provide us with leaflets to hand out to tourists.

 Study the model

 Read model composition 4 on page 213 and do the following task.

Underline in the model ...

a where the writer mentions the subject of the report. b a good phrase for introducing a report.

c two places where the writer gives a summary of the report. d the writer's suggestion.  e the reader of the report.

COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT

Read this composition question and do the exercises that follow.

     Brainstorming

Answer the following questions, using your imagination where necessary. Discuss your answers with the class.

What is your manager's name?

What is the subject of your report?

Write three reasons why young people might prefer other shops.

1

2

3

What three solutions could you suggest?

           1  

2

3

What style would be appropriate for your report?

 Choose the best headings

Read these headings and circle the ones you think might be good to use in this report. Choose three.

Make it formal

These sentences are too informal for a report. Express the same idea in a more formal way.

1    You should make things cheaper, shouldn't you?

2    You know, it must be ages since you changed the window display.

3    Your advert is really boring and old-fashioned.

4    Get some new trainers.

  W r i t i n g S k i            U n i t  4

4

Plan your paragraphs

 Complete the following paragraph plan,  making notes on what you are going to  include in each paragraph and what heading you are going to give each paragraph.

Homework

Now write your report.

Read this checklist. When you have written your report, tick the boxes.

I have used the correct format for a report.

 I have clear headings for each paragraph.

 I have used an appropriately formal style.

Wordperfect

Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

 The new sports centre/leisure centre has great tennis courts.

 A gym/gymnasium is a place where people go to get some exercise and try to get fit.  I try to work out at the gym at least once a week.

      A rink is a place where people go to skate on the ice.

 Mum, I need a new pair of trainers, and they have to be the right brand.

      I don't care which side wins as long as it's a good match.

      A commentator describes the action for people watching or listening at home.  Hang on! I think I've left my racket in the changing room.

a Our team trains at least three times a week and sometimes more.

 Whenever we play football, John picks all his friends to be on the same side.

1     'And it's a goal!' the  shouted excitedly.

2     If you want to get in shape, why don't you join a

3     I just hope the other  don't score before the final whistle.

4     What this town needs is a new  with modern facilities.

5     Greg deserves to get into the team because he  harder than anybody else. 6 Don't leave any valuables behind in the

7        I can't run as fast as the other runners in these old

8        I hope the coach doesn't forget me when he  the team for this Saturday.

9        They're putting on a professional ice show at the  this weekend.

10    I used to  but now I've let myself get a bit out of shape.

Each of these reports should be written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.

1        You have a part-time job in a gym. The manager wants to attract more customers and has asked you to write a report making some recommendations.

Write your report for your manager.

2        You work for a local football club. The club is considering making changes to its stadium. The manager has asked you to write a report on the current stadium, suggesting improvements.

Write your report.

Grammar focus

The sports centre offers a great opportunity to local people. When a sentence has a direct object (a great opportunity) and an indirect object (local people), it is often better to rewrite the sentence as follows:

The sports centre offers local people a great opportunity.

Rewrite the following sentences in the same way.

1      1 am writing this letter to you to request information about membership of the gym.

2      The coach ordered some new equipment for the team.

3      My mum bought some new trainers for my sister.

4      1 asked the company to make a special tennis racket for me.

5      Simon asked me to lend my new football to him.

6      The player passed the ball to the captain.

7      Gjve the microphone to the commentator.

            S k i              U n      4                                             53

Reading People

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

 What does their teacher say?

You are going to read three student report cards.

Read the reports as quickly as you can, and answer the questions below each card.

Underline the words, phrases or sentences which tell us that Rebecca used to be a better student.

Now choose the sentence which best summarises the report. a Rebecca is not currently achieving her full potential.

b Rebecca is trying hard but her level is currently too low.

2

Underline the words, phrases or sentences which tell us that Charlotte is having some problems with her studies.

Now choose the sentence which best summarises the report.

a     Charlotte is doing her best despite finding the subject quite difficult.

b    Charlotte needs to work a little harder if she wants to be sure of success.

3

Underline the words, phrases or sentences which tell us about his ability as an artist. Now choose the sentence which best summarises the report. a Chris is a very skilled young artist.

b Chris is a very easy student to teach.

R e a d i n g      5

5                                      

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

Pairw r

Discuss

In pairs, discuss your answers. Did you underline the same words? Do you agree which sentence best summarises each report?

