Toponymics - a Linguistic Phenomenon in The Work of Sadriddin Aini

 

Jumayev Ruzokul Xoliqulovich

Teacher of the Department of Primary Education Methods,  Bukhara State University, Uzbekistan

 

ABSTRACT

The main content of the article is a lexical analysis of S. Aini's toponyms, where the author tries to discuss aspects based on the materials of oikonymy . The author notes that toponyms in works are appropriate for expressing a linguistic phenomenon.

Keywords: basic content, place names, urbanism, hydronyms origin of the phenomenon, vocabulary, agoronimy ,oykonymy , toponomenklatura , zootonymy .

 

I.Introduction

In toponymic science, the fact is firmly established that the habitat of a people, both in the present and in the past, can be determined using toponymic areas. Some of the oldest place names are names of Iranian origin, preserved throughout Central Asia, both on the plains of Turan and in the Pamir mountains, but much less of them in the mountainous regions of the Inner Tien Shan, in the Semirechye and the steppe regions of Kazakhstan. However, it cannot be argued that the Iranian names are the most ancient in the region [Karaev].

The names of Turkic origin, which were widespread on the territory of Central Asia in ancient times, constituted a significant part of the medieval and continue to constitute the overwhelming part of the modern toponymy of this region. In the era of the early Middle Ages, they constituted the second largest group of names after toponyms of Eastern Iranian origin, and in the Middle Ages they constituted the most a powerful layer of toponymy of Central Asia, where many cities and villages had two names

each: Sogdian and Turkic.

The toponomenclature of the Central Asian region has attracted the attention of local and foreign scientists and travelers since ancient times. However, the geographical names of Tajik fiction still remain outside the field of view of researchers of Iranian languages: to date, there is no description of literary toponyms, that is, a giant of Tajik literature like S. Aini.

In the works of which, along with real toponyms, fictitious literary toponyms are used. Therefore, about R. Amanov noted: ―None of the researchers have paid attention to the fact that numerous and varied geographical names are striking in the stories and novels of Ustod. It is known that in a literary text toponyms are not only means of localizing the described events. But this is an artistic device, a motivated and conditioned detail of the microworld, created by the writer with the aim of a more truthful emotional impact on the reader.

Relevance of the article. Research of toponyms in fiction in Tajik linguistics is of utmost importance, not only for that reason. That this topic has not been studied by any water special work. Well, and that reveals the linguistic and cultural aspects of the informativeness of toponyms. Their morphological possibilities in works of art. Historical, autobiographical and other types of prose and poetry.

In a work of art, thanks to toponyms, the task of creating a reliable background for the events depicted is solved. Gives the narrative the necessary believability.

Recently, the attitude towards toponyms has radically changed, especially towards historical and ancient names. All this happened thanks to the rebuilt protests and the democratization of all life. That also influenced science, including toponymy. The society began to treat geographical names in a new way, with care and taking into account the established traditions of the given people. This is evidenced by the restoration of the historical names of many cities, objects of urban toponymy - and this is typical for all states formed on the territory of the former state.

In this regard, our research can also be useful in the direction of the mistakes of the past, since in the works of S. Aini and the identification of their lexical layers in many respects clarification of the habitats of the aborigines of the Central Asian region, the identification of the principles of historical interaction and mutual influence of the Tajik, Uzbek, Arab and other living and dead Iranian and nonIranian languages.

The purpose of the article:

1.                  To reveal the lexical layers of toponyms in the works of S. Aini;

2.                  Subject toponymic nomenclature to structural and semantic analysis;

3.                  Identify historical, real place names;

4.                  To establish ways of creating literary, fictional toponyms of S. Aini and to determine their place among other pictorial means of a literary text.

 The study of toponyms of fiction, including the works of S. Aini, is carried out for the first time in Tajik linguistics. Also, for the first time, the toponyms used in the entire artistic work of S. Aini are subjected to linguistic analysis, their potential, ethnographic, historical, stylistic information content in the literary text of S. Aini's works is determined and determined.

 The richest vocabulary of S. Aini includes a large number of geographical names that form a kind of lexical subsystem, which is analyzed for the first time from the point of view, structural and semantic. For the first time, stylistic features, toponymic phenomena and toponyms are investigated, as well as a number of issues of abbreviated toponyms, and on this basis a theoretical understanding of S. Aini's word usage is carried out.

 The practical value of the work. The results of the lexical-semantic, structural and stylistic analysis of toponyms carried out in the dissertation can be used to create works on historical lexicology and the history of the Tajik language, applied in special courses on toponymy and dialectology, at lectures and seminars on toponymy and dialectology, at lectures and seminars in other subjects of higher education. The collected material can be used to create a dictionary by S. Aini and a toponymic dictionary.

