CAMBRIDGE

EDITION

Raymond Murphy

English

Grammar in Use

CAMBRIDGE

UNIVERSITY PRESS

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, SãO Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

www.cambridge.org

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521532891

C) Cambridge University Press 2004

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2004

7th printing 2005

Printed in Singapore by KHL Printing Co Pte Ltd

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN-IO 0-521-53762-2 Edition with CD-ROM

ISBN-13 978-0-521-84311-9 Hardback edition with CD-ROM ISBN-IO 0-521-84311-1 Hardback edition with CD-ROM

ISBN-13 978-3-12-534086-2 Klett edition with CD-ROM

ISBN-I O 3-12-534086-1 Klett edition with CD-ROM

ISBN-13 978-3.12-534084-8 Klett edition

ISBN-IO 3-12-534084-5 Klett edition

Contents

Thanks                                                                                                                                                     vii

To the student                                                                                                                                          viii

To the teacher                                                                                                                                             x

Present and past

I Present continuous (I am doing

2     Present simple (l do

3     Present continuous and present simple I (I am doing and I do)

4     Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and I do)

5     Past simple (I did

6     Past continuous (I was doing

Present perfect and past

 Present perfect I (l have done)

 Present perfect 2 (J have done)

9 Present perfect continuous (l have been doing)

Present perfect continuous and simple (l have been doing and I have done) 11 HOW long have you (been) .

12    For and since When ... ? and How long .

13    Present perfect and past I (l have done and I did

14    Present perfect and past 2 (l have done and I did

IS Past perfect had done)

16    Past perfect continuous (I had been doing

17    Have got and have

IS Used to (do)

Future

19     Present tenses CI am doing / I do) for the future

20     (I'm) going to (do

21     Will/shall 1

22

23     I will and I'm going go

24     Will be doing and will have done

25     When do / When I've done When and if

Modals

26     Can, could and (be) able to

27     Could (do) and could have (done) Must and can't

29     May and might I

30     May and might 2

31     Have to and must

32     Must mustn ^St needn't

33     Should I

34     Should 2

35     Had better    It's time

36     Would

              Can/CouldJWould you      ? etc.        uests, offers, permission and invitations)

        IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.                       iii

If and wish

38     If 1 do ... and If l did ...

39     If I knew I wish I knew 40 If I had known I Wish I had known

41     Wish

Passive

42     Passive I (is done / was done)

43     Passive 2 (be done I been done / being done)

44     passive 3

45     It is said that         He is said to     He is supposed to .

46     Have something done

Reported speech

47     Reported speech 1 (He said that .

48     Reported speech 2

Questions and auxiliary verbs

49     Questions I

50     Questions 2 (DO you know where w.. ? / He asked me where 51 Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) I think so / I hope so etc.

52    Question tags (do you? isn't it? etc,)

-ing and the infinitive

53    Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.)

54    Verb + to (decide to / forget to etc.)

55    Verb (+ object) + to (I want you to etc.)

56    verb + -ing or to I (remember/regret etc.) 57 Verb + -ing or to ... 2 (try/need/help)

Verb ± -ing or to 3 (like / would like etc.)

59     Prefer and would rather

60     Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing

61     Be/get used to something (I'm used to

62     Verb + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing / accuse somebody of -ing etc.) 63 Expressions + -ing

64     To .           for ... and so that ... (purpose)

65     Adjective + to

66     To (afraid to do) and preposition + -ing (afraid of -ingl

67     See somebody do and see somebody doing

68     -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.)

Articles and nouns

69     Counta ble and uncountable 1

70     Countable and uncountable 2

71     Countable nouns with alan and some

72     Alan and the

73 The 1

74     The 2 (school / the school etc.)

75     The 3 (children / the children)

76     The 4 (the giraffe / the telephone / the piano etc., the + adjective)

77     Names with and without the I

78     Names with and without the 2

iv

79 Singular and plural

SO Noun noun (a tennis ball / a headache)

81    -'s (your sister's name) and Of , (the name of the book

Pronouns and determiners

82    Mvself/vourself/themselves etc,

83    A friend of mine My own house        On my own / by myself

84    There           and it

SS Some and any

No/none/any Nothing/nobody etc.

87    Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty

88    All I all of most / most of no / none of etc.

                 Both / both of neither / neither of        either / either of

90     All, every and whole

91     Each and every

Relative clauses

92     Relative clauses l: clauses with who/that/which

93     Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which

94     Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where

95     Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (I)

96     Relative clauses S: extra information clauses (2)

97     -ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom, the boy injured in the accident)

Adiectires and adverbs

Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)

99        Adjectives: a nice new house, vou look tired

100     Adiectives and adverbs I (quick/quickly)

101     Adiecrives and adverbs 2 (well,/fast/late, hard/hardly)

102     so and such

103     Enough and too

104     Quite, pretty, rather and fairly

105     Comparison I (cheaper, more expensive etc.)

106     Comparison 2 (much better / any better / better and better / the sooner the better) 107 Comparison 3 (as as / than

IOS Superlatives (the longest, the most enjoyable etc.)

           109 Word order I: verb + object; place and time       

1 10 Word order 2: adverbs with the verb

111 Still, yet and already Any more / any longer / no longer 112 Even

Conjunctions and prepositions

113 Although / though / even though In spite Of / despite 114 In case

115     Unless As long as Provided/providing

116     As (As I walked along the street / As I was hungry

117     Like and as

I IS As if / as though / like

119     For, during and while

120     By and until By the time

Prepositions

121     At/on/in (time)

122     On time and in time  At the end and in the end

123     In/at/on (position) 1

124     Infat/on (position) 2

125     Infat/on (position) 3

126     To/at/in/into

127     In/at/on (other uses)

128     By

129     Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc..)

130     Adjective + preposition 1

131     Adjective + preposition 2

132     Verb + preposition 1 to and at 133 Verb + preposition 2 about/for/of/after

134    Verb + preposition 3 about and of

135    Verb + preposition 4 of/for/from/on

136    Verb preposition 5 infinto/with/to/on

Phrasal verbs

137    Phrasal verbs 1 Introduction

138    Phrasal verbs 2 in/out

139    Phrasal verbs 3 out

140    Phrasal verbs 4 on/off (1)

141    Phrasal verbs 5 on/off (2)

142    Phrasal verbs 6 up/down

143    Phrasal verbs 7 up (l)

144    Phrasal verbs 8 up (2)

145    Phrasal verbs 9 away/back

Additional exercises 302

Study guide 326

Key to Exercises 336

Key to Additional exercises 368

Key to Study guide 372

Index 373

Thanks

I wrote the original edition Of English Grammar in Use When I was a teacher at the Swan School of English, Oxford. I would like to repeat my thanks to my colleagues and students at the school for their help, encouragement and interest at that time.

More recently I would like to thank all the teachers and students I met and who offered their thoughts on the previous edition. It was fun to meet you all and extremely helpful for me.

Regarding the production of this third edition, I am grateful to Alison Sharpe, Liz Driscoll, Jane Mairs and Kamae Design. I would also like to thank Cambridge University Press for permission to access the Cambridge International Corpus.

Thank you also to the following illustrators: Paul Fellows, Gillian Martin, Roger Penwill, Lisa Smith and Simon Williams.

vii

To the student

This book is for students who want help with English grammar. It is written for you to use without a teacher.

The book Will be useful for you if you are not sure Of the answers to questions like these: a What is the difference between I did and I have done?  When do we use will for the future?

Cl What is the structure after I wish?

C] When do we say used to do and when do we say used to doing? a When do we use the?

o What is the difference between like and as?

These and many other points of English grammar are explained in the book and there are exercises on each point.

Level

The book is intended mainly for intermediate students (students who have alreadv studied the basic grammar of English), It concentrates on those structures which intermediate students want to use, but which often cause difficulty. Some advanced students who have problems with grammar will also find the book useful.

The book is not suitable for elementary learners-

How the book is organised

There are 145 units in the book, Each unit concentrates on a particular point of grammar. Some problems (for example, the present perfect or the use of the) are covered in more than one unit. For a list of units, see the Contents at the beginning of the book.

Each unit consists Of two facing pages. On the left there are explanations and examples; on the right there are exercises. At the back of the book there is a Key for you to check vour answers to the exercises (page 336).

There are also seven Appendices at the back of the book (pages 292—301 These include irregular verbs, summaries of verb forms, spelling and American English.

Finally, there is a detailed Index at the back Of the book (page 373).

How to use the book

The units are not in order of difficulty, so it is not intended that vou work through the book from beginning to end. Every learner has different problems and vou should use this book to help you with the grammar that you find difficult.

It is suggested that you work in this way:

C] Use the Contents and/or Index to find which unit deals with the point you are interested in.

D If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Study guide on page 326. L] Study the explanations and examples on the left-hand page Of the unit you have chosen, D Do the exercises on the right-hand page.

c.] Check your answers with the Key.

C] If your answers are not correct, study the left-hand page again to see what went wrong.

You can of course use the book simply as a reference book without doing the exercises.

viii

Additional exercises

At the back of the book there are Additional exercises (pages 302—325). These exercises bring together some of the grammar points from a number of different units. For example, Exercise 16 brings together grammar points from Units 26—36. You can use these exercises for extra practice after you have studied and practised the grammar in the units concerned.

CD Rom

ix

To the teacher

English Grammar in Use was written as a self-study grammar book, but teachers may also find it useful as additional course material in cases where further work on grammar is necessary.

The book Will probably be most useful at middle- and upper- intermediate levels (where all Of nearly all of the material will be relevant), and can serve both as a basis for revision and as a means for practising new Structures. It Will also be useful for some more advanced students Who have problems with grammar and need a book for reference and practice. The book is not intended to be used by elementary learners,

The units are organised in grammatical categories (Present and past, Articles and nouns,

Prepositions etc.). They are not ordered according to level of difficultv, so the book should not be worked through from beginning to end. It•should be used selectively and flexibly in accordance with the grammar syllabus being used and the difficulties students are having,

The book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work, It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help, The left-hand pages (explanations and examples) are written for the student to use individually, but they may of course be used by the teacher as a source of ideas and information on which to base a lesson. The student then has the left-hand page as a record of what has been taught and can refer to it in the future. The exercises can be done individually, in class or as homework. Alternatively (and additionally), individual students can be directed to study certain units of the book by themselves if they have particular difficulties not shared by other students in their class. Don't forget the Additional exercises at the back of the book (see To the student).

The book is sold with or without a CD Rom, This contains further exercises on all the units in the book, as well as a bank of 1,700 test questions from which users select to compile their own tests, The CD Rom is also available separately.

An edition of English Grammar in Use without the Key is also available. Some teachers may prefer this for use with their students.

x

English

Grammar in Use

Cl Please don't make so much noise. I'm trying to work. (not I try) a 'Where's Mark?' ^VHek having a shower.' (not He has a shower) CJ Let's go out now. It isn't raining any more. (not It doesn't rain) a (at a party) Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (not Do you enjoy) o What's all that noise? What's going on? (æ What's happening?)

The action is not necessarily happening at the time of speaking. For example:

Steve is talking to a friend on the phone. He says:

Italian at the time of speaking) a Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope to finish it next summer.

You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year etc. (periods around now):

C) A: You're working hard today. (not You work hard today) B: Yes, I have a lot to do.

CJ The company I work for isn't doing so well this year.

We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now, especially with these verbs:

get change become increase rise fall grow improve begin start a Is your English getting better? (not Does your English get better) CI The population of the world is increasing very fast, (not increases) a At first I didn't like my job, but I'm beginning to enjoy it now. (not I begin)

Present continuous and present simple         Units 3—4 Present tenses for the future       Unit 19

1

1.1 Complete the sentences with the following verbs in the correct form:

gew happen      look       lose       make    start      stay        try          -work I 'You .1!.€:.. LÑ.Q.r.kmg.... hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do,'

2  1           for Christine, Do vou know where she is?

3  It           dark. Shall I turn on rhe light?

4  They don't have anywhere to live at the moment. They .            with friends until they find somewhere.

5  Things are not so good at work. The company money.

6  Have you got an umbrella? It to ram. You a lot of noise. Can you be quieter? I to concentrate.

S Why are all these people here? Whar

Put the verb into the correct form, Sometimes you need the negative (I'm not doing etc.).

I Please don't make so much noise, I                                (try) to work.

2    Let's go out now. It       (raip) a_py more.

3    You can turn off the radio. I      (listen) go it.

4    Kate phoned me last night. She's on holiday in France. She . . (have) a great time and doesn't want co come back.

5    I want to lose weight, so this week I     (eat) lunch.

6    Andrew has just started evening classes. He (learn) German. 7 Paul and Sally have had an argument. They (speak) to each other.

8  1            (get) tired. I need a rest.

9  Tim       .               (work) this week. HSS on holiday.

1.3 Complete the conversations.

I saw Brian a few days ago.

B: Oh, did you?  these days? (what I he / do) A: He's at university.

B: ...u? (what / he / study) A: Psychology.

it? (he / enjoy)

A: Yes, he says it's a very good course.

2 A: Hi, Liz. How ...EC ^T                                                                                                in your new job? (you / get on)

B: Not bad. It wasn't so good at first, but better now. (things / get)

What about Jonathan? Is he OK?

B: Yes, but . his work at the moment. (he / not / enjoy) He's been in the same job for a long time and  to get bored with it. (he / begin)

1.4           Complete the sentences using the following verbs: begin               change get         increase- rise

1    The population Of the world    very fast.

2    The world         Things never stay the same.

3    The situation is alreadv bad and it          worse.

4    The cost of living            Every year things are more expensive.

S The weather . ff......„ to improve. The rain has stopped, and the wind isn't as strong.

happens all the time or repeatedly; or that something is true in general: a Nurses look after patients in hospitals.  I usually go away at weekends.

a The earth goes round the sun.

       C] The café opens at 7.30 in the morning.          

Remember:

        I work         but He works .              They teachbut My sister teaches

For spelling C-s or -es), see Appendix 6.

We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences:

D I come from Canada. Where do you come from? D I don't go away very often.

n What does this word mean? (not What means this word?)  Rice doesn't grow in cold climates.

In the following examples, do is also the main verb (do you do / doesn't do etc.):

 'What do you do?' 'I work in a shop.'

 He'S always so lazy. He doesn't do anything to help.

We use the present simple to say how often we do things:

 I get up at 8 0'clock every morning.

 How often do you go to the &entist?

D Julie doesn't drink tea very often.

D Robert usually goes away two or three times a year.

I promise / I apologise etc.

Sometimes we do things by saying something. For example, when you promise to do something, you can say 'I promise             when you suggest something, you can say 'I suggest D I promise I won't be late. (not I'm promising) n 'What do you suggest I do?' 'l suggest that you

In the same way we say: I apologise ... / I advise    / I insist          / I agree / I refuse . . etc.

Present Simple and present continuous           Units 3—4 Present tenses for the future Unit 1 9

2

2.1 Complete the sentences using the following verbs:

cause(s)          connect(s)        drink(s)         live(s)           open(s)- speak(sy          take(s)

I Tanya                       German very well.

2    I don't often    coffee.

3    The swimming pool      at 7.30 every morning.

4    Bad driving       many accidents.

5    My parents      i,n a very small flat.

6    The Olympic Games     place every four years.

7    The Panama Canal         the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

2.2 Put the verb into the correct form.

(not I use) it much, ^s

(this word / mean)?

(not I do) any sport,

2.3 Use the following verbs to complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the negative:

believe           eat        flow          -gœ -grow          make        rise        tell        translate

1   The earth ...goes..„.. round the sun-      7 An interpreter .

2   Ricelanguage into another. 3 The sun    in the east.         S Liars are people who 4 Bees .the truth.

5    Vegetarians .      meat.      9 The River Amazon

6    An atheist         In God. into the Atlantic Ocean.

2.4 You ask Liz questions about herself and her family. Write the questions.

I You know that Liz plays tennis. You want to know how often. Ask her,

How often

2                             Liz's sister plays tennis too. You want to know. Ask Liz.

3                             You know that Liz reads a newspaper every day. You want to know which one. Ask her.

4                             You know that Liz's brother works. You want go know what he does. Ask Liz.

5                             You know that Liz goes to the cinema a lot. You want to kriow how often. Ask her.

6                             You don't know where Liz's grandparents live. You w nt to know. Ask Liz.

2.5 Complete using the following:

I apologise                I insist             I promise             I recommend

I It's a nice day.    we go out for a walk. 2 I won't tell anvbodv what you said.

3 (in a restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal.

4

5 The new restaurant in Hill Street is very good.

Present continuous and present simple 1 (l am doing and I do)

Compare:

Present continuous (l am doing)

We use the continuous for things happening at or around the time of speaking. The action is not complete.

past                           now                     future

The water is boiling, Can you turn it off? a Listen to those people, What language are they speaking?

a Let's go out. It isn't raining now. a Tm busy.' 'What are you doing?' c] I'm getting hungry, Let's go and eat. c] Kate wants to work in Italy, so she's learning Italian.

