Express Publishing

Jenny Dooley-Virginia Evans

Express Publishing

Express Publishing Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury,

Berkshire RG19 6HW

Tel.: (0044) 1635 817 363 Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463 e-mail: inquiries@expregspublishing.co.uk

INTERNET http: //www.expresspublishing.co.uk

Dooley Wgnia Evans

Design & Illustration C' Express Publishing COJOUr Illustrations:

ISBN 1-84216-366-3 (with answers)

1-90312891-9 (without answersþ

Contents

5

Unil I

Unil

Unil 4

Unil 5

 (Ullils I • 5)

                 Unit        Relatives (Relillive PIOIIOUIIS Adverbs          N01ÅlelltiÍgill(J Clouses)

Unil

Unil 8

Unil g Unil

Il

Unil

                 13        Ihe Possive

                      14           Reli011ed Sneech

                 15          Conditionols - Wishes ,

                   (Ullils I                                                                                      15)

                 16           Atljectives - Adverbs - COIllD(lliSOllS .                                 . 1 10

118

                 18          Some'AllWNo                                                                            126

Ouestions - Ouesli011 loos

Ill etJUl(ll Velbs

Kev 10 the Exelcises153

Introduction

Grammarway 2 is the second book in a four-level grammar series presented in full colour for learners Of the English language at post-elementary level. The book is available in two editions - with or without answers and is suitable for self-study or classroom use as a supplement to any course at this level.

The aim Of the book is to help learners understand English grammar structures through comprehensive theory tables and functional examples, accompanied by a wealth of attractive photographs and illustrations,

The book adheres to the principle that every structure should first be heard. then practised in oral and, finally, in written form. Based on the use of full-colour visual stimuli. the book encourages learners to speak before and allows them to practise English structures through a variety of enjoyable and useful activities.

The book consists ot 20 units, each focusing on a particular grammar topic. A typical unit contains:

           presentation of grammar structures by means Of visual prompts  Simple. concise explanations of the grammar Structures  examples in everyday conversational English. together With a few expressions Showing slightly more formal use

           exercises practiSing the new structuresi to help learners use correct, appropriate patterns in everyday situations

           speaking and writing activities to practrse the new structures in oral and written form

           a revision box in each unit

A revision unit follows every five units to consolidate material presented in previous units.

The Student'S Book is accompanied by a Teacher'S Book containing:

          guidance on presenting the theory each unit, With or without Picture Flashcards  a full key to the exercises in the Student'S Book

          four tests in two separate versions each

The Picture Flashcards Which accompany this book can be used for lively. motivating presentation Of the target grammar structures.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank Rania Dunn, Anna Millert Laura Houston, Jonathan Harrison and Steven Davies for their help in producing this book, Many thanks to the Express Publishing design team. We would also like to thank those institutions and teachers who piloted the manuscript and whose comments and feedback were invaluable in the production of the book.

He is taking a picture of Claire.

We form the present continuous with the auxiliary verb to be and the main verb with the -ing suffix. The main verb with the -ing suffix is the same in all

talk, dive, swim, Shop, lie, study, mend, write, try, take, cook, stop, sleep, die, sit

ing

talking

                ing                              double consonant

Fin in the gaps With the present contin

1                 We ...........arerre tfdying........... (tidy) the garden.

2                 (not/do) my homework.

3                 (Dad/paint) the living-room?

4                 He    (run). 5 The girls (play) with their dolls.

6                                                                                                                        John       (study) at university.

7                                                                                                                        Helen and I    (make) dinner.

8                                                                                                                        . (youmster» to the radi0?

We use the present continuous:

      for actions happening nowr at the moment Of speaking.

He is reading a book right now,

      for temporary actions happening around now, but not at the actual moment of speaking.

She is practlsing tor a concert these days, (She 's not practising right now,' she's resting.)

 with 'always' for actions happening too often and about which we wish to express our annoy• or criticism.

'You're always interrupting me!' (annoyance)

      for fixed arrangements in the near future.

He is flying to Milan in an hour.

(It's been arranged)

Time expressions used with the present continuous include: now, at the moment, these days, at present, always, tonight, still, etc.

Four people I) . -are sitting... (sit) at a table, They are in a restaurant. They 2) (have) dinner. They 3) (wear) smart clothes, The man 4) (wear) a suit. The parents 5) (smile) at each other and they 6) (talk). The children 7) . (listen). The girl 8) (drink) some Coke. The boy 9) (eat) some bread. They 10) (enjoy) their meal,

we use only yes or NO, the subject pronoun and the auxiliary verb is/isn't or are/aren't. We do not repeat the whole question.

Look at the picture in ex. 3 again, In  pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the example.

1 the parents / wear sports Clothes?

SA: Are the parents wearing sports clothes? SS: No, theyarent;. They•re wearing smart çfot.hes,  the four people have / dinner?

3        the children / talk?

4        the girl 1' drink / some juice?

5        the boy / eat / some ice-cream?

Richard Taylor and Sarah Perkins work in the same office.

What time do they start work?

Sarah arrives at work at 9 0 'Clock but Richard doesnt get to the office until 10 0 •clock.

We form the present simple With the subject (i.e. the subject pronoun or noun) and the maln verb. We usually add an -s to the third person singular in the affirmative, the interrogative and negative forms, we use the auxiliary verb do/don't with I, you, we, they and does/doesn't with he, she and it. We do not add an -s to the main verb when it appears with does/doesn't.

      Most verbs take -s in the third person singular. f read he reads

      Verbs ending in -ss' -sh, -ch, -x and -o, take -as. f kiss - he kisses, brush fie brushes, f teach - he teaches, I fix he fixes. go - he goes

Verbs ending in a consonant + y, drop the -y and take -les.

Itty-he tries, I fly-he flies

 Verbs ending in a vowel + y, simply take -s. I buy - he buys

Write the third person singular of tht verbs in the list in the correct box.

      dances             fin Ishes             studies

Fill in the gaps with the present simple

 A: Where .....................lø..... (be) Jack? B: At school.

2 A:(you/come) here very often? B: Yes, every evening.

. (play) tennis in the summer. B: Realty? So do l!

4 A: We . (leave) the house at 6:30 every morning.

B: That's very early.

 A. Sam  (not/know) anything about the party. B: I know. It's a surprise.

In the present simple the suffix of the third person singular is pronounced:

        / g / when the verb ends in a / / k f, / p / or

/ t / sound.

laughs, drinks, steeps, hates

        / (z / when the verb ends in a / s/, / J f, / tJ i, or / z/ sound.

misses, visnes, matches, arranges, rises

z / when the verb ends in any other sound. dreams, stays, begins, stands, saves

The present simple is used for:

permanent states,

        repeated actions or daily routines (Often With adverbs of frequency such as: always, never, usually, etc.).

Mr Gibson is a businessman. He lives in New York (permanent state)

He usuany starts work at 9 arn (daily routine) He often stays at the office until late in the evening. (daily routine)

        general truths or laws of nature,

The moon moves round the earth.

        programmes or timetables (trains; buses, etc.). The bus leaves ten minutes v

laughs,

kisses,

reads,

Time expressions used with the present simple include: usually, always (adverbs of frequency), etc., every day/week/month/year, etc., on Mondays/ Tuesdays, etc., in the morning/atternoon/evening, at night/the weekend, etc.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the present continuous or the

present simple.

 A: Where's James?

