В данной работе представлены тексты-топики на английском языке для студентов юридического института: Уголовное право Англии, Судебная система Англии, Уголовное право в Англии, Гражданское право в Англии, Судебная система Российской Федерации, Виды преступлений, Виды наказаний. Последние две темы можно использовать для изучения на уроках английского языка в 9-11 классах.Английское и российское право. Топики.
Английское и российское право. Топики..docx
Уголовное право Англии.
to
damage
stands
out
also
property
The main tasks of the criminal legislation of virtually all the countries consist in the protection of
the criminal legal means against criminal encroachments of the personality, rights and freedoms
of citizens, state and public interests, property, and the rule of law in the country.
The criminal law of England is developing, through the issuance of new consolidated acts, or
acts of, making changes in the previously issued by the statutes. The regulation of the rights of
property in the country is carried out on the basis of the Law about the theft of 1968, the law "on
wrongful damage to" 1971, and the law "about the theft", 1978. These laws provide for the
following basic types of criminal offences against property: theft, robbery, burglary, obtaining
property by deception, extortion, the crimes connected with stolen property, different types of
criminal
fraud.
The sources of the criminal procedure law in England are first of all legislative acts, for the most
part at the same time regulating and issues of the judicial system. Among them are laws on the
Supreme court 1981, the magistrates courts 1980, the jury 1974 (with subsequent amendments),
on appeal in criminal matters 1968, as well as the laws on criminal justice 1925 and a number of
subsequent years, including the law of 1988. Among the instruments that were published in the
last decade, of great importance is the Law on the prosecution of crimes 1985, The law on the
administration of justice 1985 and especially the Law on police and evidence in criminal cases
1984. (in detail regulates the activities of the police for the investigation of crimes, including
issues associated with the production of searches and arrests, preliminary detention of the
accused and the consideration of complaints on the actions of the police during the investigation,
as well as the assessment of certain evidence, in particular received with the help of computer
devices).
With regard to case law, and in criminal proceedings, despite the abundance of legislative acts,
their role is still very significant: it is in the interpretation of the provisions in the General form
laid down in separate legislation, and to address gaps in the legislation. The legal Commission,
which submitted in 1989 the draft criminal code for England and Wales offers in the future, after
approval in principle projects of General and Special parts of the criminal code, to develop as the
third part of the same code section called the «Evidence and procedure», i.e., in essence, the
procedural part of the General criminal and criminal procedure codes. However, the preparation
of this section has not started yet. Sources of the civil procedural law in England are first of all
the legislative acts of the nature, which determine the structure, competence, and some issues of
the activity of courts of different levels (the Law on the Supreme court 1981, The law on courts
counties 1984,
Important role in the regulation of civil proceedings play the laws on the administration of
justice, in particular 1985, as well as the rules of the Supreme court and the rules of other courts,
which are being developed that are created for these committees, consisting of a small number of
judges and other highly qualified lawyers. These rules are approved by the Lord Chancellor (he
is directly heads the Committee on the rules of the Supreme court) and shall come into force, if
their projects do not meet the objections of the Parliament.
law on courts and
The
legal
services 1990,
etc.).
Судебная система Англии.
In the composition of the Supreme courts include: the High court, the crown Court and the court
of Appeal. The high court consists of 78 judges and is subdivided into three departments: the
king's bench (is headed by the Lord chief justice), clerical (chaired by the ViceChancellor), for
family Affairs (headed by the Chairman of the Department). Distribution of cases between the
offices is determined by specialization of the judges and the peculiarities of the procedure; in has
been
made
principle, each Department may consider any business that enters into the competence of this
court. Judges are appointed from among lawyers. The case, filed in the first instance, consider
one judge. The separation of the king's bench have jurisdiction over the case regulated by the
rules of General, commercial law. The complaints against the decisions of the high court are
served in the court of Appeal. It consists of 18 judges, referred to as the Lord and chaired by
custodian of the judicial archives. Proceeding of a panel of three judges. One of the Collegium of
the court deals only criminal cases. It is criminal division of the court of Appeal. In contrast to
the boards, dealing with civil cases, is not accepted that the opinion of the judges left in the
minority,
known.