D The population of the world is increasing very fast.

We use the continuous for temporary situations:

Cl I'm living with some friends until I find a place of my own.

a A: You're working hard today. B: Yes, I have a lot to do.

See Unit I for more information.

I always do and I'm always doing

I always do (something) = I do it every time:

 I always go to work by car. (not I'm always going)

'I'm always doing something' has a different meaning. For example:

Two more examples:

 You're always watching television. You should do something more active. (z You watch television too often)

 Tim is never satisfied. He's always complaining. (z He complains too much)

Present continuous and simple 2 Unit 4 Present tenses for the future —s Unit 19

3

3.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 Water at 100 degrees Celsius. Ok 2 The water boils. Can you turn it Off?

3     Look! That man         to open the door of your car.

4     Can you hear those people? What       they talk about?

5     The moon goes round the earth in about 27 days.

6     I must go now. It gets late.

7     I usually gQ to work by car.

8     Hurry up! It's time to leave: 'OK, I

9     I hear you've got a new job. How do you get on?

10 Paul is never late. He's always getting to work on time. 11 They don't get on well. They'-re always arguing.

3.2 Put the verb into the correct form. present continuous or present simple.

I Let's go out, It                    (not / rain) now.

2                                                                                              Julia is very good at languages. She       (speak) four languages very well.

3                                                                                              Hurry up! Everybody    (wait) for you.

4                                                                                              (you / listen) to the radio?' 'No, you can turn it off.'

(you / listen) to the radio every day?' 'NO, just occasionally.'

6    The River Nile (flow) into the Mediterranean.

7    The river         (flow) very fast today — much faster than usual.

8    We usuallv (grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year we (not / grow) any.

9    A: How's your English?

B: Not bad. I think it                                              . (improve) slowly.

10Rachel is in London at the moment. She (stay) at the Park Hotel. She always (stay) there When she's in London. Il Can we stop walking s40n? I (start) to feel tired.

12 A: Can you drive?

(learn). MV father        (teach) me. 13 Normally I         (finish) work at five, but this week I (work) until six to earn a little more money.

14   My parents (live) in Manchester. They were born there and have never lived anvwhere else, Where . (your parents / live)?

15   Sonia . (look) for a place to live. She , (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere.

16   A: What         (your brother / do)?

B: He ^ss an architect, but he (not / work) at the moment. 17 (at a party/ I usuallv (enjoy) parties, but I (not / eniov) this one verv much.

3.3 Finish B's sentences. Use always -ing.

I've lost my pen a}ain.

Not again! ... You re..

The car has broken down again.

B: That car is useless. It

Look! You've made the same mistake again.

B; Oh no, not again! I

Oh, I've forgotten mv glasses again. B: Typ iCal!

Present continuous and present simple 2 (l am doing and I do)

We use continuous forms for actions and happenings that have started but not finished (they are eating / it is raining etc.). Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in this way. We don't say 'l am knowing' or 'they are liking'; we say 'l know', 'they like'.  The following verbs are not normally used in the present continuous:

 a I'm hungry, I want something to eat, (not I'm wanting) C) Do you understand what I mean?

 Ann doesn't seem very happy at the rnöment,

Think

When think means 'believe' or 'have an opinion', we do not use the continuous: a I think Mary is Canadian, but I'm not sure. (not I'm thinking)  What do you think about my plan? (z What is your opinion?)

When think means 'consider', the continuous is possible:

I'm thinking about what happened. I often think about it.

Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. (z she is considering it)

He is selfish and He is being selfish

being = He's behaving / He's acting. Compare:

I can't understand why he's being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.

(being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment)       c] He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (not He is berng)

He is selfish generally, not only at the moment)

We use am/is/are being to say how somebody is behaving. It is not usually possible in  Other sentences:

 C] It's hot today. (not It is being hot)  a Sarah is very tired. (not is being tired)

See hear smell taste

We normally use the present simple (not continuous) with these verbs: a Do you see that man over there? (not Are you seeing) a This room smells. Let's open a window.

We often use can + see/hear/smell/taste:

I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it?

You can use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now: c] You look well today. or You're looking well today.

    a How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now? but

C) I usually feel tired in the morning. (not I'm usually feeling)

                         Present continuous and simple I        Unit 3 Have             Unit 17 Present tenses for the future -4 Unit 19

4

4.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. I Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. Qk 2 Arg you believing in God?

3   1'-m-fggJjng hungry- Is there anvthing to eat?

4   This sauce is great.  really good. S l'-m-lhl,n.k.i.ng this is your key. Am I right?

4.2          Use• the words in brackets to make sentences. (You should also study Unit 3 before you do this exercise.)

4.3          Put the verb into the correct form. present continuous or present simple.

                I Are you hungry?                                      (you / want) something to eat?

2    Don't put the dictionary away, I              (use) it.

3    Don't put the dictionary awav. I -            (need) it.

4    Who is that man? What              (he / want)?

5    Who is that man? Why (he / look) at us?

6    Alan says he's SO years old, but nobody              (believe) him.

7    She told me her names but I           (not / remember) it now.

8    1 /think) of selling my car. Would ýou be interested in buying it? (think) you should sell your car. You

(not / use) it very Often.

10 Alr  (consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.

4.4 Complete the sentences using the most suitable form Of be. Sometimes you must use the simple (am/is/are) and sometimes the continuous is more suitable (am/is/are being).

                  I I can't understand whv        h?'5,                    so selfish. He isn't usually like that,

2    Sara h very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why.

3    You'll like Debbie when you meet her, Shevery nice.

4    You-re usuallv very patient. so why       „„„ so unreasona ble about waiting ten more minutes?

 Why isn't Steve at work todav?ill?

Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs):

I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department store. a We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come. a The police stopped me on my way home last night.

C] Laura passed her examination because she studied very hard.

For spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6.

But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For example: write D Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. See C] We saw Rose in town a few days ago.

c) I went to the cinema three times last week. shut C) It was cold, so I shut the window.

For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix I.

In questions and negatives we use did/didn't + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.):

C] A: Did you go out last night?

B: Yes, I went to the cinema, but I didrù enjoy the film much.

 'When did Mr Thomas die?' 'About ten years ago.' a They didrù invite her to the party, so she didrù go.

                                      a 'Did you have time to write the letter?' 'No, I didn't.'

In the following examples, do is the main verb in the sentence (did ... do / didn't do):         c] What did you do at the weekend? (not What did you at the weekend?)  I didn't do anything. (not I didn't anything)

 The past of be (am/is[are) is was/were:

 Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were: a I was angry because they were late.

 Was the weather good when you were on holiday? c] They weren't able to come because they were so busy. CD Did you go out last night or were you too tired?

                           Past simple and past continuous        Unit 6 Past simple and present perfect       Units 12—14

5

5.1     Read what Laura says about a typical working day:

I usually get up at 7 0'clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work, which takes me about half an hour. I Start work at 8.45- I never have lunch. I finish work at 5 0'clock. I'm always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening. I don't usually go out. I go to bed at about 11 0'clock, and I always sleep well.

Laura

Yesterday was a typical working day for Laura, Write what she did or didn't do yesterday.

7at 5 0'clock.

8                      tired when  home.

9                      a meal yesterday evening, 10 out yesterday evening.

11at I l o'clock. 12well last night.

5.2     Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form:

                 buy        catch         cost        fall         hurt        sell        spend        teach        throw             

 Mozart . more than 600 pieces Of music.

2    'How did you learn to drive?' ^S MY father

3    We couldn't afford to keep our car; so we

4    Davedown the stairs this morning and his leg.

5    Jimthe ball to Sue, who

6    Anna lot of money yesterday. She         a dress which

£100.

5.3            You ask James about his holiday. Write your questions. Hi. HOW are things?

Fine, thanks. I've just had a great holiday. I Where  ?

To the U.S. We went on a trip from San Francisco to Denver.

2    How  ? By car?

Yes, we hired a car in San Francisco,

3    It's a long way to drive. Höw long

Two weeks,

4    Where  ? In hotels? Yes, small hotels or motels.

5

Yes, but it was very hot — sometimes too hot.

6  the Grand Canvon?

Of course. It was wonderful.

5.4    Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.

1    It was warm, so I        off mv coat. (take)

2    The film wasn't very good. I

3    I knew Sarah was verv busy, so I

4    I was verv tired, so I

5    The bed was very uncomfortable. I 6 The window was open and a

 The hotel wasn't verv expensive. It

8    I was in a hurrv, so I

9    It was hard carrying the bags. They her. (disturb)

. very well. (sleep) into the room. (fly) . very much. (cost) very heavy. (be)

Past continuous (l was doing)

Study this example situation:

I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time, but had not finished:

I started doing                       I was doing             I finished doing

past        past note o This time last year I was living in Brazil. C] What were you doing at 10 0'clock last night? c] I waved to Helen, but she wasrù looking.

Compare the past continuous (I was doing) and past simple (I did):

Past                                                                 Past simple (complete action)

I walked home after rhe party last night. all the way, completely)

Kate watched television a lot when she was ill last year.

We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:

 Matt phoned while we were having dinner.  It was raining when I got up.

o   I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book. o I hurt my back while I was working in the garden,

But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another:

o   I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. so I stopped, and we had a chat.

Compare:

Karen arrived, we had dinner.

arrived, and then we had

Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in the continuous (see Unit 4A):

D We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not We were knowing)

CJ I was enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not was wanting)

6

6.1 What were you doing at these times? Write sentences as in the examples. The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example).

I (at 8 0'clock yesterdav evening)

2    (at 5 0'clock last Monday)

3    (at 10.15 yesterday morning)

4    (at 4.30 this morning)

5    Åat 7.45 yesterday evening)

6    (half an hour ago)

6.2     Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. Use the past continuous.

I Matt phoned while we

2    The doorbell rang while I

3    We saw an accident while we

4    Ann fell asleep while she

5    The television was on, but nobody

Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

Put the verb into' the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

(wait) for me when I ......g-rrcvd...... (arrive).

                                                                                      (you do) at this time yesterday?'       was asleep.'

(vou / go) out last night?' 'No, I was too tired.'

(vou / drive) when the accident

(take) a photograph of me while I

(not / look).

6    We were in a very difficult position. We(not / know) what to do. 7 I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last . (see) him, he (trv) to find a job.

8     1 (walk) along the street When suddenly I

(hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody  (follow) me. I was scared and I        (start) to run,

9     When I was voung, I  (want) to be a pilot.

10                 Last night I (drop) a plate when I (do) the washing up. Fortunately it (not / break).

 Additional exercise I (page 302)

The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident, c] (from the news) Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.

When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a  result now:

 •Where's your key?' 'I don't know. I've lost it,'       I don't have it now) c] He told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (z I can't remember it now) C] 'Is Sally here?' 'No, she's gone out.'        she is out now) a I can't find my bag, Have you seen it?       Do you know where it is now?)

You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet.

Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to):

                                      Jim is on holiday. He has gone to Italy.      he IS there now or on his way there)

El Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (e she has now come back)

 Present perfect Units 8, Been to Units 8A, 126B Present perfect continuous —s Units 9-10 and past Units 12—14 Yet and already Unit Ill American English Appendix 7

7

7.1     Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs:

arrive   break    fall          go up    grow     improve               loseI Tom is looking for his    He can't find it.

2    Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster.

3    Last week the bus fare W'as 80 pence. Now it is 90.

4    Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is better. 5 Dan didn't have a beard before. NOW he has a beard. 6 This morning I was expecting a letter, Now I have it,  The temperature was 20 degrees. Now it is only 12.

7.2     Complete B's sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

7.3      Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet,

 After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, 'Would you like something to eat?'

                      You sav: Xo thank vou. had                        (have lunch)

2    Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, 'Can I speak to Joe?'

You sav•. I'm' afraid  (go out)

3    You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away, You sav: Wait a minute!(not / finish)

4    You are going to a restaurant tonight. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says,

•Shall I phone to reserve a table,' You say: No, . (do it) 5 You know that a friend of yours is looking for a place to Perhaps she has been successful.

Ask her. You sav:? (find)

6    You are still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A friend asks, 'Where are you going for vour holiday?' You say:  (not /decide)

7    Linda went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, 'Is Linda still at the bank?' You say: No,  . (come back)

7.4       Put in been or gone.

1    Jim is on holidav. He's      to Italy.

2    Hello! I've just to the shops. I've bought lots Of things.

3    Alice isn't here at the moment. She's  to the shop to get a newspaper, 4 Tom has  out. He'll be back in about an hour.

S 'Are you going to the bank?' 'No. I've alreadv  to the bank.'

a Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life) a We've never had a car.

 'Have you read Hamlet?' 'No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.' c] Susan really loves that film, She's seen it eight times!

a What a boring film! It's the most boring film I've ever seen.

Been (to) = visited:

a I've never been to China. Have you been there?

In the following examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently / in the last few days / so far / since breakfast etc.):  Have you heard from Brian recently?

a I've met a lot of people in the last few days.

a Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems    so far.

Cl I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.

from breakfast until now)         past c] It's good to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time.

We use the present perfect with today / this evening / this year etc. when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking (see also Unit 14B):  I've drunk four cups of coffee today.

                                 a Have you had a holiday this year (yet)?

 I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? past now  c] Rob hasn't studied very hard this term.

We say: It's the (first) time something has happened. For example:

a Don is having a driving lesson. It's his first one.

    It's the first time he has driven a car. (not drives) or       He has never driven a car before.

c] Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened. (not happens)

D Bill is phoning his girlfriend again- That's the third time he's phoned her this evening.

Present perfect I Unit 7 Present perfect + for/since Units 11—12 and past Units 12—14

8

8.1 You are asking people questions about things they have done, Make questions with ever using the words in brackets,

1     (ride / horse?) Hase .gog eŸer ridden av horse?

2     (be / California?) Have

3     (run / marathon?)

4     (speak / famous person?)

5     (most beautiful place / visit?) What's

8.2    Complete Vs answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative, Use the following verbs:

8.3      Complete the sentences using today / this year / this term etc.

I I saw Tom yesterday, but

3   1 read a newspaper vesterdav, but I

4   Last year the CÄ)mpany made a profit, but this year .

4    Tracy worked hard at school last term, but

5    It snowed a lot last winter, but

6    Our football team won a lot of games last season, but we

8.4     Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the example.

I Jack is driving a car, but he's very nervous and not sure what to do.

You ask:

He says:

2    Ben is playing tennis. He'S not good at it and he doesn't know the rules.

You ask: Have

He savs: Xo, this is the first .

3    Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable. You ask:

She savs:

4    Maria is in London, She has just arrived and it's very new for her.

You ask: She savs:

CI You're out of breath. Have you been running? (z you're out of breath now) a Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard.     hè's tired now) a Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

Cl I've been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me. a Where have you been? I've been looking for you everywhere.

It has been raining for two hours. Study this example situation:

It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining.

How long has it been raining?

It has been raining for two hours.

We use the present perfect continuous in this wav with how long, for , and since The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped.

How long have you been learning English?         you're still learning English) Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day.

Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour. C] Chris hasn't been feeling well recently.

You can use the present prefect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time:

 Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight.

Cl Every morning they meet in the same café, They've been going there for years.

Compare I am doing (see Unit 1) and I have been doing;

now  going

                                                       continuous and simple Units 10-11         Present perfect + for/since Units 11—12

9

9.1     What have these people been doing or what has been happening?

9,2     Write a question for each situation.

I You meet Paul as he is leaving the swimming pool.

You ask: (you / swim?'

2     You have just arrived to meet a friend Who is waiting for you.

You ask: (vou / wait / long?)

3     You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty.

You ask: (what / vou / do?)

4     A friend of yours is now working in a shop. You want to know how long.

You ask: (how long / you / work I there?)

5     A friend tells you about his job — he sells computers. You want to know how long.

You ask: (how long / you / sell / computers?)

9.3     Read the situations and complete the sentences,

I It's raining. The rain started two hours ago.

                    It î..bæn                 for two hours.

2 We are waiting for the bus- We started waiting 20 minutes ago.

We  for 20 minutes. 3 1'm learning Spanish. I started classes in December.

since December. 4 Marv is working in London. She started working there on 18 January.

since 18 January.

S Our friends always spend their holidays in Italy. They started going there years ago. for years.

9.4 Put the verb into the present continuous (I am -ing) or present perfect continuous (l have been -ing).

                     Maruz h0£. þeen                (Maria / learn) English for two years.

2    Hello, Tom.    (l / look) for you. Where have you been?

3    Whv   (you / look) at me like that? Stop it!

4    Linda is a teacher.      (she / teach) for ten years.

(I / think) about what you said and I've decided to take your advice.

             6 'Is Paul on holidav this week?' ^S NO,                                              (he / work).'

             Sarah is verv tired.                                               (she / work) very hard recently.

Unit Present perfect continuous and simple 10 (l have been doing and I have done)

Study this example situation:

Compare these examples:

a My hands are very dirty. I've been repairing the car.

C] Joe has been eating too much recently.

He should eat less.