B: He i5/'5 playing... (play) football in the garden right

2         A: Bill ... ... . (dance) very well.  Yes, he's a good singer, too.

3         A: Lucy is very busy,

B: Yes. She . (work) very hard these days.

4         A; What- (you/do) on Saturdays? I clean the house and go shopping.

5         A: Why .(you/pack) your suitcase? Because I         (fly) to Paris tomorrow morning.

6         A: Fred  (not/know) how to swim.  That's because he's only three, 7 A: Max looks very fit.

B: Yes. He .. (take) a lot Of exercise these days,

 put the verbs in brackets into the presen simple Or the present continuous.

Charlie Foster 1) ...works... (work) at a bakery. He We often use adverbs of frequency with the pre-(always/get up) ver sent Simple, They Show us how Often early because he 3) (start thing happens. They answer the question How work at four o'clock every morning. Charlie 4) otten„.?. (not/be) at work this morning. A

e.g. How often dò you visit your aunt?' always/ the moment he 5) usually/sometimes visit her on Sundays. suitcase because he 6)

(go) on holiday today, Charlie 7)

Adverbs of frequency go before the main verbs (visit, drink, etc.), but after the verb to be and after auxiliary verbs such as can, do, must, etc. e.g. peter often visits his grandparents at the

weekend.

Sharon never drinks coffee.

Jim is always on time for work.

Bob can never wake up early in the morning. Do you often go to the cinema at the weekend? paup doesnt usually eat out on Sundays,

• The adverbs rarely, seldom and never have a negative meaning and they are never used with the word not.

e.g. He rarely goes to the cinema.

/ never take sugar in my coffee,

00 you get Yes, l/we do. NO. l/we don't. up early?

Does he/sheftt Yes, he/she/it does                      he/she/it doesnt.

Do theyYes, they do.                                No, they don't.

Note: In short answers, adverbs of frequency always go before the auxiliary verb.

e.g. Do you watch horror films on TV? Yes, often do. No, never do.

Rewrite the sentences putting the adverb in brackets in the correct place. Look at the text in ex. 'O again, then, in ask about

10

Look at the pictures and write sentences, as in the examples.

 taxi driver / drive a taki wash the taxi What does the taxi driver do?

He drives a taxi.

Is he driving a taxi now?

No, he isn't. He's washing the taxi.

2         nurse / look after patients read a book

3        

4         vet / treat animals / listen to music

5         mechanic / repair cars eat a sandwich

6

put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the present continuous.

Some verbs do not have continuous tenses. These include:

Verbs ot the senses: see, hear, feel, taste, smell.

e.g. This cake tastes delicious. (NOT:

Verbs of perception: know, remember, forget, recognise, understand, notice, realise, seem, sound, think, etc. e.g. / don't know his name.  Verbs which express likes and dislikes: love, like,

hate, dislike, enjoy, etc.

e.g. Shirley music,

Other verbs: include, matter, need, belong, cost, preter, mean, own, appear, believe, want, have ( = possess), etc.

e.g. That jacket costs a lot of money.

(N O T: *hat-jeeket49-eeeËtv-e4e4-ef-mwey:)

Read the following dialogue between a hotel owner and the receptionist. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the present continuous.

B: Really! 2) (Ilknow) who it is? 1 3)   (think) you do. He 4)     (Star) in the TV series,

R)0ftop•, at the moment.

.. ...v.v....... (be) Paul Roberts. isn't it? When 6) .(he/corne)? I can't wait to meet him in person!

A: At 3 0'clock this afternoon But there are a few things you 7) . (need) to know. First of all. he B) (love) flowers. He also 9). (enjoy) having his breakfast in the dining-room, not in his room.

B: Why 10) (he/stay) at our hotel? A: Because he 11)      (want) some peace and quiet and he 12)

(not/like) to be disturbed by reporters. B: I see. Well. let's hope that everything will be okay while he 13)  (stay) here,

. 12

 Jason ...is not cornin4.. (not'comé) with us this evenng. 2 What(this sign/mean)? 3 we. (usually/meet) at the sports centre every Wednesday afternoon,

4                                                                                                                                         Greg. (tram) tor the next Olympic Games.

5                                                                                                                                         Michael Burns is very rich. He (own) a department store.

6                                                                                                                                         John and Mary  (play) chess at the moment.

7                                                                                                                                         Peter

(notfusually/have) eggs for breakfast.

8                                                                                                                                         My lather . (buy) a newspaper every day.

9                                                                                                                                         Mr and Mrs Dean

(not/gp) to Mexico tomorrow.

10                                                                                                                                  (Pièrre/speaR) English? ^f (speak) French.'

(write) to give you some good news.

I have got a summer job for the holidays! 1 3)

(repair) telephone lines for a telephone company.

14) . (usually/ride) mg bicycle to work because it'S a ten minute ride from home. We 5) (start) work at 8:30. We 6) (finish) at 4:30 on Mondays to Thursdays, but at 2:30 on Fridays, so 1 7) (have) long weekends.

1 8) moment. To tell gou the truth, 1 9) a bit nervous because my boss 10)

(leave) for Scotland on business next week, so I'll be on mg own. Lizzie sags 1 1 1)

(worry) about it too much. She's probably right!

Please write with your news. Say hello to Sally for me.

Best wishes,

Richard

16         Correct the mistakes.

1             Steve goes fishing tomorrow.

2             Rebecca wash her hair every day.

3             am visiting my grandparents every week, 4 Tim doesn't wants to do his homework, 5 He sits on the floor at the moment.

6             DO you     TV in the evenings always?

7             Sarah is drinking coffee every morning.

8             They don't go usually on holiday in May,

9             Does she work late? No, she does never.

10      peter looks for a new house at the moment

ORA

Activity

Look at picture A and say what the Hendersons usually do on Saturday morning, as in the example. Then. look at picture B and say what they are doing this Saturday morning.

Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs 17 from the list in the correct form Of the present simple or present continuous.

cost, 'eave, be, snow; like

e.g. Mr Henderson usually readS his newspaper.

Activity

LOOK at the Oral Activity and Write about What the Hendersons usually do on Saturday mornings and what they are doing this Saturday morning. Start like this:

 On Saturday mornings Mr Henderson usually reads his newspaper. Mrs Henderson

This Saturday morning the Hendersons are in the countryside. Mr Henderson is taking pictures. Mrs

1}

Spelling

Verbs ending in -e take only -d. dance - danced Verbs ending in a consonant + drop the y and take -led. try tried

Verbs ending in a vowel + y, take -ed. play - played, stay - stayed

Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants, double the last consonant and take -ed.

plan planned but open- opened Verbs ending in 4, double the I and take -ed' travel - traveled, quarrel quarreled

Last summer, Julie and Brian visited Australia. They stayed at a lovely hotel in Sydney

They visited the Sydney Opera House and they walked across the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

Did they enjoy themselves? Yes, they did.

We form the past simple of regular verbs by adding -ed to the main verb,

e.g. She watched TV last night.

we form questions and negations with the auxiliary verb did/did not (didn't), the subject and the main verb Without -ed.

e.g. Did She watch IV last night?

She did not/didn 't watch TV last night.

He/She/lt

YowWeJThey

He/She/lt               did not                   ^didn't } „h

YOWWe/They

Write the past simple of the verbs in the list in the correct box.

laugh, study, travel. pray, stop, close. cry, rob, calf, love, tidy, dance, miss, drop, phone, enjoy, try, live, refer, look* cany

laughed

double consonant

Make sentences using the prompts below as in the example.