 What does their social worker say?

 Here are three more reports. They were written by a social worker.

Read each report as quickly as you can and underline ONE sentence which you think is the MAIN PROBLEM that the person has, and ONE sentence which tells us the action to be taken by the social worker.

Having worked in the railway industry for over twenty years, Mr Reed was made redundant in 1 998. Since then, his wife has divorced him and he has developed an alcohol problem. He lost his house because of gambling debts last year and is currently homeless and unemployed. After several interviews with Mr Reed, I am convinced that he wishes to break his alcohol addiction. I therefore recommend that he is given a place on the council's Freedom From Alcohol programme.

This would provide him with accommodation and the medical and counselling support needed to break his addiction. Mr Reed is aware that the programme is strict and that, if he consumes alcohol while on the programme, he Will lose his accommodation. He assures me that he has the will and determination to succeed.

2

                                        Name:                       Carol Jackson

                             Age:                  3 1

                            Occupation:    Secretary

Ms Jackson's flat in Almsgrove Drive was burgled on 22 January. Since then,  she has been unable to sleep properly and is terrified of staying at home alone. Her work as a secretary is suffering. She was referred to me by Dr Claire Parken her GR I have arranged to visit Ms Jackson once a week for the next two months and advised her to seek counselling with a professional therapist if her condition does not improve. However, as Ms Jackson is In private accommodation rather than council housing, and as she has already been prescribed sleeping pills by her doctor; there is unfortunately very little else I can do at present.

Wordperfect

Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

Tim Adams has frequently played truant from

Society has changed its attitude towards school for the past three months. I was asked to disabled people in the last twenty-five years. interview Tim by the school's Truancy Officer. What qualities do you need to be a good It appears that Tim has been severely bullied by doctor?

other children at his school. From what Tim has Simon is a very mature young man; I'm sure we said, much of this bullying has revolved around can trust him to make the right decision.

5

Read and answer

You are going to read a magazine article about cloning. Choose from the list A-H the sentence which best summarises each part (1-6) of the article. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (O).

To clone or not to clone? That is the question.

Eileen Peters explores the issues behind the cloning controversy.

What exactly is cloning? According to the Human Genetics Advisory Commission, cloning is defined as 'producing a cell or organism with the same nuclear genome as another cell or or(ÿanism'. Basically, that means that a clone IS a living being with exactly the same DNA as another living being. At the time of writing, some mammals have successfully been cloned, but humans have not.

Although frogs were first successfully cloned in the 1950s, it was not until the mid-1  that cloning became a major political issue. This was when Dolly the sheep became the first successfully cloned adult mamma]. Suddenly, it seemed that the cloning of humans had gone out of the realm of science fiction and was close to becoming scientific fact. Some people were extremely excited by this prospect. Others were extremely worried.

So, whv are some scientists so keen to clone human cells? First of all it's important to understand that clonill(' human cells does not necessarily mean that you make a new human being. Scientists believe that in the future will be able to clone human organs such as the heart, liver and kidneys which we']l be able to use in transplant operations. They also think that cloning will help us get rid of genetic diseases and will allow infertile couples to have children.

However, most scientists are ac^yainst human cloning at present because they argue it is not safe. It took 272 attempts before the cloning of Dolly, and even she did not enjoy good health. At present, we do not have the technology to safely clone humans. But what if we are able to solve the safety issues? Will human cloning be acceptable then? Many politicians and religious leaders say no.

There are both political and ethical arguments a(^Yamst human cloni1W. Some religious groups say that cloning would allow us to 'play God': to determine the sex, the eye colour, even the height of our children. They say this is morally wrong. Others argue that clones will suffer severe psychological problems when they learn they have been cloned, and may suffer prejudice and intolerance from non-cloned humans. Cloning could also produce a black market fòr embryos.

Pairw

     Discuss     

In pairs, discuss the words, phrases or sentences you underlined that gave you the answers.

Did you underline the same things?

So what can we expect to happen in the future? Most Western governments are in the process of legislating against human cloning. However, unless all the countries of the world make human cloning illegal (which is highly unlikelv) , we are likely to see more and more attempts at human cloning in the near future. It is too early to sav how successful thev

Whatever happens, one thing IS sure. This issue IS not going to go away. Scientists such as Severmo Antinori and Panagiotis Zavos are not going to (Five up trying to develop safe human cloning techniques. And religious organisations such as the Roman Catholic Church will continue to ar(ÿue that the cloning of humans is morally indefensible.