C) It's nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last met?

C] Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis?

We use the continuous to say how long (for an activity that is still happening):

a How long have you been reading that book?

Lisa is still writing letters. She's been writing letters all day, a They've been playing tennis since 2 0'Clock.

I'm learning Spanish, but I haven't been learning it very long.

The car is OK again now. I've repaired it.

C] Somebodv has eaten all mv chocolates. The box is empty.

a Where's the book I gave vou? What have vou done with it?

a Have vou ever plaved tennis?

We use the simple to say how much, hote many or bow many times (for completed actions):

How much of that book have you read?

C] Lisa has written ten letters today.

They've played tennis three times this week.

I'm learning Spanish, but I haven't learnt verv much vet.

Some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) are not normally used in the continuous:

C] I've known about it for a long time. (not I've been knowing)

For a list Of these verbs, see Unit 4A. But note that you can use want and mean in the present perfect continuous:

 I've been meaning to phone Jane, but I keep forgetting.

                     Present perfect simple —s Units 7-8 Present perfect continuous      Unit 9

+ for/since —a Units 11-12

10

10.1 For each situation, write two sentences using the words in brackets.

I Tom started reading a book two hours ago, He is still reading it and now he is on page 53.

(read / for two hours)

(read / 53 pages so far) „...He has

2    Rachel is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her trip three months ago.

(travel / for three months) She

(visit / six countries so far)

3    Patrick is a tennis plaver. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again — for the fourth time. (win / the national championships / four times) (play / tennis since he was ten)

4    When thev left college, Lisa and Sue started making films together. They still make films.

(make / five films since they left college) They

(make / films since they left college)

10.2 For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets, I You have a friend who is learning Arabic, You ask: how long / learn / Arabic?)

2    You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (wait / long?) Have

3    You see somebodv fishing by the river. You ask; (catch / any fish?)

4    Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask:

(how many people / invite?)

5    A friend of yours is a teacher, You ask; (how long / teach?)

6    You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask:

(how many books / write?)

(how long / write / books?)

7    A friend of vours is saving money to go on holiday You ask:

(how long / save?)

(how much money / save?)

10.3 Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple (l have done) or continuous (I have been doing).

              I Where have you been? ...H.ç\.ye.                                           (you / play) tennis?

2                                                                                                        Look!              (somebody / break) that window.

3                                                                                                        You look tired.            (you / work) hard?

4                                                                                                        (you / ever / work) in a factory?' 'No, never,'

             S 'Liz is awav on holidav.'           she? Where .                                                               (she / go)?

6    MV brother is an actor,               (he / appear) in several films.

7    'Sorry rm late: 'That's all right. . (I / not / wait) long.' 8 • Is it still raining?' 'NO (it / stop).' 9        (I / lose) my address book. (you / see) it?

10                                                                                                     (I / read) the book you lent me, but (l / not / finish) it yet. It's very interesting.

11                                                                                                     (I / read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.

We use the present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and still continues now. Compare the present and the present perfect: Cl Bill is in hospital.

but He has been in hospital since Monday.

(not Bill is in hospital since Monday) present Cl DO you know each other well?

but Have you known each other for a long time?

                                 (not Do you know)                                                present perfect

                              D She's waiting for somebody.

but She's been waiting all morning.      now a DO they have a car?

but How long have they had their car?

I have known/had/lived etc. is the present perfect simple.

I have been learning / been waiting / been doing etc. is the present perfect continuous.

When we ask or say 'how long', the continuous is more usual (see Unit 10): a I've been learning English for six months. a It's been raining since lunchtime.

C] Richard has been doing the same job for 20 years.

'How long have you been driving?' 'Since I was 17.'

Some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) are not normally used in the continuous: a How long have you known Jane? (not have you been knowing) a I've had a pain in my stomach all day. (not I've been having) See also Units 4A and IOC. For have, see Unit 17.

You can use either the present perfect continuous or simple with live and work:

C] Julia has been living / has lived in Paris for a long time.

C] How long have you been working / have you worked here?

But we use the simple (I've lived / I've done etc.) with always:

c] I've always lived in the country. (not always been living)

                           say 'l haverù done something since/for     (present perfect simple):

a I haven't seen Tom since Monday.           Monday was the last rime I saw him) c] Sue hasn't phoned for ages.    the last time she phoned was ages ago)

                           I haven't . since/for Unit 8A Present perfect continuous            Units 9—10 For and since       Unit 12A

11

11.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary,

I Bob is a friend of mine. very well.

2 Bob is a friend Of mine. for a long time. 3 Sue and Alan are married since Julv.

4                      The weather is awful. ICs-raining again.

5                      The weather is awful.  all day.

6                      I like your house. HOW long there?

7                      Gary is-Y.QE.ki.ng in a shop for the last few months.

8                      J don't know Tim well, We've onlv met a few times.

9                      I gave up drinking coffee. I  it for a year. 10 That's a verv old bike. How long do you have it?

11.2 Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets, I John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him:

                 (how long / be / in hospital?   HOVN .l:o.ng has..gegr mother been.

2    You meet a woman who tells vou that she teaches English. You ask her:

/how long / teach / English?)

3    You know that Jane is a good friend of Caroline's. You ask Jane:

(how long / know / Caroline?)

4    Your friend's brother went to Australia some time ago and he)s still there. You ask your friend:

(how long / be / in Australia?)

5    Tim alwavs wears the same jacket. It's a verv old jacket. You ask him: (how long / have / that jacket?)

6    You are talking to a friend about Joe. Joe now works at the airport. You ask your friend; (how long / work / at the airport?)

7    A friend of vours is learning to drive. You ask him:

(how long/ learn / to drive?)

S You meet somebody on a plane. She says that She lives in Chicago. You ask her: (alwavs / live I in Chicago?)

11.3 Complete B's answers to A's questions.

1                                              Bill is in hospital, isn't he?

2                                              Do vou see Ann very often?

3                                              Is Margaret married?

4                                              Are vou waiting for me?

5                                              You know Linda, don't vou? 6          Do vou still plav tennis? Is Jim watching TV? DO vou watch TV a lot? 9 Have you got a headache?

10                                                     George is never ill, is he?

11                                                     Are vou feeling ill?

12                                                     Sue lives in London, doesn•t she?

13                                                     Do you go to the cinema a lot? Would you like to go to New York one day?

Yes, he has been.... in hospital since Monday. ha-ven^te seen.... her for three months.

for the last few years.

No, 1 to the cinema for ages. yes, I          to go to New York. (use always want)

For and since When ... ? and How long

We use for and since to say how long something has been happening.

It is possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences): a They've been married (for) ten years. (with or without for)

                                 c) They haven't had a holiday for ten years. (you must use for)

We do not use for + all (all day / all my life etc.):

CI I've lived here all my life. (not for all my life)

We say 'It's (a long time / two years etc.) since something happened':

a It's two years since I last saw Joe. (z I haverù seen Joe for two years)

 It's ages since we went to the cinema. (z We haven't been to the cinema for ages)

You can ask 'How long is it since a How long is it since you last saw Joe? When did you last see Joe?)

                              How long is it since Mrs Hill died?      When did Mrs Hill die?)

You can also say 'It's been (z It has been) since

 It's been two years since I last saw Joe.

                       How long have you (been) .          Unit 1 1

12

12.1 Write for or since.

              I It's been raining                    lunchtime.

2    Sarah has lived in Paris    1995.

3    Paul has lived in London             ten years.

4    I'm tired of waiting. We've been sitting here    an hour.

5    Kevin has been looking for a job    he left school.

6    I haven't been to a party            ages.

7    I wonder where Joe is. I haven't seen him          last week.

8    Jane is awav• She's been away .

9    The weather is dry. It hasn't rained .     . a few weeks.

12.2 Write questions with how long and when.

I It's raining.

(how long?)

(when?)

2    Kate is learning Japanese.

(how long / learn?)

(when / start?)

3    1 know Simon.

(how long / vou / know?)

(when / you / first / meet?)

4    Rebecca and David are married.

(how long?) gwhen?)

12.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences.

1  It'S raining. It's been raining since lunchtime. It .„..îžarte.a         at lunchtime.

2  Ann and Sue are friends. Thev first met years ago. They've        .eac.41 other.    years.

3  Joe is ill. He became ill on Sunday. He has Sunday. 4 Joe is ill. He became ill a few days ago. He has . „ a few days. 5 Liz is married. She's been married for a year. She got 6 You have a headache. It started when you woke up.

I've  I woke up,

7   Sue has been in Italy for the last three weeks. She went

8   You're working in a hotel, You started six months ago, I've

12.4 Write B's sentences using the words in brackets.

I A: Do you often go on holidav?

B: (no / five years) .... NQå

2    A: Do you often see Sarah?

B: (no / about a month) No,

3    A; Do vou often go to the cinema?

B: (no / a long time)

4    A: Do vou often eat in restaurants?

B; (no / ages) No, I

Now write B's answers again, This time use It's since

Present perfect and past 1 (l have done and I did)

Study this example situation:

Tom is looking for his kev. He can ^st find it.

He has lost his key. (present perfect)

This means that he doesn ^st have his key note,

Ten minutes later:

Now Tom has found his kev. He has ir now, Has he lost his key? No, he has found it.

Did he lose his key? Yes, he did. He lost his key (past simple) but now he has found it, (present perfect)

The present perfect (something has happened) is a present tense. It always tells us about the situation now. 'Tom has lost his key' = he doesn't have his key now (see Unit 7).

The past simple (something happened) tells us only about the past. If somebody says 'Tom lost his key', this doesn't tell us whether he has the key now or not. It tells us only that he lost his key at some time in the past.

Do not use the present perfect if the situation now is different. Compare:

C] They've gone away. They'll be back on Friday. (they are away now)

They went away, but I think they're back at home now. (not They've gone)

C] It has stopped raining now, so we don't need the umbrella. (it isn't raining now) It stopped raining for a while, but now iF's raining again. (not It has stopped)

You can use the present perfect for new or recent happenings:

Cl 'I've repaired the TV. It's working OK now,' 'Oh, that's good.' Cl Have you heard the news? Sally has won the lottery!

Use the past simple (not the present perfect) for things that are not recent or new:

C] Mozart was a composer. He wrote more than 600 pieces of music.

(not has been has written) a My mother grew up in Scotland. (not has grown) Compare:

a Did you know that somebody has invented a new type of washing machine? a Who invented the telephone? (not has invented)

We use the present perfect to give new information (see Unit 7). But if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple:

Cl A: Owl I've burnt myself.

B: How did you do that? (not have you done)

A: I picked up a hot dish. (not have picked)

C] A: Look! Somebody has spilt something on the sofå.

B: Well, it wasn't me. I didrù do it. (not hasn't been haven't done)

Past simple —+ Unit 5 Present perfect Units 7-8 Present perfect and past 2 Unit 14 American English Appendix 7

13

13.1 Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. Use the present perfect where possible.

13.2 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.

              I It                          raining for a while. but now it's raining again. (stop)

2    The town is verv different now. It           a lot. (change)

3    I did German at school, but I     most of it now. (forget)

4    The police three people, but later they let them go. (arrest) 5 What do you think of my English? Do vou think it  ? (improve) 6 A: Are vou still reading the paper?

with it. You can have it. (finish) for a job as a tourist guide, but I wasn't successful. (apply) outside the house, but it's not there now. (be)

9       Look! There's an ambulance over there. There               an accident. (be)

10   A: Have vou heard about Ben? He         his arm. (break)

                 B:                 How                       that                                                         (happen)

                  A: He                                                         off a ladder. (fall)

13.3 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary I Do vou know about Sue? She's given up her job. Ok 2 MV mother has grown up in Scotland.

3     How many plays has Shakespeare written?

4     Ow! I've cut mv finger. It's bleeding.

5     Drugs have become a big problem everywhere.

6     The Chinese have invented paper.

— Where have you been born?

             S Marv isn't at home.                      shopping.

9 Albert Einstein the scientist who has developed the theory of relativity.

Present perfect and past 2 (l have done and I did)

Do not use the present perfect (I have done) when you talk about a finished time (for example, yesterday / ten minutes ago in 1999 / when I was a child). Use a past tense:

 It was very cold yesterday, (not has been)

c) Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago, (not have arrived)

CJ Did you eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? (not have you eaten) I got home late last night, I was very tired and went straight to bed.

                        Use the past to ask When ... ? or What time       ?:

a When did your friends arrive? (not havearrived)

 What time did you finish work?

Compare:

Present perfect C) Tom has lost his key. He can't get into the house.

c] Is Carla here or has she left?

Compare:

Present perfect (have done) a I've done a lot of work today.

We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues until now. For example: today / this week / since 1985.

unfinished

past     now Cl It hasn't rained this week.

Have you seen Anna this morning?

(it is still morning)

Have you seen Tim recently?

I don't know where Lisa is. I haven't seen her. (z I haven't seen her recently) We've been waiting for an hour. (we are still waiting now) a Ian lives in London. He has lived there for seven years.

I have never played golf. (in my life) a It's the last day of your holiday. You say: It's been a really good holidav. I've really enjoyed it.

Past simple         Unit 5 Present perfect units Past simple

Tom lost his kev yesterday. He couldn't get into the house.

When did Carla leave?

Past simple (did)

I did a lot of work yesterday.

We use the past simple for a finished time in the past. For example: yesterday / last week I from 1995 to 2001.

finished yesterday past    no tv It didlù rain last week.

Did vou see Anna this morning? (it is now afternoon or evening) Did you see Tim on Sunday?

x: Was Lisa at the party on Sunday? B: [ don't think so. I didn't see her. We waited (ot were waiting) for an hour. (we are no longer waiting)

Ian lived in Scotland for ten years.

Now he lives in London.

I didn't play golf last summer.

After you come back from holiday yoti sav: It was a really good holidav. I reallv enioved it.

Present perfect and past I         Unit 13

14

14.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.

1    I've lost my kev. I can't find it anywhere.

2    Have you eaten a lot Of sweets when you were a child?

3    rye bought a new car. You must come and see it.

4    Eye-bought a new car last week.

5    Where have yqu been vesterdav evening?

6     in 1999.

7    I'm looking for Mike. Have you seen him?

 •Have you been to Paris?' •yes, many times.' 9 I'm very hungrv. I haven't eaten much todav. 10 When has this book been published?

14.2 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.

I dit / not / rain / this week)

2    (the weather / be / cold /

3    (it / cold / last week) It

4    (I / not / read / a newspaper yesterdav) I

5    (I I not / read J a newspaper todav)

6    gEmilv / earn / a lot of monev / this vear)

7    (she J not / earn/ so much / last vear)

S (vou / have / a holidav recentlv?)

14.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.

                    I I don't know where Lisa is.                                              (you I see) her?

2 When I (get) home last night, I  (be) very tired and I    (go) straight to bed.

(you / finish) painting the bedroom? B: Not vet. I'll finish it tomorrow.

4    George . (not / be) very well last week.

5    Mr Clark              (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.

6    Mollv lives in Dublin. She (live) there all her life. (you / go) to the cinema last night?

b: Yes, but it a mistake. The film(be) awful. S My grandtather (die) before I was born. I (never / meet) him.

9               I don't know Carol•s husband. I               (never / meet) him.

10           A: Is Marrin here? B: No, he (go) out.

                    A: When exactlv                                                     (he / go) out? B: About ten minutes ago.

11           Where do vou live? B: In Boston.

                      A: How long -                                                      (you / live) there?          Five years,

                     A: Where                                                           (you / live) before that? B: In Chicago.

                     A: And how long                                                       (you / live) in Chicago? B: Two years.

14.4 Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets.

I (something vou haven't done todavþ 2 (something you haven't done today)

3 (something vou didn•t do vesterday) 4 (something vou did vesterdav evening)

5    (something you haven't done recently)

6    (something you've done a lot recently)

                                          2—4                303—04), 14—15 (pages 310—11)

The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc).

Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:  Sarah arrived at the party.

This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect (had

C] When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.

Some more examples:

 When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.

c] Karen didn't want to go to the cinema With us because she'd already seen the film.

 At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but I soon realised that I'd made a big mistake.

a The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before.

Compare the past simple (left, was etc.) and the past perfect (had left, had been etc.):

                              a A: Was Tom there when you arrived?                    A: Was Tom there when you arrived?

                                  B: Yes, but he left soon afterwards,                        B; No, he had alreadv left,

Kate wasn't at home when I phoned. Kate had just got home when I phonedShe was at her mother's house. She had been at her mother's house.

                       Past perfect continuous      Unit 16 Irregular verbs (gone/seen etc.) -+ Appendix 1

15

15.1 Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets.

I You went to Sue's house, but she wasn't there.

(she / go / out) „,.She

2    You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn't the same as before.

(it / change / a lot)

3    1 invited Rachel to the party. but she couldn't come.

(she/ arrange / to do something else)

4    You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late.

(the film / already / begin)

5    It was nice to see Dan again after such a long time.

(l / not / see / him for five years)

6    1 offered Sue something to eat, but she wasn't hungry.