 Olivia's room is              now. (Clean it]an hour ago)

She Gleaned It an hour ago,

2         Helen isn't watching TV, (turn it off/tnalf an nour ago)

3         Steve doesn't go to the gym any more, (stop/sii months

ago)

4         Mary is eating the cake. (bake it/half an hour ago)

5         Kim is having a party today. (arrange it!two weeks ago)

6         Rob doesn't live here any more, (move/three days ago)

7         Peter's house is tidy. (tidy it/two hours ago)

The suffix -ed is pronounced;

         / Id / when the verb ends in a / t / or / d sound.

posted, succeeded

         / t / when the verb ends in a / k/, /      l, / f / or / p / sound.

cooked, kissed, touched wished, laughed, stepped

         / d / when the verb ends in any other sound. arrived, prepared, showed, robbed

Write the past simple of the verbs in the  correct box, then read them aloud.

want. open, wash, work, arrest. help, carry, visit, Cook. Glean. need, load. live. watchi accept, laugh, stay. pass, type, persuade, arrange, rub want-ed

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form Of the past simple.

I A: Sorry Mum, but ...dropped... (drop) the glass on the floor.

B: Never mind. Just be careful next time.

(YOU 'watch) the horror film last night?

      B: Yes, but I                                             „ (norenjoy) it

(your neighbours/move) house yesterday?

4        A: A tram , (crash) last night.

B: I know. Luckily, all the passengers

(Surwve),

5        A: Susan (not./play) tennis yesterday. B: know. She's playing today instead.

(ýcu/see) Kate yesterday?

(have) lunch together.

Julie and Brian went swimming every day,

They saw some kangaroos, but they didn't see any crocodiles. They had a lot of fun.

Irregular verbs do not form the past simple by adding -ed.

e.g. leave-left. cut-cuti swim-swam

(See list of irregular verbS on page 152.)

They form questions and negations With dld/did not (didn't) and the root form (infinitive) of the verb.

e.g. They - Did they leave? They didn't leave.

   He/She/lt                     left,

he/she/it   leave? you/we/they

    He/She/It              did not           didn't

YowWe,They

15

for actions which happened at a definite or stated time in the past; that is, we know when they happened.

They graduated

yesterday, fast night/week/month/year,lMonday, etc., two days/week$/months/years ago, then, when, in 1992, etc.

four years ago. (When did they graduate? Four years ago. We know the time.)

for actions which happened repeatedly in the past but don't happen any more. In this case we can use adverbs of frequency (always, often, usually, etc.).

He often played football with his dad when he was five. (But he doesn 't play football with his dad any more.)

for actions which happened immediately one after the other in the past.

 to talk about people who are no longer alive.

Princess D iana visited a lot of schools.

2

3

4

5

6

7

B

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the past simple. What use of the past simple does each sentence show?

Mother ...cleaned... (clean) the windows twice last week (definite/stated time) They. (not/go) on holiday to Spain last year. Tina(not/sing) in the school concert yesterday. Paul often  (fight) With his brother when they were young. Mother Teresa ...v.v.....  (help) the poor people of India.

Her sister  (bake) this beautiful cake on Monday.

. (Samlenjoy) his trip to Wales last weekend? John(fall) and  (hurt) his knee,

Put the verbs in brackets into the past  simple.

Lesley 1) ..bought.„ (buy) her house two months ago. It is a beautiful cottage in the countryside.

However. When Lesley 2) (decide) to buy it, it 3) a lot of work. First, she 4)

(decorate) all the rooms. Then, she 5)

(plant) lots of flowers in the garden. After that, she 6)  (make) new curtains for all the windows. When it was ready. she 7) . (move) in. That was last week. Nowe Lesley is very happy.

Claude Monet 1) ..wa5.. (be) a famous artist. He 2) . (paint) lots of beautiful pictures in his lifetime. He often 3) (take) his paints and a canvas into the countryside. He 4)

(love) to paint trees and rivers during the different seasons of the year. Monet 5)

(create) a new kind of art called Impressionism. He 6) (die) in 1926, but many people still visit museums and galleries to look at his pictures,

 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the past simple.

e.g. Did you buy a gift for your mother? Yes, I did.

Did you                  yes, Ifwe did          No, I/we didn't.

Did he/she/it Yes, he/she/it did, No, he/shel(t didnt Didthey Yes, they did, No, they didn't.

              Put the verbs in brackets into the past Simple.

I)        (be) a (Ryrtuguese sailor uft02)   tosaif around the uÐrL:f, "E•nperor     of Spain 3)         (qive)         Ships

hundred' and' si,rtli-fivc Spanish sailors. 'They

1549 and 5)

dangerousjourney.

Of the sailors 7) ('fie) in a battle on 27th Aptit; 1521. After that, Spanish suiíor 8) (take) control of the ships .

(set to complete the Only one ship andsirieen men 10) (sumive) the journey. 'They Il) (arrive) back in Spain on 6th September; 1522 alley 12)

(be)

       Read the text in ex. 7 again and, in pairs, ask and answer questions as in the examples.

SA: Was Ferdinand Magellan a Portuguese sailor?

Yes, he was.

2 the Emperor of Spain / give him fifteen ships? Did the Emperor Of Spain   him fifteen Ships?

 No, he didn't, He gave him five Ships, 3 they / leave / Spain / 1619?

4         the journey / be / long and dangerous?

5         Magellan / discover I the Pacific Ocean?

6         Magellan die / with soldiers / in battle?

7         a Spanish sailor / complete voyage?

8         the remaining ship reach / Spain 1523

You have just come back from a holiday. Your I O friend is a sking you some questions. Look at the prompts and, in pairs, ask and answer westions your own answers.

where r' go? SA: Where     you go?

SB.• r went to Spain. 2 Who / go with?

3        have / a good time?

4        Stay / at a camp-site?

5        the weather good?

6        what do every day?

7        eat / at restaurants?

8        go / the beach?

 Used to is used to talk about past habits or things that do not happen any more. It has the same form in all persons, singular and plural, It is followed by infinitive.

e.g. Peter used to eat a lot ot sweets. (=Peter doesn 't eat many sweets any more.)

We form questions and negations with the auxiliary verb dld/did not (didn't), the subject and the verb          Without -d.

e.g. Did peter use to eat many sweets?

Mary didn't use to stay out late.

We      the past simple instead Of        to" with no difference in meaning.

e.g. She used to five in the counttyside. — She lived in the countryside.

use to

He/ She/lt       did not      didn't travel.

You/We,'They

Complete the sentences with the correct form Of used to and the verb in brackets.

    I ...didnt use to watch... (not/watch) the news, but now I watch it every day.

2         My aunt  (drink) a lot Of coffee, but now she prefers to drink tea.

3         . (live) in a flat. but we live in a big house now.

4         . (you/go) to school on foot? 5  (not]like) each other, but now we're good friends,

6         .. (not/eat) vegetables. Now t eat them every day.

7         My sister . (play) the piano, but now she doesn't.

8         They..... (spend) their weekends

erg. Oid you use to go out otten? Yes, I did,INo, didn(t.

In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts as in the example.

SA: Did you use to play with your friends when you were five?

SB: Yes. I              / No. I didn't%

 Jacques Cousteau the oceans.

A explores B explored C is exploring 2 Toby .... a bicycle, but now he drives a car.

         A is riding                  B used to ride C rides

3                                               , an interesting book at the moment,

A             don't read         B read       C am reading

4                                                home early yesterday because he felt ill,

A             went B is going C used to go 5 Mr Jones  but he does now.