II.Materials and methods

 The research was carried out on the basis of the collected materials from the work of S. Aini "Eddoshtho" (Remembrance "), Mukhtasari tarchumai holi hudam" (Brief autobiography ")," Dohunda "," Gulamon ("Slaves"), the story "Odin," Margi suthur " ("The Death of a Usurer"), "Yatim", "Challodoi Bukhoro" ("Executioners of Bukhara"), "Ahmadi Devband" ("Ahmed Conquering Divas"), itsoriko-artistic sketches "Iseni Mukana" ("Riot of Mukanna") and "Kahramoni Khalka tozhik Temurmalik" ("Hero of the Tajik people Temurmalik").

 General works on onomastics, as well as a number of works on the history of the Central Asian

region served as a theoretical basis.

   Various bilingual dictionaries and partially ethnographic studies were used to clarify and compare a number of topolexemes and topo-thornants.

When analyzing the collected material, the method of formal analysis, synchronous description was used, in which geographical names are considered structurally and semantically.

At the same time, the word-formation model of the modern Tajik literary language was taken as a basis.

 When necessary, comparative, stylistic, comparative-historical methods. Currently, the issue of the relationship between language and culture is one of the most pressing problems, which is being researched by cultural linguistics. Cultural linguistics is engaged in both the complex study of the language system in connection with culture, the national mentality of the people, and the particular aspects of the national linguistic picture of the world, which include toponymy. Place names are proper names for geographical objects that have a complex structure of meaning, combining linguistic and extralinguistic plans.

III.Litrary rewiew

The theoretical basis of the research was the works of scientists devoted to the general problems of the language of toponyms and the study of individual toponymic systems: R.A.Ageeva, E.L.Berezovich, I.A.Vorobyeva, M.V. A. Zhuchkevich, Yu. A. Karpenko, A. K. Matveeva, E. V. Murzaeva, V. A. Nikonova, N. V. Podolskaya, E. M. Pospelova, M. E. Ruth, G. P Smolitskaya, A. V. Superanskaya, N. K. Frolov, and others. In this case, the focus of both researchers is on problems of a different nature; these are not only questions of etymology, but also semantics, stylistics, phonetics, morphology, word formation, grammar, nomination processes, as well as the relationship of toponyms with appellative vocabulary, etc.

IV.Analysis and Results

1.                  Toponymic picture of the world is an integral part of the language pictures of the world. Place names are an integral part of onomastics and act as names-signs in the language. Due to its stability, geographical names acquire the ability to preserve and transmit linguocultural information. Place names of Oxfordshire and Chelyabinsk region - complex stable lexical systems, reflecting important historical and cultural events in the nominations geographic objects.

2.                  The universal characteristics of the toponyms of the studied regions are realized in the meaning of toponyms of relief, flora, fauna, site location, human activities in general and individuals in particular.

3.Universal characteristics of the toponyms of the studied regions are realized in the meaning of toponyms of relief, flora, fauna, site location, human activities in general and individuals in particular.

4.                  The toponymic systems under consideration are characterized by assimilation of geographical names, as well as their adaptation to linguistic norms of English and Russian languages in the studied regions.

5.                  Toponyms - nationally-culturally marked linguistic units. Specificity of the toponymic system of the Chelyabinsk region includes Bashkir, Russian, Tatar, Kazakh toponymic layers, traces of FinnoUgric and Iranian toponymy. Bashkir toponyms reflect religious and mythological views and names sub-ethnic groups. Russian names not only concretize features of the area, but also spiritual and cultural values, and a significant number of names of geographical objects tracing or borrowed into Russian from Turkic.

6.                  The Oxfordshire toponymic system represents a historically formed, internally organized aggregate current names that indicate and designate geographic objects. In Oxfordshire toponymy presented: Celtic and Anglo-Saxon toponymic layers; Latin, Scandinavian and French elements, it reflects all traces of conquest, social development, spiritual beliefs from paganism before Christianization. The problem of interaction between language and culture seems to be more and more relevant at the present time and is one of the central linguistics, for the study of which various approaches are used. The emergence of a linguoculturological direction that studies the interaction of language and culture seems to be a significant event, corresponding to modern trends in the development of scientific knowledge, since "language is a guide to" social reality ", which ―is gaining in importance as a began in the scientific study of culture ‖[Sapir 2001, 261]. Definitely a language does not exist outside of culture, and this statement almost does not cause doubts among linguists. Modern linguistics develops a direction where language is viewed as the cultural code of a nation, and not way of communication and cognition. V.A.Maslova argues that language is closely connected with culture: language not only names what is in culture, not only expresses it, forms a culture, sprouting into it, but also develops in culture [Maslova 2001, 25].