(she / just / have / breakfast)

15.2 For each situation. write a sentence ending with never before. Use the verb in brackets. I The man sitting next to vou on the plane was verv nervous, It was his first flight,

2    A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me. (see) I  before.

3    Sam played tennis yesterday. He wasn't very good at it because it was his first game.

(play) He

4    Last year we went ro Denmark. It was our first time there. (be there) We

15.3 Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they happened — so (1) happened before (2), (2) before (3) etc. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect.

I         Somebody broke into the office during the night,

'2' We arrived at work in the morning. 13' We called the police.

2 Laura went out this morning. i2j J trjça ro phQne her.

13' There was no answer.

3 Jim came back from holiday a few davs ago.

'2b I met him the same day. He looked verv well.

4 '1 b Kevin sent Sallv lots of emails. '2' She never replied to them.

i3i Yestçrdav got phone call from her. 14) He was very surprised.

15.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (l had done) or past simple (l did).

1   •Was Paul at the party when you arrived?' 'No, he ....hea„go.n.e..... (go) home.'

2   1 felt verv tired when I got home, so I  (go) straight to bed.

3   The house was very quiet When I got home. Everybody              (go) to bed.

4   Sorry I'm late. The car  (break) down on my way here.

5   We were driving along the road when we .        (see) a car which

                                                          (break) down, so we                                         (stop) to help.

                                        5-8                304—07)

Some more examples:

a When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and one of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting.

 I was very tired when I got home. I'd been working hard all day.

CJ When I went to Madrid a few years ago, I stayed with a friend of mine. She'd been living there only a short time but knew the city very well.

You can say that something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened:

We'd been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.

a George went to the doctor last Friday. He hadn't been feeling well for some time.

Compare have been -ing (present perfect continuous) and had been -ing (past perfect continuous):

                             Present perfect continuous                               Past perfect continuous

                                                         I have been -ing                                I had been -ing

                             past                                        note                                                  past             now

a I hope the bus comes soon. I've been At last the bus came. I'd been waiting waiting for 20 minutes. (before now) fór 20 minutes. (before the bus came) c] James is out of breath. He has been James was out of breath. He had been running.    running.

Compare was -ing (past continuous) and had been -ing:

Cl It wasn't raining when we went out, The sun was shining, But it had been raining, so the ground was wet.

Cl Cathy was sitting in an armchair resting. She was tired because she'd been working very hard.

Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in the continuous:

a We were good friends. We had known each other for years. (not had been knowing)

For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A.

                             Present perfect continuous -s Units 9-10         past perfect simple Unit 15

16

16.1 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets.

1   1 was very tired when I arrived home.

(I / work / hard all day)

2   The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very tired.

(they / play / football)

3   1 was disappointed when I had to cancel my holiday.

(l / 100k / forward to it)

4   Ann woke up in the middle Of the night. She was frightened and didn't know where she was.

(she / dream)

S When I got home, Tom was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off.

(he / watch / a film)

16.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences.

I We played tennis yesterday. Half an hour after we began playing, it started to rain.

                         We  when               started EO rain

2   1 had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him. After 20 minutes I suddenly realised that I was in the wrong restaurant.

1for 20 minutes when I the wrong restaurant.

3   Sarah got a job in factory. Five years later the factory closed down.

 , Sarah

4   1 went to a concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly started shouting.

                       The orchestra                                                                                                             when

This time make your own sentence:

S I began walking along the road. I when

16.3 Put the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (l was doing). past perfect (I had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing).

1   It was very noisy next door. Our neighbours  (have) a party.

2   We were good friends. We .....ha•d:     (know) each other for years.

3   John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he (walk) so fast.

4   Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She  (run). S When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They (eat).

6   When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty, but their stomachs were full. They           (eat).

7   Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He . (look) for his contact lens.

S When I arrived, Kate   (wait) for me. She was annoyed with me because I was late and she      (wait) for a long time.

9      1 was sad when I sold Inv car. I .        (have) it for a very long time.

10  We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We (travel) for more than 24 hours.

                                              5-8                304—07)

17

You can use have got or have (without got)- There is no difference in meaning:

c) They've got a new car. or They have a new car. a Lisa's got two brothers. or Lisa has two brothers.

D I've got a headache, or I have a headache.

O Our house has got a small garden. or Our house has a small garden.  He's got a few problems. or He has a few problems.

With these meanings (possession etc.), you cannot use continuous forms (am having etc.):

o    We're enjoying our holiday• We've got / We have a nice room in the hotel. (not We're having)

For the past we use had (without got):

Lisa had long hair when she was a child. (not Lisa had got)

In questions and negative sentences there are three possible forms:

In past questions and negative sentences, we use did/didrù: Did you have a car when you were living in London? I didn't have a watch, so I didn't know the time. c] Lisa had long hair, didn't she?

Have breakfast / have a bath / have a good time etc.

We also use have (but not have got) for many actions and experiences, For example:

o    Have got is not possible in the expressions in the box. Compare:

     c] Sometimes I have eat) a sandwich for my lunch. (not I've got) but I've got I have some sandwiches. Would you like one?

You can use continuous forms (am having etc.) with the expressions in the box: [2 We're enjoying our holiday. We're having a great time. (not We have)  Mike is having a shower at the moment. He has a shower every day.

questions and negative sentences we use doldoes/did:

o    I don't usually have a big breakfast. (not I usually haven't)  What time does Jenny have lunch? (not has Jenny lunch)  Did you have difficulty finding a place to live?

                           Have (got)             —+ Unit 31 American English Appendix 7

17

17.1 Write negative sentences with have. Some are present (can't) and some are past (couldn't).

1   1 can't get into the house, (a kev)

2   1 couldn't read the letter, (mv glasses)

3   1 can't get onto the roof. (a ladder) I

4   we couldn't visit the museum. (enough time) We

5   He couldn't find his wav to our house. (a map)

6   She can't pay her bills, (anv money)

 1 can't go swimming today. (enough energy)

8 Thev couldn't take anv photographs. (a camera)

17.2 Complete the questions with have. Some are present and some are past.

I Excuse me,  a pen I could borrow?

2 NVhv are you holding your face like that?  a toothache? 3 a lot of toys when you were a child? the time, please? B: Yes, it's ten past seven.

5   I need a stamp for this letter.   one?

6   When you worked in your last job,      your own office?

7   A: It started to rain very heavily while I was out. B:  an umbrella?

17,3 Write sentences about yourself. Have you got these things now? Did you have them ten years ago?

Write two sentences each time using I've got / I haven't got and I had / I didn't have. (You can also write about your family: We've got / We had etc.).

                 notc                                                                   ten years ago

I (a car)

2 (a bike) I 3 (a mobile phone)

4    (a dog)

5    (a guitar)

6    (long hair)

7    (a driving licence)

17.4 Complete the sentences. Use an expression from the list and put the verb into the correct form where necessary.

have a baby have a break have a chat have difficulty have a good flight have a 100k -haste-lunch- have a party have a nice time have a shower I I don't eat much during the day. I never hwve Lunch

2    David starts work at 8 0'clock and       at 10.30.

3    We        last week. It was great — we invited lots of people.

4    Excuse me, can I        at your newspaper, please?

5    Jim is away on holiday at the moment. I hope he

6    I met Ann in the supermarket yesterday. We stopped and finding the book you wanted? B: No, I found it OK.

8 Suzanne  a few weeks ago. It'S her second child. 9 A: NVhv didn't vou answer the phone?

10 You meet your friend Sally at the airport. She has just arrived. You say: Hi, Sally. How are vou?

Used to (do)

Study this example situation:

Something used to happen = it happened regularly in the past, but no longer happens: a I used to play tennis a lot, but I don't play very often now.

0 David used to spend a lot of money on clothes, These days he can't afford it. a 'Do you go to the cinema much?' 'Not now, but I used to.' (z I used to go)

We also use used to for things that were true, but are not true any more: a This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema.

Cl I used to think Mark was unfriendly, but now realise he's a very nice person.

Cl I've started drinking tea recently. I never used to like it before. C] Nicole used to have very long hair when she was a child.

'l used to do something' is past. There is no present form. You cannot say 'l use to do'. To talk about the present, use the present simple (I do).

Compare:

 We used to live in a small village, but now we live in London.

 There used to be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only one.

The normal question form is did (you) use to

 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?

The negative form is didnt use to             (used not to is also possible): a I didn't use to like him. (or I used not to like him.)

Compare I used to do and I was doing:

                           a I used to watch TV a lot.      I watched TV regularly in the past, but I no longer do this)

                            I was watching TV when Mike called.         I was in the middle Of watching TV)

Do not confuse I used to do and I am used to doing (see Unit 61 ). The structures and meanings are different:

a I used to live alone. (z I lived alone in the past, but I no longer live alone.) a I am used to living alone,         I live alone, and I don't find it strange or difficult because

I've been living alone for some time,)

Past continuous (l was doing) —s Unit 6 Would used to) Unit 36

                   Be/get used      (doing) something -+ Unit 61

18

18.1 Complete the sentences with use(d) to + a suitable verb.

1    Diane doesn't travel much now. She a lot, but she prefers to stay at home these davs.

2    Liz  a motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car.

3    We came to live in London a few years ago. We              in Leeds.

4    I rarely eat ice-cream now, but I

5    Jim  my best friend, but we aren't good friends any longer,

6    It onlv takes me about 40 minutes to get to work now that the new road is open. It more than an hour• a hotel near the airport, but it closed a long time ago. S When you lived in New York,  to the theatre very often?

18.2 Matt changed his life style. He stopped doing some things and started doing other things: studying hard   sleeping late

He stopped going to bed early He started going out in the evening running three miles every morning spending a lot of money

Write sentences about Matt with used to and didn't use to.

18.3 Compare what Karen said five years ago and what she says today:

Now write sentences about how Karen has changed. Use used to / didn't use to / never used to in the first part of your sentence.

She used to tra„vel oy

10

Additional exercise 9 (page 307)

I'm doing something (tomorrow) = I have already decided and arranged to do it:

Cl A: What are you doing on Saturday evening? (not What do you do)

B: I'm going to the theatre. (not I go) a A: What time is Cathy arriving tomorrow?

B: Half past ten. I'm meeting her at the station,

 I'm not working tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere, C] Ian isn't playing football next Saturday. He's hurt his leg.

'I'm going to (do)' is also possible in these sentences:

o  What are you going to do on Saturday evening?

But the present continuous IS more natural for arrangements. See also Unit 20B.

Do not use will to talk about what you have arranged to do:

 What are you doing this evening? (not What will you do)

Cl Alex is getting married next month. (not will get)

You can also use the present continuous for an action just before you begin to do it. This happens especially with verbs of movement (go/come/leave etc.):

                                           0 1'm tired. I'm going to bed now Goodnight. (not I go to bed now)

o  'Tina, are you ready yet?' 'Yes, I'm coming.' (not I come)

 Present simple (l do) with a future meaning

We use the present simple when we talk about timetables, programmes etc. (for public transport, cinemas etc.):

     C] My train leaves at 11.30, so I need to be at the station by Il. 15. What time does the film begin this evening?

Cl It's Wednesday tomorrow. / Tomorrow is Wednesday.

You can use the present simple to talk about people if their plans are fixed like a timetable: C] I start my new job on Monday.

 What time do you finish work tomorrow?

But the continuous is more usual for personal arrangements:

a What time are you meeting Ann tomorrow? (not do you meet)

Compare:

I'm going —s Units 20, 23 Will Units 21-22 Present simple after when/if etc, —+ Unit 25

19

I

2

3

4

5

6

19.2 Tom wants you to visit him, but you are very busy. Look at your diary for the next few days and explain to him why you can't come.

TOM: Can you come on Monday evening?

YOU: Sorry, but

TOM: What about Tuesday evening then?

YOU: No, not Tuesday. I TOM'. And Wednesday evening?

YOU:

TOM: Well, are you free on Thursday? YOU: I'm afraid not.

19.3 Have you arranged to do anything at these times? Write sentences about yourself.

1   (this evening)

2   (tomorrow morningè I

3   (tomorrow evening)

4   (next Sunday)

5   (choose another dav or time)

19.4 Put the verb into the more suitable form. present continuous or present simple.

                   I I                   (go) to the cinema this evening.

2          ?pes (the film / begin) at 3.30 or 4.30?

3          we   (have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come?

4          The art exhibition    (finish) on 3 May.

5          1 (not / go) out this evening. I  (stay) at home.

(you / do) anything tomorrow morning?' 'NO, I'm free. Why?'

(go) to a concert tonight. It  (start) at 7.30. (leave) now. I've come to say goodbye.

9        A: Have you seen Liz recently?

B: No, but we  (meet) for lunch nëxt week.

10    You are on the train to London and you ask another passenger:

Excuse me. What time(this train / get) to London?

You are talking to Helen:

Helen, I  (go) to the supermarket.

(vou t come) with me?

12   You and a friend are watching television. You say:

                       I'm bored with this programme- What time                                         (it / end)?

13   1         (not / use) the car this evening, so you can have it.

14   Sue       (come) to see us tomorrow. She

                       (travel) by train and her train                                        (arrive) at 10.15.

Additional exercises 10—13 (pages 308—10)

20 (I'm) going to (do)

I am going to do something = I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it;

0 A: Are you going to watch the late film on TV tonight? B: No, I'm going to have an early night.

a A: I hear Sarah has won some money. What is she going to do with it?

B: She's going to buy a new car.

 I'm just going to make a quick phone call. Can you wait for me? a This cheese looks horrible. I'm not going to eat it.

I am doing and I am going to do

We use I am doing (present continuous) when we say what we have arranged to do — for  example, arranged to meet somebody, arranged to go somewhere: c] What time are you meeting Ann thi4 evening?

n I'm leaving tomorrow. I've got my plane ticket.

I am going to do something I've decided to do it (but perhaps not arranged to do it):

c) 'Your shoes are dirty,' 'Yes, I know, I'm going to clean them.' (e I've decided to clean them, but I haven't arranged to clean them) a I've decided not to stay here any longer, Tomorrow I'm going to 100k for somewhere else to stay.

Often the difference is very small and either form is possible.

Some more examples:

           a Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain. (the clouds are there now) a I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (l feel terrible now) a The economic situation is bad now and things are going to get worse.

I was going to (do something) I intended to do it, but didn't do it:

a We were going to travel by train, but then we decided to go by car Instead. a Peter was going to do the exam, but he changed his mind.           

a I was just going to cross the road when somebody shouted 'Stop!'

You can say that 'something was going to happen' (but didn't happen): D I thought it was going to rain, but it didn't.

I am doing for the future Unit 19A I will and I'm going to -+ Unit 23

20

20.1 Write a question with going to for each situation.

1    Your friend has won some money. You ask:

(what / do with it?)

2    Your friend is going to a party tonight. You ask: what / wear?)

3    Your friend has just bought a new table. You ask:

(where / put it?)

4    Your friend has decided to have a party. You ask: who / invite?)

20.2 Read the situations and complete the dialogues. Use going to.

1   You have decided to tidy your room this morning.

FRIEND: Are vou going out this morning?

                         YOU:           No,

2   You bought a sweater, but it doesn't fit you very well. You have decided to take it back.

FRIEND: That sweater is too big for you. YOU: I know.

3   You have been offered a job, but vou have decided not to accept it.

FRIEND: I hear vou've been offered a job.

                        YOU:       That's right, but

4 You have to phone Sarah. It's morning now, and you have decided to phone her tonight' FRIEND: Have you phoned Sarah yet? you:              No

5 You are in a restaurant- The food is awful and you've decided to complain.

FRIEND: This food is awful, isn't it? YOU: Yes, it's disgusting.

20.3 What is going to happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets.

1   There are a lot of black clouds in the skv. Crain)

2   It is Tom is leavrng his house, He has to be at work at 8.45, but the journey takes 30 minutes. late) He

3   There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is coming in through the hole. (sink) The boat

4   Lucv and Chris are driving. There is very little petrol left in the tank. The nearest petrol station is a long way away.

(run out) Thev

20.4 Complete the sentences with was/were going to + the following verbs: buy              give up              have      phone  Play

1   We       by train, but then we decided to go by car instead.

2   1some new clothes yesterday, but I was very busy and didn't have time to go to the shops.

3   Martin and I     tennis last week, but he was injured. Jane, but I decided to email her instead.

5    A: When I last saw Tim, he . his job.

B: That's right, but in the end he decided to stay where he was.

6    We  a party last week, but some of our friends couldn't come, so we cancelled it.

Will/shall I

We use I'll (z I will) when we decide to do something at the time Of speaking: CJ Oh, I've left the door open. I'll go and shut it.

a 'What would you like to drink?' 'I'll have an orange juice, please.' a 'Did you phone Lucy?' 'Oh no, I forgot. I'll phone her now,'

You cannot use the present simple (I do / I go etc.) in these sentences: a I'll go and shut the door. (not I go and shut)

We often use I think I'll ... and I don't think I'll .

a I feel a bit hungry. I think I'll have something to eat.  I don't think I'll go out tonight. I'm too tired.