A used to travel B didnit use to travel C travelled 6 a noise, so I went to see what it was.

A heard B hear C am hearing 7 Bobbyhow to use a computer at present. A learnt B is learning C learns 8 My parents ... to a party tonight.

         A used to go         B goes                     C are going

9 The ferry boat every day at quarter past two. A leaves B leave C is leaving 10 getting up early in the morning.

         A likes                     B don't like                 C doesn't like

e.g. SA: Did people use to watch TV Sixty ago? SB: No, they didn't.

watch TV - dress differently - spend more time together - talk to each Other a lot go out at night much - read more

Activity

Now, using the pictures and the notes from the Oral Activity, complete the text below.

Life was different si*ty years ago. People 1) .

. (not/have) the things we have nowadays. First of alli they 2) (not/watch) TV and they 3) (talk) to each other a lot. Nowadays, people 4) (not/talk) to each other much because they 5) ....

(spend) a lot Of time watching IV. Sixty years ago. people 6) (dress) differently. For example, women 7) . (wear) longer dresses and men usually 8) . (wear) a suit and a tie on Sundays.

19

A fire broke out yesterday at Crofton Electronics. What were the people doing when the fire broke out? Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example.

SA: Whac was Tim doing ?

SB: He was sltClng at his desk.

No, they weren't,

They were having dinner at a restaurant.

               Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous.

A: What 1) „.was happening. (happen) at the time of the robbery?

                                                                                                              well. 1 2)    . (sit) in my office. 1 3)

(talk) to an employee, Some of the staff 4) . (put) food onto the shelves, Several customers 5) (dc) their shopping and a cashier 6) (stand) behind the till.

A: Can you tell me anything about the robbers?

B: Yes. They 7) (wear) black masks and they B) (hold) guns. They 9)

A: How did they get away?

BThey drove off in a car which 10) (wait) outside.

We use the past continuous:

         for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. We do not know when the action started or finished.

At three o'clock yesterday afternoon Mike and his son were washing the dog. (We do not know when they started or liniShed washing the dog.)

for a past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past conunuous for the action in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the action whiCh interrupted it (Shorter action).

He was reading a newspaper when his wife came. (was reading = longer action; came = shoner action)

         tor two or more actions whiCh were happening at the same time in the past (simultaneous actions).

The people were

         watching while the cowboy was riding the bun.

         to give the background information in a story.

The sun was Shining      and the birds were singing. Tom was driving his old truck through the forest

Time expressions used with the past continuous include:

when/while/as + past continuous (longer action) when + past simple (shorter action)

a as he was chopping wood. sleeping in his bed c while they were playing. d she slipped and fell. e I ran out of petrol  the doorbell rang

Join the sentences using as, when or while, as in the example.

1                Tina was cooking. She burnt herself,

A5/When/Whi/e Tina was cooking, she burnt herself.

Tina was çookfnq when she burnt herself,

2                Laura         making some tea, She dropped the kettle. 3 Mrs Jason          Sitting in the garden- It started raining.

4          peter was driving his car He got a flat tyre.

5           She was walking in the park. A dog attacked her,

Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous. Which is the longer action in each sentence?

1        As I ...was doing... (do) the washing-up, I ...broke... (break) a glass. "Doing the washing-up is the longer action. "

2        We .   . (walk) in the woods

. (begin).

21

Look at the picture in ex. 6 again and, in pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the example.

 the two girls / play / tennis?

SA.• Were the two girls playing tennis?

SB: No, they weren't. They were playing volleyball. 2 the young man / listen to / music?

3        the Older man / read / a book?

4        the women knit?

5        the Japanese tourists J' take / pictures?

                                                          O'C/0Ck last night?                            

Were youput the verbs in brackets into the past No, I wasn't/we weren't.continuous.

Was he/she/it ...?               Yes, he/she/it was,

No, he/she{lt wasn't.

Were theyYes, they were,

No, they weren't.

 Yesterday, the people in the picture had to wait two hours for their boat which was late. What Were they doing while they were waiting? Look at the picture and describe it using the past continuous.

6)

In pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the example.

at six o'clock yesterday evening?

SA: What were you doing at six o'clock yesterday evening?

SB; I was doing my English homework. at two o'clock this morning?

at hatt past nine last Sunday evening? an hour ago?

 Put the verbs in brackets into the past  Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous or the past simple.continuous or the past simple.

1 We ...went... (go) swimming every week when we were young.

2(dance) when he fell and hurt his leg.

3 Why. (you/laugh) all through your history lesson yesterday?

4(drink) a glass Of milk

A         Steve 1) ...had... (have) an accident yesterday. He

2)Cdnve) his car when a bird

      3)                         (fly) into the windscreen. He 4)

B          Last week I t)        (go) to a talk by a famous writer

every day when I was a child. He 2) (talk) about hiS new book when I 5 TOdd Often  (ride) horses When 3) (arrive), He 4) (give) such he was a boy. an interesting talk that 1 5) . (be) 6 Bill  (write) a letter when disappointed when it 6) . (end). his mother came home.

7          It  (rain) while I was waiting for the bus.      C Julie        (tidy) her bedroom last weekend,

8          1 .......................(play) the guitar when I was young. While she 2) (tidy) it, she3) but I donit any more, (find) some of the toys she 4) . . (have) when 9 Debbie .............(sing) in the school she was a child. She 5) . (nat/want) to choir many years ago. throw them away, so she 6) . (put) them in 10 Liz  (clean) the windows when I saw her. a box and 7) (store) them in the attic.

2}

      ...was... (be) a beautiful spring morning when Emma and her father 2)                                                                 (decide) to visit

Seaton Castle. The sun 3) . (shine) and the birds 4) (sing). Emma 5) (feel) very excited. The castle 6) (be) very old and made of stone. They

         7)                                 (Climb) the Steps to the top Of the tower, While they 8) (admire) the

                                                                   (hear) some noises. They 10)           (look) around but they 11)

(not/see) anybody. 'That's funny,' said Emma. '1 12) (thin10 1 13) . . (see) someone standing over there.' After a while they 14) (decide) to visit the cellar ot the castle. Emma 15) . (examine) an old barrel when she 16) (hear) the door of the cellar Close behind them. 'Dad,' She 17) . (say), 'don't close the door!' 'But, 1 18)

(not/close) it, dear: her father said. Emma 19) - (turn) around and

(see) a shadow on the wall„ She 21)(know) then that the ghost of Seaton

. (watch) them!

Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.

 Dear Rick,

14          Correct the mistakes.

 Philip was washing the car while the fire started.

2         Neil was studying when his sister was listening to music,

3         Harriet was opening the door and walked into the house.

4         We were having lunch at a lovely restaurant every day When we were on holiday

5         Brian drank tea at five o'clock yesterday afternoon.

6         Dad was repairing the TV while Mum cooked dinner.

7         going to the cinema last Saturday 8 I was buying a new dress for my party yesterday.

9             While Jeff built the garden shed, he hurt himself.

10      While the teacher were speaking, the students were listening to him.

 I ...was cleaning... (clean) the windows when the telephone . (ring),

2       'What is that noise?' 'James ...........................„.,.,. .

(repai¶) his bike at the moment.'

3       He       (read) a book when his

(call) him.

(be) you busy?' •Nor what .

. (you/want) me to do?'

. (sing) while we (play) some music. 6 Susan is a She usually (work) at night.