Grammar focus

Unless she takes her studies seriously, she won't pass her Geography GCSE next year. = If she doesn't take her studies seriously, she won't pass her Geography GCSE next year.

Circle Yes or No.

Is she taking her studies seriously at the moment? Yes / No Will she pass if she takes her studies seriously? Yes / No

Now read these sentences and circle the correct answer.

                                                                                                5                                                                                      59

WARM-UP

Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions.

What do you think the people in the photographs are like?

• How important are first impressions?

Do we judge people too much on their appearance?

Use more adverbs

Adverbs often describe how something is done.

Complete the sentences using adverbs from the box. Which sentences might have more than one answer?

1     Jill  showed her parents the prize she had won.

2     Alice lifted the baby up  and held him in her arms.

3     George shouted  at his brother and ran out of the house.

4     Miesha opened the letter  and began to read.

5     Rita waited  outside the headmaster's office.

6     Paul  fixed the problem with my computer and we surfed the Internet.

7     Mr Simpson  decided to go back into the burning house.

Study the model

Quickly read model composition 5 on page 214.

Underline all the adjectives and circle all the adverbs you can find. Compare what you have found with your partner.

Be descriptive

Choosing interesting vocabulary helps to make your writing more descriptive. For each word below, write as many other words as you can that mean almost the same but that are more descriptive. Compare your answers with your partner.

good bad say look  910thce, seaye, beautiful big      walk      clever      happy     

i         S   i I             U n i t  5

5

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS

Write a paragraph

 These two paragraphs come from a story. The middle paragraph is missing. Write a paragraph of about 40 words describing Katyuska to complete the story. Try to use adjectives, adverbs and interesting words.

Everybody knew that a new girl was starting at our school.We had heard that her name was Katyuska. The desk next to me was empty and I knew she would probably sit there. When I got to school on Monday morning, I quickly hung my coat up and went to my desk. There was the new girl. She was

Lessons started and I found out that she was excellent at maths. She even helped me with one or two of the problems. I knew we were going to be great friends from that day on.

Read your partner's writing Pairw

Swap paragraphs and read what your partner has written.

Using your partner's paragraph, answer the following questions.

1      What adjectives has my partner used?

2      What adverbs has my partner used?

3 What interesting vocabulary has my partner used?

PairX(È

Discuss

Read your paragraph to the class, or listen to paragraphs other people have written.

How could you make your writing even more descriptive?

COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT

Read this composition question and do the exercises that follow.

Brainstorming

Answer the following questions using your imagination. Discuss your answers with the class.

 Who is Louise?

 What does she look like?

What is her character like?

Where did you meet her?

What day was it?

What was the weather like?

What was your first impression of her?

Why was it wrong?

Do you still see her now?

Are you good friends?

How do you feel about her?

Pairw

Summarise your plot

Choose the best title

Decide which of these titles would be good for your story. Discuss your choices. What other titles can you think of?

W r i t i n g S k i I            I       5

5                                                   Wordperfect

Plan your paragraphs Read these sentences and then use the words in Complete the following paragraph plan, bold to complete the sentences below.  making notes on what you are going to include in each paragraph.  They interviewed members of the general public in the streets on the TV news last night.  Your first impression(s) of somebody is/are what you think when you meet them for the first time.

       The characters in the story were interesting, but the plot was boring.

       Sandy isn't really unkind. She's just thoughtless and forgets about other people sometimes.  Every applicant for the job has to write a letter to the company.

 Your telephone manner is how well you communicate with people on the phone.  Adam has a really friendly personality, if you give him a chance.

       It's not easy to get on with somebody who is so bad-tempered.

       Dave found it difficult to make friends when he first came to this school.

       Vicky seems unfriendly, until you get to know her better.

1       Try not to be so  and remember that other people have feelings too.

2       I'm going to try to  with the boy who has just moved in next door.

3       My  of Denise was that she is a really funny girl.

4       A good  is very important if you work as a receptionist.

                              Homework                                                                           5 I'm sure I've read another story with the same

Now write your story.

 Read this checklist. When you have 6 I find it really difficult to  written your story, tick the boxes. my younger sisters.