In spoken English the negative of will is usually won't (z will not):  I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.

                            Shall is used mostly in the questions shall I     ? / shall we

We use shall I ... ? / shall we . ? to ask somebody's opinion (especially in offers or suggestions):

 Shall I open the window? (z Do you want me to open the window?)

D I've got no money. What shall I do? (z What do you suggest?)  'Shall we go?' 'Just a minute. I'm not ready yet.'  Where shall we go this evening?

Compare shall I ... ? and will you ?:

                                      Shall I shut the door?      Do you want me to shut it?)

 Will you shut the door? (z I want you to shut it)

42                            Will/shall 2 Unit 22 1 will and I'm going to —s Unit 23 American English —5 Appendix 7

21

21.1 Complete the sentences with I'll + a suitable verb.

1  I'm too tired to walk home. I think         bake..., a taxi.

2  'It's cold in this room.' 'Is it?on the heating then.' 3 A: We haven't got anv milk.

                          B: Oh, I forgot to buy some.                                                       and get some now.

4    'Shall I do the washing-up?' 'No, it's all right.    it later.'

5    'l don't know how to use this computer.' 'OK    you.'

6    'Would you like tea or coffee?' '             coffee, please.'

                        'Goodbve! Have a nice holiday.' 'Thanks.                                                       , you a postcard.'

8    Thanks for letting me borrow vour camera.       it back to you on Monday, OK?

9    •Are you coming with us?' 'No, I think  here.'

21.2 Read the situations and write sentences with I think I'll . or I don't think I'll . 1 It's a bit cold. The window is open and you decide to close it. You say:

2 You are feeling tired and it's getting late. You decide to go to bed. You say:

I think

3    A friend Of yours Offers you a lift in his car, but you decide to walk. You say:

Thank you, but

4    You arranged to play tenms today. Now you decide that you don't want to play. You say:

I don't think

5 You were going to go swimming. Now you decide that you don't want to go. You say:

21.3 Which is correct? (If necessary, study Units 19—20 first.)

1   'Did vou phone Lucy?' 'Oh no, I forgot.Lphgne—phQ.nc her now.' (1.111-2hQnc is correct)

2   I can't meet you tomorrow. tennis. (I.:.m-play-ing is correct)

3vou outside the hotel in half an hour, OK?' 'Yes, that's fine.'

4 'l need some monev.' 'OK, I'm lending / I'll lend you some. How much do you need?' 5 I'm having / I'll have a party next Saturday. I hope you can come.

6                      'Remember to get a newspaper when vou go out.' 'OK.

7                      What time dogs your Crain leave / will your grain leave tomorrow?

8                      I asked Sue what happened, but she me.

9                      'Are you doing Will you do anything tomorrow evening?' 'No, I'm free. Why?' 10 I don't want to go out alone. Do you come / Will you come with me?

          21.4 What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with shall I       ? or shall we ... ?

1   You and a friend want to do something this evening, but you don't know what. You ask your friend. sh04._

2   You trv on a jacket in a shop. You are not sure whether to buý it or not. You ask a friend for advice.

3   It's Helen's birthday next week. You want to give her a present, but you don't know what.

You ask a friend for advice.

What

4   You and a friend are going on holiday together, but you haven't decided where. You ask him/her.

5   You and a friend are gorng out. You haven't decided whether to go by car or to walk. You ask him/her.  or

6   Your friend wants voU to phone later. You don't know what time to phone. You ask him/her.

                                                 10-13

Will/shall 2

We do not use will to say what somebody has already arranged or decided to do:

D Diane is working next week. (not Diane will work)

 Are you going to watch television this evening? (not Will you watch) For 'is working' and 'Are you going to .   see Units 19—20.

But often, when we talk about the future, we are not talking about what somebody has decided to do. For example:

                               Kate is doing an exam next week. Chris and                 She'll pass does not mean 'she has

Joe are talking about it.                                                decided to pass'. Joe is saying what he knows or thinks will happen.

                                   Do you think                                            Yes. she'll pass easily.

                                 Kate will pass                                                            He is predicting the filture.

the exam?   When we predict a future happemng or situation, we use will/won't. CHRIS      JOE

Some more examples:

a Jill has been away a long time. When she returns, she'll find a lot of changes here.  'Where will you be this time next year?' 'I'll be in Japan.'  That plate is hot. If you touch it, you'll burn yourself. a Tom won't pass the exam. He hasn't studied hard enough. a When will you get your exam results?

We often use will ('Il) with:

                                probably             C] I'll probably be home late tonight.

                                I expect              a I haven't seen Carol today. I expect she'll phone this evening.

                                (I'm) sure             a Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.

                                (l) think                  Do you think Sarah will like the present we bought her?

(l) dorù think a I dorù think the exam will be very difficult. I wonder I wonder what will happen.

After I hope, we generally use the present (will is also possible): Cl I hope Kate passes the exam. (or I hope Kate will pass  I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.

Generally we use will to talk about the future, but sometimes we use will to talk about now.

For example:

                                    Cl Don't phone Ann now. She'll be busy.     she'll be busy now)

I shall / we shall

Normally we use shall only with I and we. You can say: I shall or I will (I'll)       we shall or we will (we'll)

c) I shall be late this evening. (or I will be) a We shall probably go to Scotland in the summer. (or We will probably go) In spoken English we normally use I'll and we'll: a We'll probably go to Scotland.

The negative of shall is shall not or shan't:

a I shan't be here tomorrow. (or I worù be) Do not use shall with he/she/it/you/they:

C] She will be very angry. (not She shall be)

Will/shall 1         Unit 21 1 will and I'm going to Unit 23 Will be doing and will have done           Unit 24 The future Appendix 3 American English              Appendix 7

22

22.1 Which form of the verb is correct (or more natural) in these sentences? The verbs are underlined. I Diane isn't free on Saturday. She'll work / She'S working. (Shgx_yorking is correct)

2    1'll go / I'm going to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come too?

3    1 think Jenny will get t is getting the job. She has a lot of experience,

4    1 can't meet you this evening. A friend of mine will       coming to see me.

5    A: Have you decided where to go for your holidays? B: Yes, we'll go/ we're going to Italy.

6    There's no need to be afraid of the dog. It WQQ't hurt / isn't hurting you.

22.2 Complete the sentences with will ('Il) + the following verbs:

be         come     get         like         live         look       meet     -passI Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you

2    Why don't you try on this jacket? It       nice on you.

3    You must meet George sometime. I think you  him.

4    It's raining. Don't go out. You   wet.

                     S Do you think people                                                      longer in the future?

6   Goodbye. I expect we . again before long.

7   I've invited Sue to the party, but I don't think she

S When the new road is finished, my journey to work  much shorter.

22.3 Put in will ('Il) or won't.

I Can you wait for me? I  be very long.

2 There's no need to take an umbrella with you. It              rain, 3 If vou don't eat anything now, you be hungry later.

4 1'm sorry about what happened yesterday. It happen again5 1've got some incredible news! You never believe what happened. 6 Don ^st ask Amanda for advice. She know what to do.

22.4 Where do you think you will be at these times? Write true sentences about yourself. Use:

                          I'll be .         or I'll probably be .          or I don't know where I'll be

I (next Monday evening at 7.45) or or .

2    (at 5 0'clock tomorrow morning)

3    (at 10.30 tomorrow morning)

4    (next Saturday afternoon at 4.15)         

5    (this time next vear)

            22.5 Write questions using do you think will .        ? + the following:

be back               cost       end        get married        happen                4ike rain 1 I've bought Rosa this picture.

2    The weather doesn't look very good. Do you

3    The meeting is still going on. When do you

4    My car needs to be repaired. How much

5    Sallv and David are in love. Do

6    'I'm going out now.' 'OK, What time

7    The future situation is uncertain. What

10—13

Study the difference between will and (be) going to:

                                                                  Compare:

 'Gary phoned while you were out.' 'OK. I'll call him back.'

'Gary phoned while you were out.' 'Yes, I know. I'm going to call him back.'

'Ann is in hospital.' ^SC)h really? I didn't know. I'll go and visit her.'

'Ann is in hospital] 'Yes, I know. I'm going to Visit her this evening.'

Future happenings and situations (predicting the future)

Sometimes there is not much difference between will and going to. For example, you can say: a I think the weather will be nice this afternoon.

a I think the weather is going to be nice this afternoon.

When we say something is going to happen, we think this is because of the situation now (see Unit 20C). For example:

                                                                  a Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain. (not It will rain)

(We can see that it is going to rain from the clouds that are in the sky now,) a I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be Sick. (not I think I'll be sick) (I think I'm going to be sick because I feel terrible now.)  Do not use will in this type of situation.          In other situations, use will:

 Tom will probably get here at about 8 0'clock.

                                    C) 1 think Sarah will like the present we bought for her:

C] These shoes are very well-made. They'll last a long time.

                             I'm going to --Þ Unit 20 Will       Units 21—22 The future       Appendix 3

23

23.1 Complete the sentences using will ('Il) or going to. A: Why are you turning on the television?

the news, (l / watch)

                    2       Oh, I've just realised. I haven't got any money.

B: Haven't you? Well, don't worrv.  you some. (I / lend) 3 A: I ^Sve got a headache.

B: Have you? Wait a second and  an aspirin for you. (I / get) 4 A: Why are you filling that bucket with water?

B:the car. (I / wash) 5 A: I've decided to repaint this room.

B: Oh, have vou? What colour  it? (you / paint)

6    Where are you going? Are you going shopping?

B: Yes,  something for dinner. (l / buy)

7    A: I don't know how to use this camera.

B: It's easv. — you. (I / show) S A: What would vou like to eat?

B:. a sandwich, please. (I / have) 9Did you post that letter for me?

B: Oh, lⁱ m sorry. I completely forgot.  it now. (I / do) 10 A: The ceiling in this room doesn't look verv safe, does it?

B: No, it looks as if  down. (it / fall) 1 1 At Has George decided what to do when he leaves school?

B: Yes. Evervthing is planned. a holiday for a few weeks. (he / have) Then a computer programming course. (he / do)

23.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences using will ('Il) or going to,

I The phone rings and you answer. Somebodv wants to speak to Jim.

CALLER: Hello. Can I speak to Jim. please?

                         YOU:         Just a moment.  him. (I / get)

2    It's a nice dav, so you have decided to take a walk. Just before you go, you tell your friend. YOU: The weather's too nice to stav in. a walk. (l take) FRIEND: Good idea. I think

3    Your friend is worried because she has lost an important letter.

                         YOU;       Don't worrv about the letter, I'm sure . it, (you / find)

FRIEND: I hope •so,

4    There was a iob advertised in the paper recently. At first you were interested, but then you decided not to apply.

FRIEND: Have vou decided what to do about that job you were interested in?

                         YOU:            Yes,  for it. (I / not / apply)

S You and a friend come home verv late. Other people in the house are asleep. Your friend is noisv,

YOU: Shh! Don't make so much noise.  everybody up. (you / wake) 6 Paul has to go to the airport to catch a plane tomorrow morning.

                        PAUL:     Liz, I need somebodv to take me to the airport tomorrow morning.

                         LIZ:            That's no problem.  you. (l / take) What time is your flight?

                                        PAUL:                10.50.

LJZ:      OK,  at about 9 0'clock then. (we / leave) Later that day, Joe offers to take Paul to the airport.

                         JOE:         Paul, do vou want me to rake you to the airport?

                        PAUL:       NO thanks. Joe.  me. (Liz / take)

                                                                  10—13

24 Will be doing and will have done

Study this example situation:

I will be doing something (future continuous) = I will be in the middle of doing it:

D This time next week I'll be on holiday. I'll be lying on the beach or swimming in the sea. D You have no chance Of getting the job. You'll be wasting your time if you apply for it.

                    Compare will be (do)ing and will (do):

D Don't phone between 7 and 8. We'll be having dinner.          c] Let's wait for Liz to arrive and then we'll have dinner,

Compare will be -ing with other continuous forms:

a At 10 0'clock yesterday, Sally was in her office. She was working. (past)

It's 10 0'clock now. She is in her office. She is working. (present)

At 10 0'clock tomorrow, she will be in her office. She will be working.

We also use will be -ing in a different way: to talk about complete actions in the futureFor example:

 C] The government will be making a statement about the crisis later today.

                    D Will you be going away this summer?

                    D Later in the programme, I'll be talking to the Minister of Education .

D Our best player is injured and won't be playing in the game on Saturday.

In these examples will be -ing is similar to (be) going to

We use will have (done) (future perfect) to say that something will already be complete before a time in the future. For example;

Cl Sally always leaves for work at 8.30 in the morning, She won't be at home at 9 0'clock — she'll have gone to work.

                                   a We're late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.

Compare will have (done) with other perfect forms:

D Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years. (present perfect)

                                        Next year they will have been married for 25 years.

When their son was born, they had been married for three years. (Past perfect)

                                  Will -5 Units 21-22 By then I by the time             Unit 120 The future Appendix 3

24

24.1 Read about Colin. Then tick              the sentences which are true. In each group of sentences at least one is true.

Colin goes to work everv dav. He leaves home at 8 0'clock and arrives at work at about 8.45. He starts work immediatelv and continues until 12.30 when he has lunch (which takes about half an hour), He starts work again at 1.15 and goes home at exactly 4.30, Every day he follows the same routine and tomorrow will be no exception.

At 7.45 4At 12.45 a he'll be leaving the housea he'll have lunch b he'll have left the houseb he'll be having lunch c he'll be at home  c he'll have finished his lunch d he'll be having breakfast 8/d he'll have started his lunch

2At 8.15At 4 0'clock a he'll be leaving the housea he'll have finished work b he'll have left the houseb he'll finish work c he'll have arrived at workc he'll be working d he'll be arriving at workd he won't have finished work

3At 9.15               6At 4.45 a hell be workinga he'll leave work b he'll start workb he'll be leaving work c he'll have started workc he'll have left work d he'll be arriving at workd he'll have arrived home

24.2 Put the verb into the correct form, will be (do)ing or will have (done).

1    Don't phone between 7 and S.

2    Phone me after 8 0'clock. (we / finish) dinner by then. 3 Tomorrow afternoon we're going to play tennis from 3 0'clock until 4.30. So at 4 0'clock, . (we / play) tennis.

4       A: Can we meet tomorrow?

B: Yes, but not in the afternoon. . (l / work).

5       B has to go to a meeting which begins at 10 0'clock. It trill last about an hour.

A: Will vou be free at 11.30?

B: Yes,  (the meeting / end) by then.

6       Ben is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this,

(he / spend) all his money before the end Of his holiday.

7       DO think  (you / still / do) the same job in ten vears' time?

8       Lisa is from New Zealand. She is travelling around Europe at the moment. So far she has travelled about 1,000 miles. BV the end of the trip (she / travel) more than 3,000 miles.

9       If vou need to contact me,  (l / stay) at the Lion Hotel until Friday.

10   A:  (you / see) Laura tomorrow?

B; Yes, probably. Whv?

A: I borrowed this CD from her. Can you give it back to her?

                                  12-13

25 When I do / When I've done When and if

Some more examples:

a We'll go out when it stops raining. (not when it will stop)

 When you are in London again, come and see us. (not When you will be)

c) (said toa child) What do you want to be when you grow up? (not will grow)

The same thing happens after while / before / after / as soon as / until or till:

O I'm going to read a lot while I'm on holiday. (not while I will be)

CJ I'll probably go back home on Sunday. Before I go, I'd like to visit the museum. Cl Wait here until (or till) I come back.

You can also use the present perfect (have done) after when / after I until / as soon as:

C.I Can I borrow that book when you've finished with it?

 Don't say anything while Ian is here. Wait until he has gone.

If you use the present perfect, one thing must be complete before the other (so the two things do not happen together):

 When I've phoned Kate, we can have dinner.

First I'll phone Kate and after that we can have dinner.)

Do not use the present perfect if the two things happen together:

 When I phone Kate, I'll ask her about the party. (not When I've phoned)

It is often possible to use either the present Simple or the present perfect:

                                  c] I'll come as soon as I finish.             or       I'll come as soon as I've finished.

CI You'll feel better after you have     or         You'll feel better after you've had something to eat      something to eat.

After if, we normally use the present simple (if I do / if I see etc.) for the future:

CI It's raining hard. We'll get wet if we go out. (not if we will go) Cl I'll be angry if it happens again. (not if it will happen) CJ Hurry up! If we don't hurry, we'll be late. Compare when and if:

We use when for things which are sure to happen:

                               a I'm going shopping later. (for sure) When I go shopping, I'll buy some food.

We use if (not When) for things that will possibly happen:

 I might go shopping later. (it's possible) If I go shopping, I'll buy some food. a If it is raining this evening, I won't go out. (not When it is raining) a Don't worry if I'm late tonight. (not when I'm late)

 If they don't come soon, I'm not going to wait. (not When they don't come)

                           If      Units 38—40 Even if / even When —e Unit 112D Unless -s Unit 115

25

25.1 Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. All the sentences are about the future.

