The cell
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology. Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals). While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (1012) cells. Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres.The cell
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology.
The cell англ (1).docx
The cell
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit
of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells
are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology. Cells consist of
cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic
acids. Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria) or
multicellular (including plants and animals). While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from
species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (1012) cells. Most plant and animal cells are
visible only under a microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres.
The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named the biological unit for its resemblance to
cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery. Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob
Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells
are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, that all cells come from
preexisting cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell
functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells. Cells emerged on Earth at least
3.5 billion years ago.
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes
including cell signaling and being selfsustaining. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and
lack membranebound organelles such as the nucleus. Prokaryotes include two of the domains of life,
bacteria and archaea. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct
contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes
are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter.
Eukaryotic cells
Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about
fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume.
The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the
presence of membranebound organelles (compartments) in which specific metabolic activities take place.
Most important among these is a cell nucleus, an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives
the eukaryote its name, which means "true kernel (nucleus)".
Subcellular components
:
1. Membrane. The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is a biological membrane that surrounds the
cytoplasm of a cell. In animals, the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, while in plants
and prokaryotes it is usually covered by a cell wall. This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell
from its surrounding environment and is made mostly from a double layer of phospholipids, which are
amphiphilic (partly hydrophobic and partly hydrophilic). Hence, the layer is called a phospholipid bilayer,
or sometimes a fluid mosaic membrane.
2. Cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton acts to organize and maintain the cell's shape; anchors organelles in
place; helps during endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by a cell, and cytokinesis, moves parts of
the cell in processes of growth and mobility. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments,
intermediate filaments and microtubules. There are a great number of proteins associated with them, each
controlling a cell's structure by directing, bundling, and aligning filaments.
3. Cell nucleus. A cell's information center, the cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a
eukaryotic cell. It houses the cell's chromosomes, and is the place where almost all DNA replication and
RNA synthesis (transcription) occur. The nuclear envelope isolates and protects a cell's DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing. During
processing, DNA is transcribed, or copied into a special RNA, called messenger RNA (mRNA). This
mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus, where it is translated into a specific protein molecule.
4. Endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a transport network for molecules targeted
for certain modifications and specific destinations, as compared to molecules that float freely in the
cytoplasm. The ER has two forms: the rough ER, which has ribosomes on its surface that secrete proteins
into the ER, and the smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes. The smooth ER plays a role in calcium
sequestration and release.
5. Golgi apparatus. The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package the
macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell.
6. Vacuoles. Vacuoles sequester waste products and in plant cells store water. They are often described as
liquid filled space and are surrounded by a membrane. Some cells, most notably Amoeba, have
contractile vacuoles, which can pump water out of the cell if there is too much water. The vacuoles of
plant cells and fungal cells are usually larger than those of animal cells.
7. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts. Generate energy for the cell. Mitochondria are selfreplicating
organelles that occur in various numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.
Respiration occurs in the cell mitochondria, which generate the cell's energy by oxidative
phosphorylation, using oxygen to release energy stored in cellular nutrients (typically pertaining to
glucose) to generate ATP. Mitochondria multiply by binary fission, like prokaryotes. Chloroplasts can
only be found in plants and algae, and they capture the sun's energy to make carbohydrates through
photosynthesis.
1. Questions:
What is cellula?
What is cell theory?
What are the two main groups into which cells are classified?
Are any bacteria made of more than one cell?
What are the main structures of the cytoplasm present in animal cells?
What is mytochondria?
What are cytoplasmic inclusions?
New terms:
Cell theory is a collection of ideas and conclusions from many different scientists over time that
describes cells and how cells operate.
Cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus. It comprises cytosol
(the gellike substance enclosed within the cell membrane) and the organelles – the cell's internal
substructures.
Robert Hooke is English natural scientist, scientist and encyclopedist.
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membranebound nucleus (karyon),
mitochondria, or any other membranebound organelle.
A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within
membranes.
Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes. They can
form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic.
A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an
organism.
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. 2. True or false:
Statement
True, false or unsure
Comment – reasons for
your choice
1
2
3
4
5
Chromosomes are
found in the cytoplasm.
The cell membrane
controls what the cell
will look like and how
it behaves.
The nucleus controls
what passes into and
out of a cell.
A nucleus is smaller
than a chloroplast.
A chloroplast is larger
than a mitochondrion.
3. Test
1|The control center or brain of the cell is the
A. Nucleus B. Mitochondria C. Cell membrane D. Endoplasmic reticulum
2| The thin, flexible barrier around a cell is called the
A. Cell wall B. Plasma membrane C. Nuclear envelope D. Cytoplasm
3| The main function of the cell wall is to
A. Support and protect the cell B. Store DNA C. Help the cell move D. Direct the activities of the
cell
4| Which of the following is the function of the cytoskeleton?
A. Helps a cell keep its shape B. Contains DNA C. Surrounds the cell D. Helps make proteins
5| Prokaryotes lack
A. DNA or genetir material B. A cell membrane C. A nucleus D. Cytoplasm
6| Which organelle would not be found in animals cells?
A. Smooth ER B. Chloroplast C. Mitochondria D. Ribosome
7| A eukaryotic cell contains
A. Only ribosomes B. Membrane bound organelles C. DNA floating in cytoplasm D. Just
cytoplasm
8| Which of the following is a saclike structure that stores water?
A. Golgi apparatus B. Nucleus C. Vacuole D. Endoplasmic reticulum 9| Which of the following is the "powerhouse" of the cell that breaks down food into energy that the cell
needs?
A. Mitochondria B. Vacuole C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Chloroplast
10| Who discovered "cells" and named them?
A. Anton van leewenhoek B. Robert hooke C. Lynn margulis D. Rudolph
4. Put the words:
KEYS:
1. Questions
A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the
"building blocks of life".
Cell theory is a collection of ideas and conclusions from many different scientists over time that
describes cells and how cells operate.
Cells can be classified as eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are those that do not have an
enclosed nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are those with a nucleus enclosed by a membrane.
There are no pluricellular bacteria. All bacteria are unicellular and prokaryotic.
The main structures of the cytoplasm of a cell are centrioles, the cytoskeleton, lysosomes,
mitochondria, peroxisomes, the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticula and ribosomes.
Mitochondria are selfreplicating organelles that occur in various numbers, shapes, and sizes in the
cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.
Cytoplasmic inclusions are foreign molecules added to the cytoplasm, such as pigments, organic
polymers and crystals. They are not considered cell organelles. Fat droplets and glycogen granules are
examples of cytoplasmic inclusions. Comment – reasons for
your choice
Chromosomes are
found in the nucleus.
The nucleus controls
what the cell looks like
and how it behaves.
The cell membrane
controls what passes
into and out of a cell.
A nucleus is about
three times as big as a
chloroplast.
A chloroplast is three
or four times larger
than a mitochondrion.
2. True or false
Statement
True, false or unsure
Chromosomes are
found in the cytoplasm
The cell membrane
controls what the cell
will look like and how
it behaves
The nucleus controls
what passes into and
out of a cell.
A nucleus is smaller
than a chloroplast.
A chloroplast is larger
than a mitochondrion.
False
False
False
False
True
1
2
3
4
5
3. Test
1) A 6) B
2) B 7) B
3) A 8) C
4) A 9) A
5) C 10) B
4. Put the words.
The cell - basic unit of organisms
The cell - basic unit of organisms
The cell - basic unit of organisms
The cell - basic unit of organisms
The cell - basic unit of organisms
The cell - basic unit of organisms
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