7 In some jobs, you meet have used at least five descriptive every day.

                      adjectives.                                                                                   8 If you have a strong , you

I have used at least three have to be careful to give other people a  descriptive adverbs. chance to speak.

I have used interesting vocabulary.9 Once you  Oleg, you'll see that he's not such a bad guy.

I have checked for spelling 10 The successful  could speak mistakes.         three foreign languages. I have checked for grammar mistakes.

Each of these stories should be written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.

1        You have decided to enter a short story competition. The competition rules say that the story must end with the following words:

As the door slowly opened, I was surprised to see Tom standing there.

Write your story for the competition.

2        Your school magazine has asked students to write a series of stories. Each story must begin with the last sentence of the previous story. You have been asked to write the next story, which must begin with the following words:

Martina knew she would never be the same after everything that had happened.

Write your story.

Grammar focus

Decide whether the adjectives and adverbs are used correctly in the following sentences. Tick the correct sentences and rewrite the incorrect ones.

1         Pete opened suddenly the door and ran inside.

2         My uncle George is a typically Englishman.

3         We were playing when my cousin hit me hardly in the face.

4         When I first met Jane, she behaved very unfriendly towards me.

5         1 wrongly believed that Simon was my friend.

6         Tina looked absolutely beautifully in her new outfit.

7         realised { hardly knew him.

                                                                                              5                                                                                      65

Travel

WARM-UP Pairw r 1.

Look at the pictures. In pairs, answer the following questions:

What would you see if you travelted to these places?

• What do people learn when they travel?

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

What's behind the words?

Read these extracts from descriptions of different journeys.

Decide what the writer is implying by circling the correct answer. Underline any words or phrases that help you decide.

b she has often travelled by plane. c hotels are usually a little disappointing.

2

Leaving the mountains and travelling by train to the coast, you realise why these are called the Salt Plains. Vast flat areas have been created where the sea water slowly disappears in the baking sun, leaving the salt behind. This is what provides local people With their only source of income. Even the children are involved in collecting the salt, which is then driven to factories in the north.

The writer implies that a the people are damaging the environment. b the people dislike working in the heat.

a   he is not very experienced.

b   they are experts at crossing rivers. c he has made mistakes in the past.

4

You'd love it here, Mike. The nightlife is great. I've made some friends already and they've been me the sights. Tonight we're meeting at the café and then,     knovvs? The family I'm staying with are really friendly and even gave me my oxtvn key to the front door so I can corne in when I like, A good example for Mum and Dad, eh?

The writer implies that a he usually finds it difficult to make new friends. b he wasn't expecting the family to be so friendly.

c    his parents don't give him as much freedom as he'd like.

e a d i n g S k i           U   i

3 If it hadn't been for the guide, the tour would have been a waste of time.  He/She thinks that the guide did a good / bad job.

4 Being on safari is wonderful, I realised, until you start to recognise the same mosquitoes biting you.

He/She was / wasn't used to this kind of trip.

Where are they?

Read these descriptions of tourist attractions and decide which photograph matches which description. There is an extra photograph you don't need to use.

It's strange because everything's a lot smaller         than you expect from seeing the photographs. There's a great feeling of mystery. What did  they think, the people who built them? It must be a little scary to be out here at night and they say it gets surprisingly cold. We still don't  really know how they made the sides so straight. It's a shame you can't climb to the top  because the view must be great.   

2

when it was finished must have given the

3

I think the area was used for religious purposes. They say that if you look through from one side to the other on the longest day of the year, you can see the sun in a special position. People probably came from miles around to see the stones. We still don't know how they managed to get the huge, heavy ones to balance on top like that.

Which writer (1, 2, or 3) says they

1    had seen pictures of the monument before?

2    think people used to travel far to visit the monument?

3    got to the top of the monument?

4     weren't expecting the temperature?

5    couldn't get to the top of the

What does it really mean?

These sentences come from a description of a holiday resort from a travel brochure. The writer is trying to make the resort sound good, but what might his description really mean? Match the sentences.

1     Alifuenta is a popular resort which is still developing.

2     A convenient bus runs to the beach every half an hour.

3     It is only a few minutes walk from your hotel to exciting nightclubs.

4     The surrounding countryside is great for walking.

5     You'll soon start to enjoy the tradition of the siesta.

6     You'll learn to love the traditional local dishes.

7     Bring your books for lazy days by the pool.

8     You'll remember Alifuenta long after you leave.

a    It's very noisy and you won't be able to sleep.

b    You won't like the food at first.