Use will/won't or the present simple (l see I he plays / it is etc.).

                   I I ..u...p.^h.en-E. (phone) you when I            (get) home from work.

2    I want to see Julia before she   (go) out.

3    We're going on holidav tomorrow. I (tell) you all about it when we (come) back.

4    Brian looks very different now. When you      (see) him again, you

(not / recognise) him.

                                                                        (you / be) lonely without me While I                                                  (be) away?

6 We must do something soon before it - (be) too late. 7 I don't want to go without vou. I (wait) until you (be) ready.

8       Sue has applied for the job, but she isn't very well-qualified for it. I (be) surprised if she

9       I hope to play tennis tomorrow if the weather

10   I'm going out now. If anybody out, can you take a message?

25.2 Make one sentence from two.

I It will Stop raining soon. Then we'll go out.

2    1'll find somewhere to live. Then I'll give you my address.

3    1'll do the shopping. Then I'll come straight back home. after

4    It's going to get dark. Let's go home before that. before

5    She must apologise to me first. I won't speak to her until then.

until

25.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences.

I A friend of yours is going on holiday. You want to know what she is going to do.

You ask: What are you going to do when

2    A friend of vours is visiting you. She has to go soon but maybe there's time for some more coffee. You ask: Wouhd you like some more coffee before .

3    You want to sell your car. Jim is interested in buying it, but he hasn't decided yet.

You ask: Can vou let me know as soon as

4    Your friends are going to New York soon, You want to know where they're going to stay.

You ask: Where are you going to stay when

5    The traffic is verv bad in your town, but they are building a new road at the moment. You say: I think things will be better when they

25.4 Put in when or if

                     I Don't worry           I'm late tonight.

2    Tom might phone while I'm out this evening.  he does, can you take a message?

3    I'm going to Rome next week.  I'm there, I hope to visit a friend of mine.

4    I think Jill will get the job. I'll be very surprised  she doesn't get it.

5    I'm going shopping.  vou want anything, I can get it for you.

6    I'm going away for a few davs. I'll phone you „ I get back.

7    I want you to come to the party, but    you don't want to come, that's all right. 8 We can eat at home or,you prefer, we can go to a restaurant.

                                    12—15         309-11), 32 (page 321)

Can, could and (be) able to

We use can to say that something is possible or allowed, or that somebody has the ability to do  something. We use can + infinitive (can do I can see etc.):

 CI We can see the lake from our bedroom window. O 'l haven't got a pen.' 'You can use mine.'  a Can you speak any foreign languages?

C.] I can come and see you tomorrow if you like.  The word 'play' can be a noun or a verb.

The negative is can't cannot):

CI I'm afraid I canycome to the party on Friday.

You can say that somebody is able to do something, but can is more usual:  We are able to see the lake from our bedroom window.

But can has only two forms: can (present) and could (past), So sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able to. Compare:

Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could especially with: see     hear        smell     taste      feel        remember          understand a We had a lovely room in the hotel. We could see the lake.     a As soon as I walked into the room, 1 could smell gas.

C] I was sitting at the back of the theatre and couldnt hear very well.

We also use could to say that somebody had the general ability or permission to do something; c] My grandfather could speak five languages.

 We were totally free. We could do what we wanted. (z we were allowed to do)

Could and was able to

We use could for general ability. But if you want to say that somebody did something in a specific situation, use was/were able to or managed to (not could):

c] The fire spread through the building very quickly, but fortunately everybody was able to escape I managed to escape. (not could escape)

 C] We didn't know where David was, but we managed to find / were able to find him in the end. (not could find)

Compare a Mike was an excellent tennis player when he was younger. He could beat anybody.

 (z he had the general ability to beat anybody)  but Mike and Pete played tennis yesterday. Pete played very well, but Mike managed to beat him. (z he managed to beat him in this particular game)

The negative couldlù (could not) is possible in all situations: C] My grandfather couldn't swim.

 We looked for David everywhere, but we couldn't find him.  Pete played well, but he couldn't beat Mike.

52                                  Could (do) and could have (done) Unit 27 Must and can't Unit 28 Can/could you              ?          Unit 37

26

26.1 Complete the sentences using can or (be) able to. Use can if possible; otherwise use (be) able to.

I Gary has travelled a lot- He .....çe.žl..-.. speak five languages2 1 haven't . able sleep very well recently.

3   Nicole ..         drive, but she hasn't got a car.

4   1 used to         stand on my head, but I can't do it now.

5   1 can't understand Martin. I've never   understand him,

6   1 can't see you on Fridav, but I meet you on Saturday morning. 7 Ask Catherine about your problem, She might          help you.

26.2 Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets. I (something you used to be able to do)

2    (something you used to be able to do) I used

3    (something you would like to be able to do)

4    (something you have never been able to do) I've

26,3 Complete the sentences with can/can't/could/couldn't + the following: hear        run         sleep    wait

                     I I'm afraid I             come.„.. to your party next week.

2    When Tim was 16, he  100 metres in 11 seconds.

3    'Are you in a hurry?' 'No, I've got plenty of time. I

4    1 was feeling sick yesterday. I       anything.

5    Can vou speak a little louder? I           you very well.

6    •You look tired.' 'Yes, I           last night.'

26.4 Complete the answers to the questions with was/were able to

1   A: Did everybody escape from the fire?

B: Yes, although the fire spread quickly, everybody

2   A: Did you finish your work this afternoon?

B: Yes, there was nobody to disturb me, so I

3   A: Did vou have.difficultv finding our house?

B: Not really. Your directions were good and we

4   A: Did the thief get awav?

B: Yes. No-one realised what was happening and the thief

26.5 Complete the sentences using could, couldn't or managed to.

                     I My grandfather travelled a lot. He                speak five languages.

2    I looked everywhere for the book, but I           find it.

3    Thev didn't want to come with us at first, but we          persuade them.

4    Laura had hurt her leg and      walk very well.

5    Sue wasn't at home when I phoned, but I         . contact her at her office.

6    I looked verv carefullv and I   see somebody in the distance.

7    I wanted to buv some tomatoes. The first shop I went to didn't have any, but I get some in the next shop.

                       My grandmother loved music. She                                                          play the piano very well.

9       A girl fell into rhe river, but fortunately we .      rescue her.

10   I had forgotten to bring my camera, so I take any photographs.

27 Could (do) and could have (done)

We use could in a number of ways. Sometimes could is the past of can (see Unit 26):

 Listen. I can hear something. (now)  a I listened. I could hear something, (past)

Compare can and could:

 I can stay with Julia when I go to Paris. (realistic) a Maybe I could stay with Julia when I go to Paris. (possible, but less sure) c] This is a wonderful place. I could Stay here for ever. (unrealistic}

We also use could (not can) to say that something is possible now or in the future. The meaning is similar to might or may (see Unit 29):

 The story could be true, but I don't think it is. (not can be true)

 I don't know what time Liz is coming. She could get here at any time.

We use could have (done) to talk about the past. Compare:

Cl I'm so tired, I could sleep for a week. (now)

I was so tired, I could have slept for a week. (past)

The situation is bad, but it could be worse. (note)

The situation was bad, but it could have been worse. (past)

Something could have happened it was possible but did not happen:

 Why did you stay at a hotel when you were in Paris? You could have stayed with Julia.

(you didn't stay with her) c] I didn't know that you wanted to go to the concert. I could have got you a ticket.

(I didn't get you a ticket)

 Dave was lucky. He could have hurt himself when he fell, but he's OK.

We use couldlù to say that something would not be possible now;

 I couldn't live in a big city. I'd hate it.                it wouldn't be possible for me) a Everything is fine right now. Things couldn't be better.

For the past we use couldn't have (done):

a We had a really good holiday. It couldnt have been better.

 The trip was cancelled last week. Paul couldrù have gone anyway because he was ill. (z it would not have been possible for him to go)

Couldn't have (done) —5 Unit 28B Could and might —4 Unit 29C Could I/you ? —5 Unit 37

Could with if Units 38C, 39E, 400 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) Appendix 4

27

27.1 Answer the questions with a suggestion. Use could.

1

2

3

4

5

27.2 In some of these sentences, you need could (not can). Change the sentences where necessary. I The storv can be true, but I don't think it is.       .cog!å be Ou.e_

2    It's a nice dav. We can go for a walk.

3    I'm so angry with him. I can kill him!

4    If you're hungry, we can have dinner now.

5    It's so nice here. I can stay here all day, but unfortunately I have to go.

6    A: Where's my bag. Have you seen it?

                   B: No, but it can be in the car.                                       

7    Peter is a keen musician. He plays the flute and he can also play the piano.             

8    A: I need to borrow a camera.

B: You can borrow mine.

9    The weather is nice now, but it can change later.

27.3 Complete the sentences. Use could or could have a suitable verb.

 A: What shall we do this evening?

B: I don't mind. We  to the cinema.

2    A: I had a very boring evening at home yesterday.

B: Why did you stay at home? You

3    A: There's an interesting job advertised in the paper. You for it.  What sort of iob? Show me the advertisement.

4    A: How was your exam? Was it difficult?

B: It wasn't so bad. It  worse.

5    I got verv wet walking home in the rain last night.

B: Why did you walk? You  a taxi. 6Where shall we meet tomorrow?

to your house if you like.

27.4 Complete the sentences. Use couldn't or couldn't have + these verbs (in the correct form):         be    come     find        get         Aive-     wear 1 1  in a big citv. I'd hate it.

2    We had a really good holiday. It hoyv.e been       better.

3    1  that hat. I'd look silly and people would laugh at me.

4    We managed to find the restaurant you recommended, but we . it without the map that you drew for us.

5    Paul has to get up at 4 0'clock every morning. I don't know how he does it. I up at that time every day.

6    The staff at the hotel were really nice when we stayed there last summer. They more helpful.

7    A: I tried to phone you last week. We had a party and I wanted to invite you.

B: That was nice of you, but I  anyway. I was away all last week.

a 'Jim is a hard worker.' 'Jim? You must be joking. He doesn't do anything:

Carol must get very bored in her job. She does the same thing eyery day, a I'm sure Sally gave me her phone number. must have it somewhere.

 You can use can't to say that you believe something is not possible:

CJ You've just had lunch. You can't be hungry already. (People are not normally hungry just after eating a meal. You've just eaten, so you carù be hungry.) a They haven't lived here for very long. They can't know many people.

Study the structure;

a I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.

a 'I've lost one Of my gloves.' 'You must have dropped it somewhere.' a Sue hasn't contacted me. She can't have got my messagea Tom walked into a wall. He can't have been looking where he was going.

Study the Structure:

You can use couldnt have instead of can't have: CJ Sue couldnt have got my message.

a Tom couldn't have been looking where he was going.

                             Can't ('I can't swim' etc.) -+ Unit 26 Must ('I must go' etc.)       Units 31—32

Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) Appendix 4 American English Appendix 7

28

28.1 Put in must or can't.

                You've been travelling all day. You               be tired,

2   That restaurant be very good. It's always full of people.

3   That restaurant be very good. It's always empty.

4   I'm sure I gave you the key. You   have it. Have you looked in your bag?

5   You're going on holiday next week. You         be looking forward to it.

6   It rained every day during their holiday, so they .         have had a very nice time.

7   Congratulations on passing vour exam. You    be very pleased.

8   You got here very quicklv. You          have walked very fast.

                  9 Bill and Sue always travel business class, so they                                         be short of money.

28.2 Complete each sentence with a verb (one or two words) in the correct form, I I've lost one of my gloves. I must dtOP?e4..... it somewhere.

2    They haven't lived here for very long, They can't

3    Ted isn't at work today. He must

4    Ted wasn't at work last week. He must

5    (the doorbell rings) I wonder who that is. It can't          Mary' She's still at work at this time.

6    Sarah knows a lot about films. She must          to the cinema a lot.

7    Look. James is putting on his hat and coat. He must     .           out.

S I left my bike outside the house last night and now it has gone. Somebody must it.

9       Amy was in a very difficult situation when she lost her job. It can't . easy for her.

10   There is a man walking behind us. He has been walking behind us for the last twenty minutes. He must

28.3 Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have and can't have

I The phone rang, but I didn't hear it- (I / asleep)

2    Sue hasn't contacted me. (she / get / my message)

3    The jacket you bought is very good quality. (it / very expensive)

4    I haven't seen the people next door for ages. (they / go away)

S I can't find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in The restaurant last night)

6    Dave, who is usually very friendlv, walked past me without speaking. (he / see / me)

7    There was a man standing outside the café. (he / wait / for somebody)

S Liz did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (she / understand / what I said)

9       When I got back to my car, the door was unlocked. (I / forget / to lock it)

10   I was woken up in the night by the noise next door. (the neighbours / have / a party)

11   The light was red, but the car didn't stop. (the driver / see / the red light)

Could is similar to may and might:

a It'S a strange Story, but it could be true. (z it may/tmght be true)  a You could have left your bag in the shop. (z you may/might have left it)

But couldn't (negative) is different from may not and might not. Compare:

 Sarah couldn't have got my message, Otherwise she would have replied. it is not possible that she got my message)

I wonder why Sarah hasn't replied to my message. I suppose she might not have got it. perhaps she didn't get it, and perhaps she did)

                           Could                       Unit 27 May/might 2 Unit 30 May I ? Unit 37C Might with if Units 30B, 38C, 400

Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) —+ Appendix 4

29

29.1 Write these sentences jn a different way using might.

I Perhaps Helen is tn her office.

2       Perhaps Helen is busy.

3       Perhaps she is working.

4       Perhaps she wants to be alone.

5       Perhaps she was ill yesterday-

6       Perhaps she went home early.

7       Perhaps she had to go home early.

8       Perhaps she was working yesterday.

In sentences 9-11 use might not.

9       Perhaps she doesn't want to see me.

10   Perhaps she isn't working today'

11   Perhaps She wasn't feeling well yesterday.

29.2 Complete each sentence with a verb in the correct form,

               I 'Where'S Sam?' 'I'm not sure. He might       ^h.g.y.g.^l.g..... lunch.'

2 'Who is that man with Emily?' 'I'm not sure, It might  her brother.' 3 A: Who was the man we saw With Anna yesterday?

B: I'm not sure. It may  her brother.

4            What are those people doing by the side of the road?

B; I don't know. They might  for a bus.

5            'Do you have a stamp?' 'No, but ask Simon. He may  „ one.

29.3 Read the situation and make sentences from the words in brackets. Use might. I [ can't find Jeff anywhere. I wonder where he is. a (he / go / shopping) b (he / play / tennis)

2   1'm looking for Sarah. Do you know where she is? a (she / watch / TV / in her room) b (she / go / out)

3   1 can't find my umbrella. Have you seen it? a (it / be / in the car) b (you / leave I in the restaurant last night)

4   Why didn't Dave answer the doorbell? I'm sure he was at home at the time. a (he/ go / to bea early) b (he / not / hear / the doorbell) c (he / be / in the shower)

29.4 Complete the sentences using might not have ... or couldn't have .

 A: Do you think Sarah got the message we sent her?

                 B: No, she would have contacted us.    She.

2    A; I was surprised Kate wasn't at the meeting. Perhaps She didn't know about it, B: That's possible.

3    A: I wonder why they never replied to our letter. Do you think they received it?

Maybe not. They

4    A; I wonder how the fire started. Was it an accident?

B: No, the police say it

5    A: Mike says he needs to see you. He tried to find you yesterday.

B: well, he  very hard. I was in my office all day.

6    A: The man you spoke to — are you sure he was American? B: No, I'm not sure. He

May and might 2

We use may and might to talk about possible actions or happemngs in the future:

a I haven't decided yet where to go for my holidays. I may go to Ireland.      perhaps I will go there) a Take an umbrella with you. It might rain later. (z perhaps it will rain)

 The bus isn't always on time. We might have to wait a few minutes. (z perhaps we Will    have to wait)

The negative forms are may not and might not (mightn't):

CJ Liz may not go out tonight. She isn't feeling well. perhaps she will not go out) c] There might not bC enough time to discuss everything at the meeting. perhaps there will not be enough time)

 Compare will and may/might:

 I'll be late this evening- (for sure)  a I may/might be late this evening. (possible)

Usually you can use may or might. So you can say:       a I may go to Ireland. or I might go to Ireland.

a Jane might be able to help you. or Jane may be able to help you. But we use only might (not may) when the situation is not real:

                                    a If I were in Tom's position, I might look for another job.

The situation here is not real because I am not in Tom's position (so I'm not going to look for another job). May is not possible in this example.

B: Well, I'm ready, so I might as well go now.

Buses are so expensive these days, you may as well get a taxi. (z taxis are as good, no more expensive)

                               Will be -ing Unit 24 May/might I            Unit 29 May           ? -s Unit 37 Might With if Units 38C, 40D

30

30.1 Write sentences with might.

 Where are you going for your holidays? (to Ireland???) I haven't decided vet.