Based on the above, it can be argued that enough works that connect the phenomena of vocabulary seem to be significant, grammar and syntax with the cultural characteristics of the speaking people in this language, since in addition to describing the features of the functioning linguistic units, they explain their cultural characteristics linguistic society (that is, a society that speaks a certain language). This approach implies new possibilities for interpretation toponymic linguistic phenomena.

The lexical layers of S. Ayni's works are mainly Tajik, Arabic, Turkic (Uzbek), Russian and other lexemes. At the same time, it is natural that both the entire lexical composition and its toponymic layer of the writer's works are mainly Tajik (Persian) words ..

 In addition, the writer also used a significant number of Sogdian words to designate geographic objects, which, as a rule, are found only in these cases.

 The reasons for such a rich variety of toponyms are that the events described by S. Aini in his works took place in vast territories in which multilingual peoples lived and live. For example, the action of the story ―Odin‖ takes place in Bukhara and Samarkand, Moscow and Petersburg, Orenburg and

Baku, Afghanistan and even Mexico, and in the memoirs ―Yoddoshto‖ events mainly unfold in the territory of Central Asia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The works of S. Ayni analyze toponyms of Iranian origin, which include the Tajik (Persian) and Sogdian strata. It is reported here that the analysis of the existing material leads to the conclusion that most of the toponyms are Tajik (Persian), since the ancestors of the Tajik people, the Sogdians, Bactrians, as well as Margians, Khorezmians, various peleena of the Saks, lived in this territory of Central Asia since ancient times. dr.

 Geographical names often act as the only surviving traces of long-extinct languages. Toponyms testify to the past settlement of peoples in a particular region, and since the objects are called abbogirens, hence the Tajik names prevail in this region.

 Material forces to highlight in this section various groups of names.

characterized by urbanonyms: 1) urban khoronyms; 2) godonyms; 3) agoronyms; 4) eccloolonyms. City funerals. One of the features of Central Asian cities and villages is that it was formed depending on the subsidence of various groups of their population by profession, adapting to the geographic characteristics of the area and making up a compact, more or less isolated part of the city, which is called "guzar" or "mahalla" - quarter: Guzari Khiebon, Guzari Tupkhona, Guzari Kalobod, Mahallaya Kalobod, etc. New and newer cities, as well as rebuilt parts of old cities, lack this ostorical feature.

2. Hodonyms. The toponyms of S. Aini's works include several godonyms. In relation to the cities of Central Asia, partly under 2godonyms "and urban khoronyms. Sometimes city khoronyms are toponyms. But in today's cities there are no krautals at all, and if there are, then they have several godonyms, which are usually anthropotoponyms.

 According to their structure, godonyms, as a rule, are phrases. Terim indicators kisa-street, rokh-road Kusai kalon, Bolokusa, Chorsu, Rosi Guldara are actively involved in phrases.

Agoronyms play an important role in the urban life of Central Asia. It is impossible to imagine the city of the region without bazaars. The great writer reveals this particular feature of the cities of the region in his works.

While there are a lot of bazaars in Central Asian cities, there are very few areas. Probably in the cities there was no need for squares. The following agoronyms were found in the works of S. Aini: Bozori Nav, Bozori Koh, Regitso, etc.

Ecclesias. Ecclesionyms of the Aini production mainly refer to the Arabian stratum, but there are a number of names in the Tajik language. It is known that Bukhara was considered a regional center of Islam and there were hundreds of mosques where Muslims performed religious rites. We included madrasahs among the ecclesiastical institutions. Like mosques, these establishments were created more in Bukhara than in any other city in Central Asia. This series includes: Masjidi Poyanda, Chubini Gijduvon, Karvoni Saroi poi oston, Ark, Golibkhona, etc. The name and madrassah, as a rule, is associated with the personal names of various religious figures and other persons who contributed to the construction of the madrasah.

The following oronyms should also be noted. As you know, most of the territory of Central Asia is mountains. The relief of Central Asia is clearly reflected by the writer. Toponyms of this order (mountains, gorges, gardens, etc.) make up a significant part of the toponyms of his works and are formed from Tajik appellatives. Almost all aronyms have indicator terms kuh - mountain, dara - gorge, god-garden, Chorbog -park (―Four Gardens‖), tashze-locality, etc .: Kuhi sangloh, Daroi Kihon, Gulibdara, Manzeli Chorchinor.