 Choose the correct

t The earth - round the sun,

        A moved               B moves               C is moving

2      Saraha new car last week.

A                is buying   B buy         C bought

3      . when suddenly the dog began to bark.

A                study B studied C was studying 4 They hard at the moment.

A are working B were working C worked

5 1 home from work when it began to snow. A am walking B walk C was walking 6 Jane . . the receiver and dialled the number. A lifts B was lifting C lifted

7       Walt Disney         Mickey Mouse.

A                was creating B creates      C created

8       Helen ..       to the gym every day. but now she doesn't.

A                used to go B didn't use to go C was going 9 We . . for a new house at the moment.

          A are looking B look                     C looked

10       Ted .  his father in the garden every Sunday.

A        was helping B helps       C is helping

11       The ferry to Calais      at a o'clock every day,

A        leave      B leaves    C was leaving

12       You -  your music too loud! I can't stand it!

A       

C are always playing

ORAL

Activity

Look at the picture. It Shows What the people were doing/did when a bank robbery happened. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below as in the example,

e.g. SA; What was the manager doing?

SB: He was talking on the phone.

SA: What did he do when he sav the robbers? SB: He stood up.

manager talk on the phone / stand up cashier / count some money / put his hands up child / sit on a chair I start to cry

old lady / wait in the queue I faint

Activity

imagine that one Of the people who saw the robbery is writing a letter to a friend to tell him/her what was happening/ happened on that day. Using the picture and your notes from the Oral Activity, complete the

venirs yet? NO, they

We form the present perfect simple with the auxiliary verb have!has and the past participle. We form the past participle of regular verbs by adding -ed to the verb.

e.g. play played

We form the past partitiple of irregular verbs differently

e.g. see - seen (See list of irregular verbs on page 152.)

We form questions by putting have/ has before the subject e.g. Have they read the book?

We form negations by putting not between have/has and the past participle.

e.g. He has not/hasn•t repaired the JV yet

e.g. Has she called her parents? Yes, she has.

Yes, l/We have.

Have you

No, I/we haven't.

Yes, he/she/it has.

Has he/she/it

No, he/she/it hasn't.

Yesi they have,

Have they

No, they haven't.

Sam hasnt seen John for a long time. He  wants to know what John has done since they last met. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below as in the example.

SA: Have you found a new Job? SB; Yes, I have.

We use the present perfect simple:

for actions which happened at an unstated time in the paste The exact time is not mentioned because it is not important, We put more emphasis on the action.

Kim has bought a new mobile phone. (When did she buy it? We dont mention the exact time because it is not important. What is important is me fact that she's got a new mobile phone.)

for actions which started in the past and are still continuing in the present.

He has been a since 1990. (He started working as a car salesman in 1990 and he still is a car salesman)

for actions which have recently finished and their results are visible in the present.

They have done their shopping. (We can see that they have finished their shoppng because they're leaving the supermarket and there are bags in their trolley.)

with today; this morning/afternoon, etc. when these periods ot time are not finished at the time of speaking.

He has made ten pots this morning. (It is still morning so this period of time is not finished)

Since, already, just, recently, ever, how long, yet, lately, never, so far, today, this morninglatternoonlweeklmonth/year, etc.

Affirmative  for e.g. f have known them tor six years.

e.g. She has been ill since Monday  already e.g. We have already eaten our lunch.  just e.g. / have just posted the letter.

      always She has always wanted to travel abroad.

      e.g. He has recently published a book

Questions  ever e.g. Have you ever met anybody famous?  how e.g, How long have you lived here?  yet e„g. Has Paul left yet?

      lately e.g. Have you seen any good films latelyo

Negations

e.g. haveni talked to him for days.  since e.g. They haven't been abroad since 1990.  yet e.g.She hasn't answered my fetter yet

e.g. haven't seen John lately.

e.g. They have never worked abroad.

          Fill in since or for.

.....for........ ten years              6. Six months

2          I was five     7. lunch-time

3          3 0'clockwe moved

4          . two hours    to this town

5          ages      9 . three minutes

1      Jerry hasn't typed

2      She has always

3      Have you ever

4      we've already

S Tim has already

been

6 HOW 'Ong have you                 f wanted to be a Singer,

Fill in the gaps with havelhas been (to) or have!has gone (to).

1        'Where are Tom and Lucy?' 'They ..have gone the theatre:

2        I don't live in London. I  only . there once.

3        I am alone in the house. My parents .

. on holiday.

4        'Is Philip at home?' "No, he .

S My friend wants us to go on holiday to Madrid this summer, but I       already     there. 6 Anita has lust come     She . the theatre.

7 'Where are Julia and Dave? 'They

Fill in the gaps with have/has been (to) or havefhas gone (to).

A.Hi, Roger! Where is everybody? The house is velY quiet. B: Well, Mum 1) ...has gone to.. the cinema with Mavis.

A How about your sister?

B. She'S having a shower right now because She

2)      the gym, the gym twice this week. It'S really exhausting,

B'As for Dad, he 4) the library to get some books.

 so, how about going to that café that'S just opened near the park?

there. It isn't that great. Why don't we call Steve and go to the basketball court?

A: Okay, let's do that instead

put the verbs in brackets into the pastIn pairs, ask and answer questionsin the simple or the present perfect simple,the prompts below as

using

                                            (you/write) to Simon lately?       SAW When did you go?'

       B: yes I                       (write) him a letter last week.           SB: I vent in 1996.

            How long                                  . (you/be) married?

B: Only for   months. I .         ..... . (get) married last December,

(not/see) Sam for a long time.

.. (you/type) the report yet?

       B: Yes I                               (finish) it half an hour ago.

6 A: Mary . (know) Steven for six years. When . (they/meet)?

A: When they - (be) at university together. (you/ever/play) rugby?

B: Yes. have. I . (play) for the first time last week.

James                      (write) a new book last year.

B' I know. I (read) some great reviews about it in the newspaper.

 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple or the past simple.

 Mr and Mrs Patel ...won... (win) two free tickets to

Dear Margaret,

Paris in a TV Show last week.

Thank you verg much for gour letter which I 2 First, Robert. (brush) his teeth. then he 1) ...received.. (receive) last week. 2). (go) to bed.

really happy to hear from gou after all this time. 3 (you/ever(see) a lion? Yes, I saw I've got a lot of news to tell you about myself. one when I (go) to Kenya in 1996.'

3)    (get) a new job nine months ago.            (not/see) my family for two years. I work as a reporter jor our local TV station now. 1 4)  5 'Where's John? 'He         . (go)

(have) mang interesting experiences so fishing the day with his father.' far. When first 5) (start) work, the 6 My sister (not/play) the manager 6) (ask) me to interview violin since she was twelve.

our Old school headmaster He 7) 7. (already/see) this so surprised to see me with a microphone in mg hand! fJlm„ Let's watch something else.

Last month, a fire 8) (break out) in a 8 Last week, Fred (fall) off a big factory in the area. 1 9) - (be) the only ladder and . (break) his arm. reporter who 10) (manage) to talk 9 . (never/hear) such a moving to the owner! That Il) - (make) me SO ng before.

feel very proud.              10 Jennifer. (always/want)

As you can see, J enjoy mg job verg much, i 12) to get Harrison Ford's autograph, (meet) a lot of important people and 13) .... (have) the opportunity to see tots of new places. 1 14) (buy) a new car because my old one 15) .