2    What sort of car are you going to buy? (a Mercedes???) I'm not sure yet. I

3    What are you doing this weekend? (go to London???) I haven't decided vet.

4    When is Tom coming to see us? (on Saturday???) He hasn't said vet.

 Where are you going to hang that picture? (in the dining room???) [ haven't made up my mind yet.

6 What is Julia going to do when she leaves school? (go to university???) She's still thinking about it.

30.2 Complete the sentences using might + the following:

bite break        need     slip       wake 1 Take an umbrella with you when you go OUt. rt

2    Don't make too much noise. You

3    Be careful Of that dog. It

4    [ don't think we should throw that letter away. We .     it later.

5    Be careful, The footpath is very icy. You

6    Don't let the children play in this room. They  something.

30.3 Complete the sentences using might be able to or might have to + a suitable verb,

1   1 can't help you, but why don't vou ask Jane? She        you,

2   1 can't meet vou this evening, but I

3   1'm not working on Saturday, but I 4 1 can come to the meeting, but I

30.4 Write sentences with might not.

I I'm not sure that Liz will come to the party.

2    1'm not sure that I'll go out this evening.

1

3    1'm not sure that we'll get tickets for the concert'

4    1'm not sure that Sue Will be able to come out With us this evening.

30,5 Read the situations and make sentences with might as well.

I You and a friend have iust missed the bus. The buses run every hour. You sav: We'll have to wait an hour for the next bus.

2   You have a free ticket for a concert. You're not very keen on the concert, but you decide to go.

You say: I  to the concert. It's a pity to waste a free ticket,

3   You've just painted your kitchen. You still have a lot of paint, so why not paint the bathroom too?

You say: We  There's plenty of paint left.

4   You and a friend are at home. You're bored. There's a film on TV starting in a few minutes. You say;  There's nothing else to do.

—+                                     16-18

Have to and must

I have to do something = it is necessary to do it, I am Obliged to do it; You can't turn right here. You have to turn left.

I have to wear glasses for reading.

George can't come out With us this evening. He has to work late.

C Last week Tina broke her arm and had to go to hospital.

a I haven't had to go to the doctor for ages.

We use do/does/did in questions and negative sentences (for the present and past simple): a What do I have to do to get a new driving licence? (not What have I to do?)  a Karen doesnt have to work Saturdays. (not Karen hasn't to)  Why did you have to leave early?

You can use have to with will and might/may:

                                a If the pain gets worse, you'll have to go to the doctor.

a I might have to work late tomorrow evening. ot I may have to work it's possible that I will have to)

Must is similar to have to:

a It's later than I thought. I must go. or I have to go.

You can use must to give your own opinion (for example, to say what you think is necessary, or to recommend someone to do something). Have to is also possible:

We use have to (not must) to say what someone is obliged to do. The speaker is not giving his/her own opinion:

 I have to work from 8.30 to 5,30 every day, (a fact, not an opinion)  Jane has to travel a lot for her work.

But must is often used in written rules and Instructions:

 Applications for the job must be received by 18 May.

c] (exam instruction) You must write your answers in ink.

You cannot use must to talk about the past:

a We had to leave early. (not we must)

Mustn't and dorft have to are completely different:

You can use haye got to instead of have to. So you can say:

                               a I've got to work tomorrow.                 I have to work tomorrow.

                              a When has Liz got to go?           or      When does Liz have to go?

                       Must ('You must be tired')           Unit 28 Must/mustn't/needn't Unit 32

31

31.1 Complete the sentences with have to / has to / had to.

                 I Bill starts work at S a.m.        He                                   at four. (he / get up)

2    'I broke my arm last week,'       to hospital?' (you / go)

3    There was a lot of noise from the street.            the window.

(we / close)

4    Karen can't stay for the whole meeting.             early. (she / leave)

                5 How old                                                                                                  to drive in your country? (you / be)

6      I don't have much tune.            (I / hurry)

7      How is Paul enjoying his new job?       a lot? (he / travel)

8      'I'm afraid I can't stay long.' 'What time             7' (you / go)

9      'The bus was late again.' 'How long      (you / wait)

10  There was nobodv to help me, I            everything by myself. (I / do)

31.2 Complete the sentences using have to + the verbs in the list. Some sentences are positive (l have to etc.) and some are negative (l don't have to ... etc.):

ask do drive -gee-up go make make pay show I I'm not working tomorrow, so I

2    Steve didn't know how to use the computer, so I .

3    Excuse me a moment — I

4    I'm not so busy. I have a few things to do, but I                them now.

5    I couldn't find the street I wanted. I

6    The car park is free. You

7    A man was iniured in the accident, but he wasn't serious.

S Sue has a senior position in the company. Sheimportant decisions. 9 When Patrick starts his new job next month, he .50 miles to work every day,

31.3 In some of these sentences, must is wrong or unnatural. Correct the sentences where necessary.

I It's later than I thought. I must go.

2    1 must work every day from 8.30 to 5.30.

3    You must come and see us again soon.

4    Tom can't meet us tomorrow. He must work.

5    1 must work late yesterday evening.

6    1 must get up early tomorrow. I have lots to do.

7    Julia wears glasses. She must wear glasses since she was very young,             

31.4 Complete the sentences with mustn't or don't/doesn't have to.

1 I don't want anyone to know about our plan. You  tell anyone. 2 Richard deesn'€ hlve £0 wear a suit to work, but he usually does.

3    I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I .. go to work.

4    Whatever you do, you ..             touch that switch. It's very dangerous.

5    There's a lift in the building, so we        climb the stairs.

6    You      forget what told you, It's very important.

7    Sue      get up early, but she usually does.

               S Don't make so much noise. We                                                                  wake the children.

9     1          eat too much. I'm supposed to be on a diet.

10                   You        be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.

—5                                      16 (page 311)

Must mustn't needn't

Must mustnt needn't

You must do something = it is necessary that you do it:

                               D Don't tell anybody what I said. You must keep it a secret.

 We haven't got much time. We must hurry,

                         You mustn't do something = it is necessary that you do not do it (so don't do it):

 You must keep it a secret, You mustn't tell anybody else. (z don't tell anybody else)         a We must be very quiet. We mustr:ù make any noise.

You needn't do something you don't need to do it (but you can if you like):

C] You can come with me if you like, but you needn't come if you don't want to,     it is nor necessary for you to come)

                                  We've got plenty of time. We needlù hurry.     it is not necessary to hurry)

Instead of needn't, you can use don't/doesn ^tt need to. So you can say: We needn't hurry. or We don't need to hurry.

Remember that we say don't need to do, but needn't do (without to).

Needn't have (done)

Study this example situation:

He

Compare needn't (do) and needn't have (done):

a Everything will be OK. You needn't worry. (it's not necessary) a Everything was OK. You needn't have worried. (you worried, but it was not necessary)

Didn't need to (do) and needn't have (done)

I didn't need to = it was not necessary for me to ... (and I knew this at the time): a I didn't need to get up early, so I didn't.

 I didn't need to get up early, but it was a lovely morning, so I did. I didn't have to is also possible in these examples.

I needn't have done something = I did it, but now I know that it was not necessary:

c] I got up very early because I had to get ready to go away. But in fact it didn't take me long to get ready. So, I needn't have got up so early. I could have stayed in bed longer.

Must ('You must be tired') Unit 28 Have to and must —s Unit 31

Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) Appendix 4 American English Appendix 7

32

32.1 Complete the sentences using needn't + the following verbs: ask   come     explain -leaye- tell          walk

               I We've got plenty of time. We                                     yet.

2   I can manage the shopping alone. You with me.

3   we       all the way home. We can get a taxi.

4   Just help yourself if you'd like more to eat. You first, 5 We can keep this a secret between ourselves. We anybody else, 6 I understand the situation perfectly. You further.

32.2 Complete the sentences with must, mustn't or needn't.

1 We haven't got much time. We 2 We've got plenty of time. We .

3   We have enough food at home, so we .              go shopping today.

4   Gary gave me a letter to post. I               remember to post it.

5   Gary gave me a letter to post, I               forget to post it.

6   There's plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You  decide now.

7   You  wash those tomatoes. They've already been washed.

S This is a valuable book. You  look after it carefillly and you lose it.

9 A: What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?

B: well, it  be big — that'k not so important. But ithave a nice garden — that's essential.

32.3 Read the situations and make sentences with needn't have.

I Paul went out. He took an umbrella because he thought it was going to rain. But it didn't rain. He needn't ho-ve to-ken

2    Linda bought some eggs when she went shopping. When she got home, she found that she already had plenty of eggs. She

3    A colleague got angry with you at work. He shouted at you, which you think was unnecessary. Later you say to him: You .

4    Brian had money problems, so he sold his car. A few days later he won some money in a lottery. He

5    We took a camcorder with us on holiday, but we didn't use it in the end. we

6    1 thought I was' going to miss my train, so I rushed to the station. But the train was late and in the end I had to wait twenty minutes.

32.4 Write two sentences for each situation. Use needn't have in the first sentence and could have in the second (as in the example), For could have, see Unit 27, I Why did you rush? Why didn't you take your time?

                You needn'Þ„have rushed.        could hose

2    Why did vou walk home? Why didn't you take a taxi?

3    Why did you stay at a hotel? Why didn't you stay with us?

4    Whv did she phone me in the middle of the night? Why didn't she wait until the morning?

S Why did you leave without saying anything? Why didn't you say goodbye?

                                            16—17 (pages 311-12)

Should 1

You should do something = it is a good thing to do or the right thing to do. You can use should to give advice or to give an opinion:

a You look tired. You should go to bed.

 The government should do more to reduce crime.

   'Should we invite Susan to the party?' 'Yes, I think we should.'

We often use should with I think / I dont think / Do you think ?:

 I think the government should do more to reduce crime.

   I don't think you should work so hard.

 'Do you think I should apply for this job?' 'Yes, I think you should.'

You shouldn't do something = it isn't a good thing to do:

a You shouldn't believe everything you read in the newspapers.

Should is not as strong as must or have to:

                                     You should apologise.       it would be a good thing to do)           

                                    You must apologise. / You have to apologise.      you have no alternative)

You can use should when something is not right or what you expect:

1 wonder where Tina is, She should be here by now.

(z she isn't here yet, and this is not normal)

The price on this packet is wrong. It should be £2.50, not £3.50.

That man on the motorbike should be wearing a helmet.

We also use should to say that we expect something to happen: a She's been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass. (= I expect her to pass) a There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldn't be difficult to find somewhere to stay.

I don't expect it to be difficult)

You should have done something = you didn't do it, but it would have been the right thing to do:

 You missed a great party last night. You should have come. Why didn't you?

(z: you didn't come, but it would have been good to come)

 I wonder why they're so late. They should have arrived long ago.

You shouldn't have done something = you did it, but it was the wrong thing to do:  C] I'm feeling sick. I shouldn't have eaten so much. I ate too much) a She shouldn't have been listening to our conversation. It was private. she was listening)

Compare should (do) and should have (done):

 You look tired. You should go to bed now.

a You went to bed very late last night. You should have gone to bed earlier.

Ought to

You can use ought to instead of should in the sentences on this page. We say 'ought to do' (with to):

 Do you think I ought to apply for this job?               Do you think I should apply a Jack ought not to go to bed so late.             Jack shouldn't go a It was a great party last night. You ought to have come,   a She's been studying hard for the exam, so she ought to pass.

                                      2 —5          34 Should and had better Unit 35B Modal verbs (can/eould/will/would etc.)      Appendix 4

33

33.1 For each situation, write a sentence with should or shouldn't + the following:

              go to bed so late              100k for another job put some pictures on the walls         take a photograph          use her car so much 1 Liz needs a change,

2 Your salary is very low.

3    Jack always has difficulty getting up.

4    What a beautiful view!

5    Sue drives everywhere. She never walks. She 6 Bill's room isn't very interesting.

33.2 Read the situations and write sentences with I think/l don't think should

1    Peter and Cathy are planning to get married. You think it'S a bad idea.

2    Jane has a bad cold but plans to go out this evening. You don't think this is a good idea. You say to her:

3    Peter needs a job. He's iust seen an advertisement for a job which you think would be ideal for him, but he's not sure whether to applv or not. You say to him:

I think

4 The government wants to increase taxes, but you don't think this is a good idea.

33.3 Complete the sentences with should (have) + the verb in brackets,

I Diane  the exam. She's been studying very hard. (pass) 2 You missed a great party last night.

3    We don't see vou enough. You

4    I'm in a difficult position. What do you think I   ? (do)

S I'm sorry that I didn't take vour advice. I what you said, (do) 6 I'm playing tennis with Jane tomorrow. She — she's much better than me. (win)

7   We lost the match, but we        We were the better team. (win)

8   'Is Mike here vet?' 'Not yet, but he .      here soon.' (be)

9   I posted the letter three days ago, so it               by now. (arrive)

33.4 Read the situations and write sentences with should/shouldn't. Some of the sentences are past and some are present.

1 I'm feeling sick. I ate too much. shoulån'€ have ea£en so much . 2 That man on the motorbike isn't wearing a helmet. That's dangerous.

3   When we got to the restaurant, there were no free tables. We hadn't reserved one.

We

4   The notice says that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is 9 0'clock now, but the shop isn't open yet.

5   The speed limit is 30 miles an hour, but Kate is doing 50, She

6   Laura gave me her address, but I didn't write it down. NOW I can't remember it.

1

7   I was driving behind another car. Suddenly, the driver in front stopped without warning and I drove into the back of his car. It wasn't my fault.

The driver in front

8   I walked into a wall. I was looking behind me. I wasn't looking where I was going.

—Þ                                      16—18 (pages 311-13)

Should 2

You can use should after a number of verbs, especially:

                              demand           insist propose          recommend       suggest

 They insisted that we should have dinner with them, c] I demanded that he should apologise.  What do you suggest I should do?

c] I insist that something should be done about the problem.

We also say 'It's important/vital/necessary/essential that should .  Itk essential that everyone should be here on time.

You can also leave out should in all the sentences in Section A:

a It's essential that everyone be here on time. (z that everyone should be here) a I demanded that he apologise. (z that he should apologise) a What do you suggest I do?

                                   a I insist that something be done about the problem.

This form (be/do/have/apologise etc.) is sometimes called the subjunctive. It is the same as the infinitive (without to).

          You can also use normal present and past tenses: C] It's essential that everyone is here on time. a I demanded that he apologised.

After suggest, you cannot use to ('to do / to buy' etc.). You can say:  What do you suggest we should do?

          or    What do you suggest we do? (but not What do you suggest us to do?) o Jane suggested that I (should) buy a car.

Jane suggested that I bought a car. (but not Jane suggested me to buy)

You can also use -ing after suggest: What do you suggest doing? See Unit 53.

You can use should after a number of adjectives, especially:

strange        odd        funny    typical natural___—interesting               surprised            surprising 12 It's strange that he should be late. He's usually on time.  I was surprised that he should say such a thing.

If should

                      You can say 'If something should happen       . For example:

a If Tom should phone while I'm out, tell him I'll call him back later.

'If Tom should phone' is similar to 'If Tom phones'. With should, the speaker feels that the possibility is smaller. Another example:

 We have no jobs at present. But if the situation should change, we'll let you know.

 You can also begin these sentences with should (Should something happen J:       a Should Tom phone, tell him I'll call him back later.

You can use I should / I shouldn't to give somebody advice. For example:

'Shall I leave now?' 'No, I should wait a bit longer.'

Here, should wait I would wait if I were you, I advise you to wait.

Two more examples:

 'I'm going out now. Is it cold?' 'Yes, I should wear a coat. a I shouldn't stay up too late. You'll be tired tomorrow.

                                      I                    33 American English Appendix 7

34

34.1 Write a sentence (beginning in the way shown) that means the same as the first sentence,

 'I think it would be a good idea to see a specialist,' the doctor said to me.

The doctor recommended that I should

2    'You really must stay a little longer,' she said ro me.

She insisted that I

3    'Why don't you visit the museum after lunch?' I said to them.

I suggested that

4    'You must pay the rent by Friday,' the landlord said to us. The landlord demanded that

S 'Why don't you go away for a few days?' Jack said to me.

Jåck suggested that

34.2 Are these sentences right or wrong?

I a Tom suggested that I should look for another job. „„.Qk. b Tom suggested that I look for another job. c Tom suggested that I looked for another i ob. d Tom suggested me to look for another job.

2 a Where do voU suggest I go for rnv holiday? b Where do you suggest me to go for mv holiday?

c Where do you suggest I should go for my holiday?

34.3 Complete the sentences using should + the following: ask -be leave listen say worry I It's strange that he

2    It's funny that you         that. I was going to say the same thing.

3    It's onlv natural that parents    about their children.

4    Isn't it typical of Joe that he      without saying goodbye to anybody?

5    1 was surprised that they          me for advice. What advice could I give them?

6    1'm going to gwe you all some essential information, so it's important that everybody very carefully.