The crown is the new creation, created by the Acts of the court of 1971. He considers the
criminal proceedings. Its composition is diverse. Depending on the type of crime the case may
consider any judge of the High court or a district judge, or рикордер (barrister or solicitor, acting
judge). If the accused pleads not guilty, the case involved the jury. Decision of the court of
Appeal may be appealed to the Appellate Committee of the house of lords (in some cases it was
possible direct appeal against decisions of the High court). Such appeal is exceptional: the house
of lords makes no more than 3040 decisions a year. The cases are examined by a minimum of
three lords on appeal. Every individual expresses his opinion on the case. The judges of the
house of lords as such or in conjunction with the judges of the overseas territories form the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. At this level, examines complaints on the decisions of
the Supreme courts of the overseas territories and States members of the Commonwealth, since
these countries do not exclude the possibility of filing such a complaint.
In addition to the high courts in England are a variety of lowerinstance court, which shall
consider about 90% of all cases. The most important of the lower courts in civil cases this is by
County courts. They deal with the amount in dispute is up to 1000 GBP. Minor works (the price
of the claim is less than 11 GBP.) can be considered assistant judge. Minor criminal cases under
the jurisdiction of magistrates ordinary citizens, to which is assigned the role of justices of the
peace. Their total number is about 20,000, it's not professional lawyers, they do not receive
remuneration.
Уголовное право.
a
sector
law
an
with
application of
possibility of
Criminal law is one of the most important branches of law in any state, a gun fight with crime,
the means of protection from them the most important public relations of the state. This is the
only
punishment.
In criminal law, as in any other branch of law, finds its expression of public will, which is the
will of the ruling class, i.e. class, possessing power or property, to the extent ensuring influence
on the state policy, or both. Criminal law appeared at the same time with the original appearance
of private property, the division of society into classes, the creation of state and law.
Criminal
law,
which is a totality of legal norms, determining the grounds and principles of criminal
responsibility, types of crimes, penalties and other measures of criminallegal nature of the terms
of appointment of punishment, as well as exemption from criminal liability and punish ment.
The subject of any branch of law is a set of social relations, regulated by its rules.
The subject of the criminal law includes public relations, arising in connection with the
Commission
namely:
determination of the types of crimes and punishments for these crimes;
who committed
crime;
the purpose of
the Russian
branch of
the criminal
attraction
liability of
(educational
or
independent
punishment
or
other
measures
persons
to
of
crimes, liability
from
exemption
actions
in a state of
criminal
necessary defense or
nature;
medical
and
punishment;
extreme necessity.
Criminal law, as well as other branches of law, consists of two parts : General and Special.
In the General part includes provisions establishing the General principles and objectives of
criminal law, the grounds of criminal liability, the criminal law in time and space; the
reinforcement of the notion of crimes, guilt, participation, punishment; the standards determining
the conditions for criminal responsibility, the circumstances excluding the criminality of a deed,
a system of penalties and procedure for their appointment, as well as exemption from criminal
liability
punishment.
The special part of the criminal law includes a description of certain types of crime and a set of
penalties.
crime:
person;
economy;
order;
state;
service;
against the peace and security of mankind.
against
the
public
against
the
and
the
highlight
in
against
public
security
military
against
sphere
the
of
the
You
can
of
and
Гражданское право.
Civil law is understood and how science. The subject of the science is a civil law as a branch of
law, civil legislation, acts, containing the norms of the civil law, the law enforcement practice.
Еxamines the concept of civil law, its place in the legal system, its origin and patterns of
development, the framework and content of civil law norms, institutions and subindustries, their
role in the legal aspect of the life of the society and the effectiveness of their application. In
contrast to the rule of law, theories, ideas, recommendations are not supported by the power of
the state influence. Scientific research only serve a kind of a point of reference in the lawmaking
activities.
The term «civil law», also known as educational discipline the course of the civil law, the
objective of which is the teaching of the civil law as a branch of the law and legal science. In the
academic course of civil law sets out the provisions and findings of the civic science on the
subject and method of the civil law, the content of civil laws and other legal acts, the mechanism
of civil and legal regulation of social relations, regularities of the formation and development of
civil
legislation.
The civil law as the branch of law is a system of legal norms regulating the property, as well as
related and some not related personal nonproperty relations based on independence, property
independence and legal equality of the parties in order to create the most favorable conditions to
meet the needs of private and interests, as well as the normal development of economic relations
in
society.
Civil law is the branch of law, which unites the legal, regulatory, property, as well as related and
unrelated with them, personal nonproperty relations, which are based on the independence
property independence and legal equality of the parties in order to create the most favorable
conditions to meet the needs of private, as well as the norms of the development of economic
relations.