(break down) a couple Of weeks ago,

(just/inform) me that I have to fly by helicopter to Middleford. have to talk to people whose homes were damaged by the storm which 17) . . . . . (hit) the area last night. You see, I don't have a moment's rest!

Keep in touch.

Love,

Rosie

Put the verbs in brackets into theComplete each sentence with two to present perfect simple or the past simple,five words, including the word in bold.

A: Hello, Billy. I I)          seen (noVSee) you tor a long time.             Kate hasn't phoned her mother tor a week.

B: Yes. 12) (be) very busy recently. phoned The last time Kate phoned her mother A: Really? Tell me what you 3) . (do) was... a week ago.

     Since we last 4)                                (see) each other,           2 They have never vastea Vienna before.

B: well, 15) .      (get) my degree last month      time It's the  Vienna. and then 1 6)   (move) house,  3 It'S a long time Since I ate out,

A: When 7) (you/move)? for . a long time. Last week, but 1 8) 4 Roger hasn't played tennis for Six weeks, (not/unpack) everything yet. played The last time .

tennis    Six weeks ago5 It's years since Mr Smith went on holiday. has      Mr Smith for

50

Correct the mistakes.

 We have bought a new sofa last month.

2        Jim lives in Germany for three years.

3        My father has went fishing.

4        She is just moved house.

5        We have eaten lunch at one O'clock,

6        Sophie has do her homework_

Activity

Read the notes about Paul Vern who is a famous run- ner. Make sentences using the prompts given as in the example.

e.g. Paul Vern was born in Sussex.

Dear Bert,

1 1) ...'tn writing... (write) to tell you what a great time we 2) (have) at the Sour Grapes concert last weekend. It's a pity gou 3) .       (not/come).

The concert 4) (take) place in the football stadium near the university. There 5) . (be) about 80,000 people there. While we 6) (wait) to get

(see) the members Of the group arrive in a big black limo. They 8)

(have) bodyguards with them. Anyway, we 9) (find) our seats and 10) (wait) impatiently for the concert to begin. The Sour Grapes 1 1) ....

The concert 13)    (last) for two and a half hours. 1 14)

(send) you some photos that Alex 15)

(take) when we 16) (be) there. We 17)      (hear) that the Sour Grapes 18)

(give) a big concert in London next month. Perhaps gou can see them there.

Best Wishes,

Roger

years old  join the national team / four years ago  Win several medals so far  recently receive / the "Athlete of the Year" award  get married / last month  already take part / in two international cham pionships

Activity

Imagine you want to Write an article about Paul Vern for your school newspaper. Use your notes tram the Oral Activity to write a short text. You can begin like this:

Paul Vern is a famous runner who competes internationally. He was born in Sussex.

tomorrow night

B: Yes, I agree. A/' our friends will be there.

A: Will your father let you take the car? B: No, I'm afraid he wont.

We form the future simple with will and the bare infinitive. Will is used for all persons.

e.n Susan will post the letters tomorrow morning.

we form questions by putting will before the sub-

e.g. Will Kate lend you her book?

We form negations by putting not after will. The short form of will not is won't.

Life will be better fifty years from now.

for threats or warnings,

I'll help you with your homework.

with the verbs hope, think, believe, expect, etc., the expressions I'm sure, I'm afraid, etc. and the adverbs probably, perhaps; etc.

I think he will support me.

He will probably go to work.

Time expressions used With the future simple

What will life be like in the 21st century? Look  at the prompts and make sentences using will or won't, as in the example,

I People / live longer people will live longer.

2        Robots / do most of the work

3        people / use electric cars     x

4        Pollution / disappear

5        People / die of serious diseases

6        Children / Stop going to school

7        People / go on holiday to the moon

Will you     to ask someone to do something for us (request).

e.g. Will you post these fetters for me, please?

 Can you post these fetters for me. please?) Shall I when Otter to do something for someone else.

e.g. Shall I help you clean your room?

 Do you want me to help you clean your room

      Shall we       to make a suggestion.

e.g. Shall we go to the theatre tonight?

"—Why don? we go to the theatre tonight?)

Ask questions using the prompts, as in  the example.

 The garden is very untidy. (l / cut / the grass) Shall I cut the grass?

2        It'S a lovely evening, / go for / a walk)

3        I need a hot drink. (l / make / some tea)

4        It's very quiet in here. (l / turn on / the radio)

5        The Smiths are back. (we i' visit l' them)

6        I've cut my finger. (l I get a Plaster)

What does willishall express in each sentence? Underline the correct meaning.

 Tidy your room or I won't let you go to the party. (threatirequest)

2 Your daughter will have a very successful career,  Shall I carry your shopping bags for you?

(offer/suggestion)

4        I'll buy a present for my mother,

(on-the-spot decision/prediction)

5        Will you take out the rubbish, please?

(suggestion/request)

              Replace the words in italics with Will you, Shan or Shall we, as in the example.

1        Why don t we spend our holidays in Spain this summer? Shall we spend our holidays in Spain thls summere

2        DO you want me to go to the supermarket for you?

3        Can you piCk up the children trom school for me, please?

4        Why don't we listen to that new CD?

5        Do you want me to book the tickets for you?

6        Can you take my jacket to the dry-cleaner's for me, please?

you pay the bilÏS? Yes, I

Yes, l/we will

Yes, he/she/it will,

Will he/sheftt

No, he/she/it won't.

yes, they will.

 Will they

No, they

 In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example.

SA: Mll you have a patty your birthday this year?  Yes, I will. / No. I wont.

1        have a party on your birthday this year?

2        go to university when you finish school?

3        travel abroad if you have enough money?

4        go out with your friends at the weekend?

5        watch TV this evening?

6        study hard tor next term's exams?

Answer the following questions about yourself using T think/' hope/' expect Or I'm afraid as in the example.

1       Where will you be at 5 0'clock tomorrow afternoon? I expect I'll be at home.

2       Where will you go at the weekend?

3       Where Will you spend your holidays?

4       What will you do if you fail your exams?

5       When will you buy your own car?

6       Who will you ask for help if you are in trouble?

NOTE:

We do not use the future simple after: whitef before, until, as soon as, after, if and when. We use the present simple instead.

e.g. I'll make a phone call while wait for you.

"When" can be followed by the future simple if it is used as a question word.

e.g. When will you return?

I don •t know when Helen will be back.

'When" is followed by the present simple if it is used as a time word.

e.g. Please phone me when you finish work.

Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the future simple.

I They ...will/'ll go... (go) to school when they .

He is going to throw the ball.

We use be going to:

• for plans and intentions we have about the near future.

Bob is going to drive to Manchester to morrow morning,

when there is evidence that something is going to happen in the near future.

e.g Look at that tree. It is going to fall down.

. (be) five years old.

2                                                                                                                                                                                  . (call) you before I r.r.....

(leave) for

3                                                                                                                                                                                  (write) a letter to her every (be) at college.

4                                                                                                                                                                                  Our homework

(get) home,

(fix) the tap as soon (come) back from work. 6 When . . (you/pack) your suitcase?

(not/do) anything until (be) ready. . (ýou/phone) me?

. (buy) you a present

. (buy) a car.

Jennifer and Mark are going to spend their holidays in different places this summer. Look at the table. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts given, as in the example.

SA: Js Jennifer going to take her passport?

SB: Yes, she is,

Fill in each gap with be going to and one Of the verbs from the list.

explode. jump, tall

plane. into the river.Fill in the gaps with will/sha/l or the correct form of be going to and the verb in brackets.