34.4 Use the words in brackets to complete these sentences. Use If . should

              I I'm going out now.             Tom  , tell him I'll call him back this evening.

(Tom phone)

2    1've hung the washing out to dry on the balcony. can you bring the washing in, please? (it / rain)

3    1 think everything will be OK.  any problems, I'm sure we'll be able to solve them. (there / be) 4 1 don't want anyone to know where I'm going. just say that you don't know. (anyone / ask)

Write sentences 3 and 4 again, this time beginning with Should.

5 (3) Should , I'm sure we'll be able to solve them. , just say that you don't know.

34.5 (Section E) Complete the sentences using I should + the following:

     buy        keep       phone

I 'Shall I leave now?' 'No,

2    'Shall I throw these things away?' 'No,

3    'Shall I go and see Paul?' 'Yes, but

4    'Is it worth repairing this TV set?' 'No them. You may need them.' him first.' a new one.

Had better It's time ...

Had better (I'd better / you'd better etc,)

I'd better do something = it is advisable to do it. If I don't do it, there will be a problem or a danger:

CI I have to meet Ann in ten minutes. I'd better go now or I'll be late. 12 'Shall I take an umbrella?' 'Yes, you'd better. It might rain.' a We'd better Stop for petrol soon. The tank is almost empty.

The negative is I'd better not I had better not):

a 'Are you going out tonight?'        better not. I've got a lot to do.' a You don't look very well. You'd better not go to work today.

Remember that:

The form is 'had better' (usually 'I'd better / you'd better' etc. in spoken English). a I'd better phone Carol, hadnt I?

Had is normally past, but the meaning of had better is present or future, not past. I'd better go to the bank now / tomorrow.

We say 'I'd better do' (not to do).

a It might rain. We'd better take an umbrella. (not We'd better to take)

Had better and should

 It's late. You'd better go. / You should go. (a specific situation)

 You're always at home. You should go out more often. (in general — not 'had better go')

Also, with had better, there is always a danger or a problem if you don't follow the advice.

Should only means 'it is a good thing to do'. Compare:

 It's a great film. You should go and see it. (but no problem if you don't) a The film starts at 8.30. You'd better go now or you'll be late.

It's time .

You can say It's time (for somebody) to

Q It's time to go home. / It's time for us to go home.

But you can also say:

t: It's late. It's time we went home.

Here we use the past (went), but the meaning is present, not past:

C] It's 10 0'clock and he's still in bed. ItS time he got up. (not It's time he gets up)

It'S time you did something = you should have already done it or started it. We Often use this structure to criticise or to complain:

a Itk time the children were in bed. It's long after their bedtime.

 You're very selfish. It's time you realised that you're not the most important person in the world.

You can also say It's about time      This makes the criticism stronger:

a   Jack is a great talker, But ifs about time he did something instead of just talking.

               I           33

35

35.1 Read the situations and write sentences with had better or had better not. Use the words in brackets.

I You're going out for a walk with Tom. It looks as if it might rain. You say to Tom:

                   (an umbrella)                  better

2 Michael has just cut himself. It's a bad cut. You say to him:

(a plaster)

3   You and Kate plan to go to a restaurant this evening. It's a popular restaurant. You say to Kate: (reserve) We

4   Jill doesn't look very well — not well enough to go to work. You say to her; (work )

•5 You received the phone bill four weeks ago, but you haven't paid it yet. If you don't pay soon, you could be in trouble. You say to yourself:

(pay)

6    You want to go out, but you're eypecting an important phone call. You say to your friend:

(go out) I

7    You and Liz are going to the theatre. You've missed the bus and you don't want to be late.

You say to Liz: (a taxi)

35.2 Put in had better where suitable. If had better is not suitable, use should. I I have an appointment in ten minutes. I beåe.r go now or I'll be late.

2    It's a great film. You      go and see it. You'll really like it.

3    1           get up early tomorrow. I've got a lot to do.

4    When people are driving, they keep their eyes on the road.

5    1'm glad you came to see us, You           come more often.

6    She'll be upset if we don't invite her to the wedding, so we  invite her.

               These biscuits are delicious. You                                         try one.

              8 1 think everybody                                         learn a foreign language.

35.3 Complete the sentences, Sometimes you need only one word, sometimes two. I need some money. I'd better ....ge..„. to the bank.

b  John is expecting you to phone him. You  better phone him now. C 'Shall I leave the window open?' 'No, you'd better d We'd better leave as soon as possible, we?

It's time the government . something about the problem. b It's time somethingabout the problem.

I think it's about time youabout other people instead of only thinking about yourself.

35.4 Read the situations and write sentences with It's time (somebody did something). I You think the children should be in bed. It's already 11 0'clock.

2    You haven't had a holiday for a very long time. You need one now.

It's time I

3    You're sitting on a train waiting for it to leave the station. It's already five minutes late.

4    You enjoy having parties. You haven't had one for a long time.

5    The company you work for has been badly managed for a long time. You think some changes should be made.

6    Andrew has been doing the same job for the last ten years. He should try something else.

 Additional exercise 16 (page 311)

a They helped us a lot. I don't know what we'd have done we would have done) without their help.

C] I didn't tell Sam what happened. He wouldn't have been pleased.

Compare would (do) and would have (done):

 I would phone Sue, but I haven't got her number. (now)

I would have phoned Sue, but I didn't have her number. (past)

 I'm not going to invite them to the party. They wouldn't come anyway. I didn't invite them to the party, They wouldrù have come anyway.

We often use would in sentences with if (see Units 38—40): a I would phone Sue if I had her number.

 I would have phoned Sue if I'd had her number.

Compare will ('Il) and would ('d):

a I'll stay a bit longer. I've got plenty of time.

I'd stay a bit longer, but I really have to go now. (so I can't stay longer)     a I'll phone Sue. I've got her number.

I'd phone Sue, but I haven't got her number. (so I can't phone her)

 Sometimes would/wouldn't is the past of will/worù, Compare:

Somebody wouldn't do something = he/she refused to do it:

c) I tried to warn him, but he wouldn't listen to me.                he refused to listen) C] The car wouldn't start. (z it ^Grefused' to start)

You can also use would when you talk about things that happened regularly in the past:

a When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was fine, we would all get up early and go for a swim.       we did this regularly) a Whenever Richard was angry, he would walk out of the room.

With this meaning, would is similar to used to (see Unit 18):

CJ Whenever Richard was angry, he used to walk out of the room.

Will Units 21-22 Would you ? Unit 37A Would if Units 38—40 Wish would Unit 41

Would like —+ Units 37Ei 58 Would prefer I would rather —+ Unit 59 Modal verbs Appendix 4

36

36.1 Write sentences about yourself, Imagine things you would like or wouldn't like.

1     (a place you'd love to live)

2     (a job you wouldn't like to do)

3     (something you would love to do)

4     (something that would be nice to have)

5     (a place you'd like to go to)

36.2 Complete the sentences using would + the following verbs (in the correct form):              enjoy     enjoy    have      pass       Stop

I They helped us a lot. I don't know what we

2    You should go and see the film. You

3    It's a pity you couldn't come to the concert yesterday. You

4    Shall I apply for the job or not? What

5    I was in a hurry when I saw you. Otherwise I

6    We took a taxi home last night but got stuck in the traffic. It quicker to walk.

                 Why don't you go and see Clare? She                                                                     very pleased to see you.

             S Why didn't you do the exam? I'm sure you                                                                   it.

9 In an ideal world, everybody

36.3 Each sentence on the right follows a sentence on the left. Which follows which?

36.4 Write sentences using promised + would/wouldn't.

1   1 wonder why Laura is late.

2   1 wonder why Steve hasn't phoned. He promised

3   Why did you tell Jane what I said? You

4   1'm surprised they didn't wait for us. They

36.5 Complete the sentences. Use wouldn't + a suitable verb,

1    1 tried to warn him, bur he

2    1 asked Amanda what had happened, but She

3    Paul was very angry about what I'd said and     to me for two weeks.

4    Martina insisted on carrying all her luggage. She .          . me help her,

36.6 These sentences are about things that often happened in the past, Complete the sentences using would + the following: forget help       shake    share -walk-

I Whenever Richard was angry, he  out of the room.

2   We used to live next to a railway line. Every time a train went past, the house

3   George "'as a very kind man. He  always  _ you if you had a problem.

4   Brenda was always very generous. She didn't have much, but she what she had with everyone else.

5   You could never rely on Joe. It didn't matter how many times you reminded him to do something, he  always

 Additional exercises                 (pages

Unit   Can/Could/Would you ... ? etc.

37       (Requests, offers, permission and invitations)

Asking people to do things (requests)

We use can or could to ask people to do things: Can you wait a moment, please?

or Could you wait a moment, please? c] Liz, can you do me a favour?

D Excuse me, could you tell me how to              get to the airport?

Note that we say Do you think you could ? (not can):

D Do you think you could lend me some money until next week?

 We also use will and would to ask people to do things (but can/could are more usual): D Liz, will you do me a favour?

a Would you please be quiet? I'm trying to concentrate.

Asking for things

TO ask for something, we use Can I have . ? or Could I have  (in a shop) Can I have these postcards, please?  (during a meal) Could I have the salt, please?

May I have ? is also possible:

                                a May I have these postcards, please?

Asking to do things

 TO ask to do something, we use can, could or may:

 (on the phone) Hello, can I speak to Steve, please? a 'Could I use your phone?' 'Yes, of course.'  Do you think I could borrow your bike? a 'May I come in?' 'Yes, please do.' May is more formal than can or could.

To ask to do something, you can also say Do you mind if I ? or Is it all right / Is it OK if I . a 'Do you mind if I use your phone?' 'Sure. Go ahead.' a 'Is it all right if I come in?' 'Yes, of course.'

Offering to do things

 To offer to do something, you can use Can I ... ?:

a 'Can I get you a cup of coffee?' 'That would be nice.' a 'Can I help you?' 'No, it's all right. I can manage.'

Offering and inviting

To offer or to invite, we use Would you like ? (not Do you like):

 'Would you like a cup Of coffee?' 'Yes, please.' a 'Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening?' 'I'd love to.'

I'd like is a polite way of saying what you want:

 (at a tourist information office) I'd like some information about hotels, please.  (in a shop) I'd like to try on this jacket, please.

                           Can and could               Units 26—27 Mind -ing Unit 53 Would like Units 55A, 58B

Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) —a Appendix 4

37

             Read         situations and write questions beginning Can ... or Could .

I You're carrying a lot of things. You can't open the door yourself, There's a man standing near the door. You say to him:

2    You phone Sue, but somebody else answers. Sue isn't there. You want to leave a message for her, You say:

3    You're a tourist. You want to go to the station, but you don't know how to get there. You ask at your hotel:

4    You are in a clothes shop. You see some trousers you like and you want to try them on. You say to the shop assistant:

S You have a car, You have to go the same way as Steve, who is on foot. You offer him a lift. You say to him:

37.2 Read the situation and write a question using the word in brackets.

I You want to borrow your friend's camera. What do you say to him?

(think)

2    You are at a friend's house and you want to use her phone. What do you say?

                  (all right)      19. Lt        rggh£

3    You've written a letter In English. Before you send it, you want a friend to check it for you.

What do you ask?

(think)

4    You want to leave work early. What do you ask your boss?

(mind)

S The woman in the next room is playing music. It'S very loud. You want her to turn it down.

What do you say to her?

(think)

6   You're on a train. The window is open and you're feeling cold, You'd like to close it, but first you ask the woman next to you.

7   You're still on the train. The woman next to you has finished reading her newspaper, and you'd like to have a look at it. You ask her.

(think)

37.3 What would you say in these situations?

I Paul has come to see you in your flat. You offer him something to eat.

YOU:

PAUL: No, thank you. I've just eaten.

2   You need help to change the film in your camera. You ask Kate.

                 YOU:       I don't know how to change the film.

KATE: Sure. It's easy. All you have to do is this.

3   You're on a bus. You have a seat, but an elderly man is standing. .You offer him your seat.

YOU:

MAN: Oh, that's very kind of you. Thank you very much.

4   You're the passenger in a car. Your friend is driving very fast. You ask her to slow down.

                 YOU:        You're making me very nervous.

DRIVER: Oh, I'm sorry. I didn't realise I was going so fast.

5   You've finished your meal in a restaurant and now you want the bill. You ask the waiter:

YOU;

WAITER:

6   A friend of yours is interested in one of your books. You invite him to borrow it, FRIEND: This looks very interesting. YOU:           Yes, it's a good book.

We do not normally use would in the if-part of the sentence:

O I'd be very frightened if somebody pointed a gun at me. (not if somebody would point)  If I didn't go to their party, they'd be upset. (not [f I wouldn't go)

But you can use if ... would when you ask somebody to do something:

 (from a formal letter) I would be grateful if you would let me know your decision as soon as possible.

In the other part of the sentence (not the if-part) we use would ('d) / wouldrù:

D If you took more exercise, you'd (a you would) feel better.            O I'm not tired, If I went to bed now, I wouldn't sleep.  Would you mind if I used your phone?

Could and might are also possible:

D If you took more exercise, you might feel better. it is possible that you would feel better)            a If it stopped raining, we could go out.   we would be able to go out)

Do not use when in sentences like those on this page:

           C) They'd be upset if I didn't go to their party. (not when I didn't go) a What would you do if you were bitten by a snake? (not when you were bitten)

Will * Units 21-22 If and when -+ Unit 25D Would Unit 36 If I knew —s Unit 39 If I had known Unit 40

38

               I They would be offended if I                              to their party. (not / go)

2       If you took more exercise, you              better. (feel)

3       If they offered me the job, I think I      it. (take)

4       A lot of people would be out of work if the car factory               (close down)

5       If I sold my car, I           much money for it. (not / get)

6       (in a lift/ What would happen if somebody  that red button? (press)

7       I don't think there's any chance that Gary and Emma will get married. I'd be absolutely astonished if they .            - (do)

8       Liz gave me this ring. She .       very upset if I lost it. (be)

9       Dave and Kate are expecting us, They would be very disappointed if we (not / come)

10   Would Steve mind if I     his bike without asking him? (borrow)

            I l What would you do if somebody                                                 in here with a gun? (walk)

           12 I'm sure Sue                                                          if you explained the situation to her. (understand)

38.2 You ask a friend to imagine these situations. You ask What would you do if ? 1 (imagine — you Win a lot of money)

2    (imagine — you lose your passport)

What

3    (imagine — there's a fire in the building)

4    (imagine — you're 111 a lift and it stops between floors)

38.3 Answer the questions in the way shown.

Shall we catch the 10.30 train?

No. (arrive too early)

Is Kevin going to take his driving test?

B: No. (fail) If he

Why don't we stay at a hotel?

B: No. (cost too much) If

Is Sally going to apply for the job?

B: No. (not/ get it) If

Let's tell them the truth.

B: No. (not / believe us) If .

Why don't we invite Bill to the party?

B: No. (have to invite his friends too)

38,4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1   If you took more exercise,

2   I'd be very angry if

3   If I didn't go to work tomorrow, 4 Would you go to the party if

S If you bought some new clothes,

6 Would you mind if

When you imagine a situation like this, you use if + past (if I knew / if you were / if we didn't etc.). But the meaning is present, not past; a Tom would read more if he had more time, (but he doesn't have much time) a If I didrù want to go to the party, I wouldn't go. (but I want to go) c] We wouldn't have any money if we didlfi work. (but we work) c] If you were in my position, what would you do?

c] It's a pity you can't drive. It would be useful if you could.

We use the past in the same way after wish (I wish I knew / I wish you were etc.). We use wish to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would like it to be: a I wish I knew Paul'S phone number.

(z I don't know it and I regret this) a Do you ever wish you could fly?

(you can't fly)

Cl It rains a lot here. I wish it didn't rain so often.

CJ It's very crowded here. I Wish there weren't so many people. (there are a lot Of people)  I wish I didrù have to work tomorrow, but unfortunately I do.

If I were / if I was

After if and wish, you can use were instead of was (if I were ... / I wish it were etc.). I was / it was are also possible. So you can say:

Wish Unit 41

39

1 If I -.„knehk... (know) his number, I would phone him.

(not I buy) that coat if I were you,

(help) you if I could, but I'm afraid I can't. 4 We would need a car if we (live) in the country.

5      If we had the choice, we        (live) in the country.

6      This soup isn't very good. It   (taste) better if it wasn't so salty.

7      I wouldn't mind living In England if the weather .  (be) better.

8      If I were you, I (not / wait)- I       (go) now.

9      You're always tired. If vou (not / go) to bed so late every night, you wouldn't be tired all the time.

10 I think there are too manv cars. If there - (not / be) so many cars, there (not / be) so much pollution,

39.2 Write a sentence with if for each situation,

I We don't see you verv often because vou live so far away.

2    This book is too expensive, so I'm not going to buy it.

3    We don't go out very often — we can't afford it.

We

4    I can't meet vou tomorrow — I have to work late.

If