The civil law of the Russian Federation refers to the continental law and includes provisions of
the German and French civil codes. Currently, the civillegal relations are regulated, first of all,
the Civil code of Russia, as well as other Federal laws, relating to issues of civil law.
the Судебная система Российской Федерации.
the
with
criminal
judicial
the
The
Court
of
Russian
constitutional
all
the
judicial
the
issues of
system of
judicial
system of
law «About
Russia consists of
the explanations on
The judicial system of the Russian Federation establishes the Constitution and the Federal
constitutional
the Russian Federation».
The judicial power in Russia, according to these laws, belongs only to the courts in the face of
judges and invited to participate in the justice in the procedure established by law the
representatives of the people: the panel of judges, people's assessors and arbitration assessors.
Usurpation of the powers of the court of the other bodies and persons shall be punished in
accordance
law.
Under the judicial system should be to understand the totality of all courts in Russia.
In
judgments:
Federation;
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the courts of General jurisdiction, in respect
of which it carries out in the Federal lawenvisaged procedural forms of judicial oversight and
gives binding
practice;
The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation and all arbitration courts, in respect of
which he has the authority of judicial oversight and giving explanations on the issues of the
settlement of economic disputes and other cases considered by arbitration courts.
The totality of the specified courts of the Russian Federation connected unity of tasks in the
administration of
functioning.
At the present time in accordance with the Constitution and legislation on the judicial system the
courts have some of the organizational and functional relationships that gives the basis to
consider each of the elements of the judicial system as its elements.
The Federal constitutional Law distinguishes between the Federal courts, i.e. the courts of the
Russian Federation, and the courts of its subjects. There are also courts of General and special
jurisdiction.
The Federal courts are the constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme
arbitration court of the Russian Federation. The Supreme arbitration court of the Russian
Federation, arbitration courts of the districts and the arbitration courts of the subjects of the
Russian Federation
courts.
System of Federal courts of General jurisdiction are: the Supreme court of the Russian
Federation, Supreme courts of republics, regional, regional courts, courts of cities of Federal
significance (Moscow, SaintPetersburg), courts of Autonomous region and Autonomous
districts,
courts.
The courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation are constitutional (Charter) courts and
justices
jurisdiction.
The constitutional court of the Russian Federation carries out judicial constitutional control over
the conformity of laws and other normative acts of law, which is one of the most important
features of the legal state.
the procedural
justice and
who are
the peace,
form of
of
General
arbitration
military
are
part
of
the
Federal
specialized
district
and
of
courts,
judges
Виды преступлений.
The types of crimes:
1. Crimes against life and health. These include various types of murder, i.e. intentional causing
of death to another person, both simple and qualified, i.e. complicated aggravating
circumstances, such as the murder committed with special cruelty, out of mercenary or of
by
of
the
from
evasion
necessary
payment
insanity,
exceeding
temporary
another
person,
in
indecent
malicious
expressed
and dignity of
hooliganism, etc., or complication of mitigating circumstances, as, for example, murder in the
state
defense.
2. Crimes against freedom, honour and dignity of the individual. The most common among them
are libel, i.e. the dissemination of information, which are knowingly false, humiliating the honor
and dignity of the person, undermining his authority, and insult, i.e. the deliberate humiliation of
honor
form.
3. Sex offenders. These crimes are committed by no means rare, and they infringe on the sexual
freedom of a person and sometimes are associated with the loss of their health, and even life.
Rape, i.e. sexual intercourse using physical violence or threat of its application to the victim,
shall be punishable by a relatively long period of deprivation of liberty.
4. Crimes against the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen. A criminal offence is
punishable by a violation of the equality of citizens, the secrecy of correspondence, inviolability
of private life, home, violation of electoral rights, rules of labour protection, copyright and
patent rights, obstruction of the holding of meetings, rallies, demonstrations, etc.
5. Crimes against minors for the first time allocated in special group: involvement in the
Commission of a crime, sale, buy, substitution of the child, the disclosure of the secret of
adoption,
alimony.
6. Crimes against property. Now is not proposed to divide, as previously, crimes depending on
the form of ownership. Any property is protected equally. Crimes are divided according to the
type and size of theft: theft, fraud, misappropriation or embezzlement, robbery, assault,
extortion.
7. Crimes in the sphere of economic activity. These crimes have a great variety and novelty:
obstruction of legitimate business activity, illegal entrepreneurship, banking activity, obtaining
credit by fraud, restriction of competition, the deliberately false advertising, misuse of the issue
of securities, smuggling,
consumer fraud.