 You'll have nightmares about it for months. d It's too hot to do anything during the day. e It's miles to the next town. f There's nothing to do but read.

g      It's busy and your hotel probably isn't finished.

h     It's a long way from the sea.

Now write what you think these other sentences from the brochure really mean.

9     The Hotel Bellevue is happy to provide snacks.

10 It's a great chance to get away from the modern world.

R e a d i n g S k i l l s    U n i

Wordperfect

Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

 The journey was terrible but at least the sun was shining when we got there.

 A trip is a short visit which involves a journey. It could be a business trip or a school trip.  A voyage is a journey by sea. We usually use it when we go a long distance.

       The travel agent showed me some photographs of hotels, but there was nothing I liked.  The brochure says that the beach is only five minutes from the hotel.

       We were exhausted by the time we arrived at our destination.

       There are resorts all along the south coast, so we could stay at any of them.

       When you get to the airport, check in first so that you don't need to carry your bags around.  Only people who are flying are allowed into the departure lounge.

 If you need anything on the plane, ask a steward or stewardess.

1         The             asked us all to put on our seat belts for landing.

2         I'll bring a home and we can decide if we want to go to Israel or not.

3         We could drive, but the only takes two hours by train.

4         It took a tong time to sail from America to

England, but the      was fantastic.

5         We had to sit in the the plane was ready to leave.

6         I called the but she said there were no flights until next week.

7         I was looking forward to the school  but it was cancelled because of the weather.

8         I find that large  usually have more things to do for the whole family.

9         Get your ticket and passport ready so we can  quickly.

10      Type your  into the webpage and it will search for holidays.

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6

Read and answer

You are going to read a magazine article about going on holiday. For Questions 1-7, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Getting Away From It All

Somewhere around February it be('ins. The drizzle is coming down outside and the kids are bored on a Saturday afternoon. It's usually then that my husband dccidcs it IS time to plan our summer holiday. Out come the brochures and the discussion begins.

It's not that we're an argumentative family, but it seems that where we arc to spend two weeks in the summer relaxing brings out the worst in us. Before too long, we're all insisting on places and refusing others, the volume steadily increasing. My daughter discovers a lifelong ambition to go to India. Funny how she never mentioned it before. My son isn't going anywhere unless he can bring his dog and my husband doesn't mind where he goes as long as it's within five miles of a golf course.

As usual, it's left to someone, and guess who, to find somewhere that everybody is willing to accept (the dog goes to the neighbours, though). This can take some weeks of persuading, reminding and convmcmg on my part, but usually there's a solution. Then it's time to plan the packing. It seems that everybody else believes that it can be done half an hour before we leave for the airport. My husband lays out things he wants to take and I put them back when he's not looking and get out the real holiday clothes. My daughter wants to take everything she owns. Each item she has to put back is the subject of another argument.

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Finally the day arrives and x,vc get to the airport in plenty of time. This happens because I start to shout five hours earlier that we are going in five nunutes, ready or not. Once at the airport, we check in. It sounds simple enough, but the thing is that airports are full of people runmng around who don't know where to go. Not surprismg smce we only do it once a year and we've fÒrgotten where wc went last time. We finally find the right desk, get rid of the bags and go through to the departure lounge.

Somewhere around here I can finally think about relaxing. Not fòr me the cold sweats, shaking, and nervous wondering about the plane. Everything is somebody else's problem. If there's something wron(' with the plane, the pilot can worry about it. If a passenger has a heart attack, the stewards can worry about it.

And so begin two weeks of relaxation. I learned long ago that the only way to do it IS to stop being called 'Mum'. For those two weeks whenever I hear the word I look around as if it refèrs to someone else. I ignore any question that be('ins with 'Where's my...'. The funny IS that they always find it anywav. The only thing I worry about is which book I'm going to take to the pool. My husband follows a ball around a course, my kids do whatever kids do these dav.s and I become myself again fòr a short white.

Grammar focus

Look at these examples of the third conditional.

If you hadn't forgotten your passport, we wouldn't have missed the plane. = You forgot your passport so we missed the plane.

The holiday would have been okay ifyou hadn't complained all the time. = The holiday wasn't okay because you complained all the time.

Read the following sentences and decide which other sentence means the same. Circle a, b or c.