A:    Shall we go... (we/go) to the football match on Saturday?

B: I can't, I (2) . (help) my sister. A: Oh yes. She is moving house, isn't she?

B: That's right. (3) (you/hetp) us? A: Yes, I'd like to. What time (4) (l/come) to your house?

B: I'm not sure yet. I (5) . (probably/ phone) you on Friday to tell you, Is that alrignt?

                                                                                                        B: Okay. (7)  (we/go) for a walk now?

A: I'd rather not. Look at those black clouds, It (8)  (rain). Let's stay in and watch a Video, B: Great idea.

Fill in the gaps with shall, will or the cor• rect form of be going to.

 A: The shops are closed tomorrow.

3: I ...Will... buy bread and milk today then,

2 we tell Mr Peck about the accident?

 A: It's too dark in here to read.

                                                           No, I'm nothwe aren't.Is it? l .      . turn on the light

Please come and see us,

Yes, he/she/it is,                                    Wevisit you soon, that'S a B:         

                                                        No. heIShe/it isnt.                                                            promise.

5  wear a jumper or a coat?

                                          Yes, they are.               B.' It's very cold. Take your coat.

                                           NO, they aren't                                     6       Can we go out to play, Mum?

B: No. we  have dinner now,

Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or the present  simple.

„lg Gordon coming-.- (Gordon/come) with us tonight?" "No, he ...Isn't... (be/not)"

(the ferry/reach) Calais tomorrow afternoon?

A Jonathan is not satisfied with his life as it is. He has already decided to change a number of things. Look at the prompts and say what he intends to do, as in

           setl his car

           marry Susan

B NOW 100k at Jonathan's diary. What has he already arranged to do? Make sentences, as in the example.

Monday, 8th April — move tomle City centre He's moving to the city centre on Monday. eth April.

           Tuesday, 9th April — Mr Brown come/collect/the car

           Wednesday, 10th April — sign the contracVfor a new house

Friday, 12th April — have an interview with MrFord at 10 0'clock

Sunday, 20th June — get married

Correct the mistakes.

I Will I take the children to the playground for you?

2        I'll call you when I will finish work.

3        Will you to clean the carpet, please?

4        The film is starting at 8 0'clock.

5        Wait here until he will come.      

6        The Queen won't not attend the parade tomorrow,      

because there isn't another flower shop in the The shop isn't ready get. My brother 8)

.. (alreadg/paint) the inside pj and tomorrow he 9) the outside. 10)        . (need) a new sign. Mg mother 11)

(want) me to call the shop "Rose", but 1 12)

(still/think) about it. Anyway, I the local people 13) (like)

14) . (start) work next 15)     (probab[y/phone) some time next week if 1 16) time. Wish me tuck.

ORAL

Activity

Rob Brown and Molly Gould are opera singers. A reporter has interviewed them about their summer plans, Look at the table and, in pairst ask and answer questions using the prompts, as in the example.

e.g. SA Is Rob going to give any concerts in the summer? SBt Yes, he is, IS Molly going to give any concerts in the summer?

Revision 1 (Units 1 -

Rewrite the sentences putting the aaverb in brackets in the correct place.

 I go to bed after midnight. (seldom)

I seldom go to bed after

2             don't drink tea in the morning. (often)

3             She washes the dishes after dinner. (usually)

4             I eat in restaurants. (rarely)

5             Do they go for a walk on Sunday afternoons? (often)

6             DO you Visit your grandparents On Saturdays?

(usually)

7             Mary is late for meetings. (never)

8             They don't go abroad on holiday. (usually)

put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the present continuous.

A: Excuse me. What time 1) ...does the bus for

?lymouth [eave..? (the bus for Plymouth/leave) B: lt2) . . (leave) in half an hour. 3)

. (you/go) to Plymouth too? A: Yes. 1 4) (visit) my grand' daughter. She 5) (live) there. And you? B: 16) (live) there too, 1 7)

(dc) a course at the college. What subject 8) (you/StUdy)?

B: Tourism.

A: That's interesting.

B: 19)        _ (come) here twice a week because 1 10) (work) in a hotel at the moment. It's work experience. yes. 1 11) (think) that is very important 12) . . (you/like) the work?

B: Yes, 1 13)(love) it. Ah, lockl Here comes the bus!

Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.

1                                                                                                                                 He ...was watching,-, (watch) TV when the telephone ...rang... (ring).

2                                                                                                                                 (clean) the house while

he -    (work) in the garden, 3 When we     (find) thecat it ..        . (play) under the bed.

4 Joan (have) a shower when the window cleaner  (come),

58

5 )

. (walk) when . (start) to rain.

_ (you/talk) about (come) in?

(wash) the . (cut) her finger.

11

(dust) it,

Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the present perfect simple.

Well-known pop singer Zippy Spring I) ...has recently signed, (recently/sign) a new record deal with Star Records in London.

Zippy's success 2) (begin) five years ago when he 3) (record) a song which 4) (go) to the top of the charts. However, he 5) .

(have) a accident Six months ago and 6) . (stay) in hospital for a long time. He 7) . (make) his first public appearance three weeks ago and B)

(thank) his fans for all their love and support.

The music he plays 9) _. , (be) popular with older people since the beginning of his career, but recently younger people 10) (start) to take an interest too.

Zippy only 11) (sign) tne deal last week but he 12)

(already/write) a number Of songs for his new record, He 13)(just/announce) that he 14)         . (Start) to Plan his next European tour.

Revision 1 (Units 1 - 5)

Fill in the gaps with has/have been (to) or has,'have gone (to).

I ...have... never ...been to... Austria, butl would love to go.

there three times. Its a beautiful country.

you  the Italian restaurant in town?

B, NO. bUt Pauline . there twice.

She said it was lovely,

Are Mandy and Kate coming to the cinema?

B: No, they  out with their cousins,

Where is Dad?

. work.

A: But it's Sunday. He doesn't work on Sunday!

Fill in the gaps With already, yet, ever, never, just. so far, since, how long, always or tor. Some of them can be used more than once.

A: 1) ...How long-.- have you been in Rome?

B: I've been here 2) . last week. What about you?

A: iWe been here 3)  only three days.

WhiCh places have you visited 4)

B: wen, IVe 5)Visited the Vatican twice and          spent a Whole morning in the Piazza di Spagna.

A: I haven't been to the Vatican 6)                          but         

I intend to. Have you eaten at a traditional restaurant 7)

B: No. I haven't. But I've 8)

Visited Fontana di Trevi.

A: Oh, yes, I've 9) .... wanted to go there and throw a coin in the water! Have you 10) been to Venice?

B: No, I have Il) been there, but I've 12)   arranged to spend two days there before I return

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Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or future simple.

I ...vill/'ll help.,. (help) you with the shopping before (go) to the gym.

. (not/be) at home when my parents. (have) the dinner party Karen(go) to the airport after she (finish) work on Friday night When we .. (arrive) on the island,

(go) straight to the beach They (buy) a new car when they . . (sell) their old one. When BOO and Marie . (get) married next month, they

(move) into their new house.

Choose the correct item.

We           on holiday next weekend

this film. Lees watch something else.

A have seen          B saw                  C am seeing

Fred fell off the ladder while he . the ceiling. A used to paint B was painting C painted Tedhis car last month.

A sold                      B has sold         C is selling

The sun. every morning,

A is rising B rises C was rising my first cassette player when I was eighteen A have bought B am buying C bought

Donna .            her hair. It is still wet.