8. Crimes against the health of the population and public morality. It is : purchase, sale, storage,
theft,
drugs.
9. Environmental crimes. It is : pollution of water, air, sea, land contamination, illegal hunting,
cutting of
etc.
10. Crimes against traffic safety and operation of transport. Тhe violation of traffic rules and
operation of vehicles, which have entailed death of people or the infliction of serious or
moderate bodily injury, competent repair, putting into operation of technically defective
transport
etc.
11. Crimes against the constitutional order and security of the state. It is: an act of treason,
espionage, terrorist acts, violent seizure or retention of power, appeals to violent change of the
constitutional
sabotage.
12. Crimes against the state authorities and the public service. It is: abuse of authority, excess or
misappropriation of official powers, receiving, giving, provocation of bribes, forgery,
negligence.
13. Crimes against justice. It is: obstruction of justice and preliminary investigation, contempt of
court, defamation against a judge, Prosecutor, investigator, etc., a false testimony, statement or
expert opinion, the refusal of a witness or victim to give evidence, escape from the places of
deprivation of
etc.
14. Military offences. These crimes are marked in a special section of the criminal code of the
Russian Federation. These include failure, resistance to a superior, violation of statutory rules of
relationship between servicemen, unauthorized abandonment of a military unit or place of
service, desertion and evasion of military service by pretending to be ill, violation of the rules of
combat duty, loss, destruction or damage of military property, etc.
fraudulent bankruptcy,
trees and shrubs,
destruction or
from custody,
damage of
forest,
tax evasion,
liberty or
concealment
of
crimes,
inducement
extortion
narcotic
means
order,
use
or
to
and
Виды наказаний. or
other
of
of
the
of
residence
the
place
professional
as well
The criminal code of the Russian Federation is comprised of 10 types of punishment, which is
divided into two groups: main (used alone) and additional (used only in combination with the
basic),
as measures applied as both main and additional.
A fine is a monetary penalty imposed in the limits stipulated by the criminal code of the Russian
Federation.
Deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities consists of the
prohibition to occupy positions in the civil service, local government bodies, or to engage in
certain
activities.
Compulsory work consists in the implementation of the convicts in free from work or study time
of free socially useful works. The type of compulsory works and the objects on which they are
practiced, are determined by the bodies of local selfgovernment in consultation with the
criminalExecutive.
Correctional labor shall be appointed by a convicted person who does not have a principal place
of business and shall be served at the places determined by the body of local selfgovernment in
consultation with the body executing punishment in the form of correctional works, but in the
area
convicted person.
Restriction in military service is in the deprivation of the possibility of improvement in the post
and military rank convicted military men, passing military service on a contractual basis, with a
simultaneous holding in the income of the state established by a court verdict of a portion of their
money allowance (art. 51 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION).
Restriction of freedom is in the content of the convicted person who has attained the age at the
time of sentencing the age of 18 years, in a special institution without isolation from the society
in the context of the implementation of supervision over him (h. 1 of the article. 53 OF THE
CRIMINAL
FEDERATION).
The arrest is in the content of the convicted person in the conditions of strict isolation from the
society and shall be established for a term of one to six months. In the event of the replacement
of compulsory works or corrective works arrest he may be appointed for a term of less than one
month.
The arrest shall not be imposed on persons who have not reached by the time of adjudication 16
years of age as well as pregnant women and women with children under the age of 14 years.
Imprisonment is isolation of the convict from society by sending him to a colonysettlement,
placement in an educational colony, a medical correctional institution, correctional colony of
General,
prison.
Life imprisonment may be imposed only for the most serious crimes that infringe on the life, as
well
public security.
The death penalty as an extraordinary measure of punishment may be imposed only for
especially grave crimes encroaching on human life. At the present time in Russia there is a
moratorium on the death penalty until 2010. The constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
by its decree of 2 February 1999. № 3P has established that prior to the establishment of courts
of the jury in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the death penalty may not be
imposed by any court of the Russian Federation.
as for committing especially grave crimes against
RUSSIAN
special
strict
regime,
CODE
or
or
THE
in
OF
Топики по английскому языку на тему "Право"
Топики по английскому языку на тему "Право"
Топики по английскому языку на тему "Право"
Топики по английскому языку на тему "Право"
Топики по английскому языку на тему "Право"
Топики по английскому языку на тему "Право"
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