It should be noted that hydronyms occupy an important place in the toponomenclature of S. Aini's works. The most common hydronyms in the writer's works are potamonyms: Zarafshon, Joyi Dastan, Sphrud and limnonyms such as Kuli Putsisozon, etc.

Professionalisms in toponymy. It is known that since ancient times the sedentary population of Central Asia was famous for its handicraft. It developed especially rapidly in large cities. This is evidenced by Sayido Nasafi's ―Shahroshub‖, who counts more than 212 types of crafts. Denotates of toponyms indicating the profession in the works of S. Aini are mainly located in the city of Bukhara. Thanks to the writer, we are today aware of some crafts that have now disappeared and forgotten even by indigenous writers. For example, Guzari Hillabophon is a quarter of weavers, Guzari Kemukhtajon is a quarter of nomads, highlighting shagreen, etc.

2.                  Zootonyms among the Tajik by origin of toponyms and microtoonyms of the works of S. Aini there are also names that are associated with the calls of animals, birds and insects. Also, the names are known in deep antiquity and originate from Gotomism, fetishism, zoolatry.

Apparently, the toponyms of this RFA are named because many animals lived in these places, the names of which are embedded in the toponyms. These names could also appear in contrast to the appearance of animals, could also arise in connection with the nicknames of the inhabitants, which is observed in the Lodin Zarafshon, where many villages, in addition to the main name, also have nicknames. In the composition of such names, the kargush-rabbit, the caftar-pigeon, bedona-quail, seasnake, canal-tick, bug, etc. are attested.

3.                  Phytophoric toponyms. The toponyms of S. Aini's works include several phytoonyms. Usually, the name of the plant was called the place where this plant germinates. As a rule, phytophoric toponyms have a numeral in their composition. In addition, there are a number of cases when phytonyms as appellatives become a proper name. For example, Solipoy is a rice stubble, Kasharzor is a place full of capers. "

4.                  Anthropotoponyms, the number of which is small. This is probably due to the fact that this type of toponyms was not inherent in the Tajik language, and only in modern times was introduced into use: Lenurukhonai Usto Khamrokh, Osiyoi Dustboy, Dekhai Abdullajon.

5.                  Ethnotoponyms. One of the features of the toponyms of Central Asia is that they include many ethnonyms, which is much found in other regions. In the macro-funeral of Central Asia, which gives material to the writer, there is a huge number of names like Tozhikiston, Uzbekiston, Turkmaniston.

In historical toponymy, the toponyms associated with the Arabic language are the youngest in Central Asia. The peculiarity of Arabic place names is that they are basically anthroponyms, which include comonyms, necronyms, oikodonyms, etc. This is due to the fact that the name of almost every saint in Central Asia was called a madrasah, a mosque, etc. As a rule, they had Arabic names. Place names of Arabic origin can be divided into two groups 1) place names that appeared in use in Arabia itself, i.e. name given by the Arabs themselves; 2) place names that appeared outside the Arab world, i.e. in a foreign language environment: Madrasai Rashish, Mazori Bahovaddin, Hisori Mukanna, etc.

 The lexical stratum of S. Aini toponyms is included in the Turkic-Uzbek words, which is due to the fact that from ancient times on the territory of Central Asia, along with the Tajiks - the aborigines of this region, the Turkic peoples also lived. This joint life and activity is reflected in toponymy as a historical fact. Here a number of incorrect judgments of toponymists regarding the etymology of a number of toponyms are criticized. Some toponymists, discussing the toponymy layers of a particular region, believe that if an object is located on the territory of Uzbekistan, regardless of the history of its inhabitants, there should be a greater number of Turkic-Uzbek toponyms. In an effort to prove the Uzbek origin of the toponyms of Bukhara and Samarkand, the matter is brought to the point of absurdity. For example, T. Rakhmatov declares: ―more than half of the existing toponyms of the Samarkand region, in general, as well as the entire Zarafshon valley‖. But Khromov makes a reasoned conclusion in this regard: ―In the nomenclature of the Zarafshon valley, toponyms of Turkic origin are very rare. As a rule, these microtoponyms are widespread in the mountains and are random in nature. In order for scholars to make correct assessments of the lexical layers of toponyms of each region in the future, it is necessary to recall the absolutely correct conclusions of I. Popov: and the far-fetched construction will be revealed. No "consonance" of geographical names can be taken into account if they are not confirmed by the history, linguistic and natural geographical characteristics of the studied objects. 

V.Conclusion

A special layer in the works of S. Aini is made up of toponyms related to different languages. As a rule, these place names are associated with the stories of the characters in the writer's works, when describing incidents that occur in different countries.

 

 

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