A has just washed B is washing C washes

Jennifereat vegetables, but now she does,

A used to                    B didn't use to C doesn't

Correct the mistakes.

peter plays football at the moment, My parents have bought a new fridge yesterday, Sarah was writing three letters so far today. I am going to the gym every Tuesday I expect I go shopping on Saturday.

DO you come With us tomorrow morning?

Did you see my dog? He's run away. Mandy will buy a car as soon as she will pass her driving test.

treats sick peop/e_                                 can keep as pets.          winter sport is skiing.

Look at the pictures and the prompts  Relative pronouns (Who, Which, Whose, that) intro- below and ask and answer questions, duce relative clauses. We use relative clauses toas in the example.

  identify the noun in the main clause.                               SA: Who   Dickens?

  e.g. The man who owns the shop is French                  SB: He was the man who/that wrote Oliver Twist.

relative clause

(The relative clause identifies which man we are talking about.)

       We use who/that instead of subject pronouns (I, you, he, etc.) to refer to people.

e.g. The gid — she lives next door — is from India

The gid Wh0/that lives next door is trom India.

       We use which/that to refer to objects or animals.

e.g. The horse — it won the race —is black.

The horse Which/that won the race is black.

We use Whose instead Of possessive adjectives (my, your, his, etc.) with people, objects and animals in order to show possession.

e-g, That's the man — his car was stolen.

That's the man whose car was stolen.

That's the bag — its strap is broken.

That's the bag whose strap is broken.

people      Wh0/that things/animals which/that possession      whose

Look at the pictures and make sentences, as in the example.

dishwasher is a machine vh/ch/that you use to wash dishes. A flamingo a bird Mhlçh/that lives in a warm climate.

Fill in the correct relative pronoun. Then,

Match column A with column B to make correct sentences.

I The girla which you bought from the pet shop?

2 IS this the b whose wife had an accident lives next 3 The doctors door.

c whose husband is a 4 The manbanker?

belongs to my brother.

write S for subject or O for object. Finally, state if the relatives can be omitted or not, in the boxes provided.

is broken.

How old is the boy

                                                      g                                                    lives on the farm?

we saw last week?

your bag?

      We do not omit the relative pronoun when it is who's = who is or who

/ met a girl who/that is from Japan. (The rehFill in who 's or whose. ative pronoun is the subject, there is not

We usually avoid using prepositions before relative pronouns.

a)  The reception to whiCh we went was held at a hotel. (formal English - unusual structure)

b)  The café which/that we usually go to is near our house, (usual structure)

c)   The café we   go to is near      house.

(eve"Yday English)

In relative clauses we do not use object pronouns after prepositions.

Study the example:

We spent ho/idays With friends. They are from Belgium. The friends we spent our holidays With are from Belgium. (NOT: The frienas we spent our holidays with gþe@are from Belgium.)

 Rewrite the pairs Of sentences, as in the example.

I Larry went to the cinema with a girl. The girl is his Sister.

a)  The girl who/that, Larry to the cinema with ig hig sister.

b) The girl Larry went to the cinema with is his sister.

2       Max talked to a man. The man was from Canada.

a)  The man

b)  The man

3       Debbie is looking at a photo album, The photo album is mine.  Fill in the gaps With Who, why, where,

a)  The photo albumWhen, Which or whose.

b)  The photo album .

4       Anna is looking for her ring. The ring belonged to her grandmother,

a)  The ring

b)  The ring

5       Bob has gone to a bank, The bank is near the Town Hall.

a)  The bank

The bank

6       Sharon had dinner

a)  The man

b)  The man

7       They invited me to a party. It wasn't very exciting.

a)  The party

b)  The party was talking to a boy, He lives next door,

a) The boy

b) The boy

42

IN OTHER WORDS

Fill in the gaps with who, which, whose, why or where.

A: Hi Helen! Where are you going?

B: I'm going round to Jane's house, the woman 1) ...whose... children I often look after. She has to go to the dentist this morning, that's 2) she's asked me to go to her house.

A: Is she the woman 3) works in the post office? 3: Yes.

A: Where does she live?

B: She lives in the big house 4) is next to the field. A: WhiCh field?

B: The one 5)  Mr McGregor keeps his sheep.

Fill in the gaps with where, when. why who or which.

Martin Foster, (1) ...who... is 50, is a gardener. 1964 was the year (2) . he got his first job, He looked after the gardens of a huge house (3)  a very rich family lived. He loves his job and that's the reason (4) he doesn't mind getting up very early in the morning to water the plants and flowers. His favourite time of year is spring (5)  all the flowers begin to open and leaves grow on the trees. The part Of the garden he likes most is the kitchen garden (6)  the vegetables grow, because it has flowers blooming all year round. Martin says flowers and pants make our world beautiful. "That's (7) you must protect the environment around you — it's something (8) . cant be replaced, n

Study these examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

1 This is Sara. She teaches us ballet, who        This is Sara who teaches us ballet. 2 That's Simon. His father is a lawyer.

whose That's Simon whose father is a lawyer, 3 That's the hotel. I spent my holidays there.

where That's the hotel where I spent my holidays,

4 This is the story. It won first prize in the competition. which This is the story which won first prize in the competition. that This is the story that won first prize in the competition.

O       Complete each sentence with two to five words including the word in bold.

 That's the jumper. I knitted it myself, which That's the ...Jumper which I knitted... myself.

2         He's the man- His dog often chases my cat, whose He's the chases my cat.

3         That's the Church* We got married there,

Where That's the , married 4 That's the shop. I bought my new dress there.

where That's the ...w...............„.............e.e.......... my new dresS,

5              Philip is the man. He lives in a castle. who Philip is the . a castle.

6             These are the people. Their daughter is a rock singer.

Whose These are is a rock singer.

7             That is the dog. His owner is a famous actor.

Whose That is the is a famous actor.

8             Jess is the girl. She speaks eight languages, who Jess is the  eight languages,

9             This is the magazine„ I bought it yesterday.

        that         This is the .. yesterday.

10      Sam is the boy. He ran away from home„

Who       Sam is the from hon•w

Il That's the hospital. I was born there. where That's the

12 That's the ring. Sophie found it yesterday. that   That's the ring

4}

There are two types ot relative clauses: identifying relative clauses and non-identitying relative clauses.

An Identifying relative clause gives necessary information and is essential to the meaning of the main sentence. The clause is not put in commas. Who, which and that can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause.

e.g. People risk their lives. (Which people? We dont know. The meaning of the sentence is not clear.) Peopfe who/that drive dangerously risk their lives. (Which people? Those who drive dangerously.) The book was exciting. (Which book? We do not know. The meaning of the sentence is not clear.) The book whichfthatl— you lent me was exciting. (Which book? The one you lent me.)

Fill in the relative pronoun. Put commas  where necessary. Write for identifying, NI for non-identifying and if the relative can be omitted or not.

 Mr Cross, who lives next door. broke his leg last

2             That's the woman drives the school bus.

3             My Sister  is called

Sarah is younger than I am,

4             The cake .         was covered in chocolate was delicious.

5             I know a boy . mother is a builder.

6             This is the pen  he gave me for my birthday

7             Stuart . is Older than me loves riding his bicycle.

8             This book . is very old belongs to my father.

9             Have you seen the cat has only got three legs?

10      Fred  is thirty years old got married last week.

Il The girl ,  is sitting on the floor is called Emily.

12 That car ...a. ... is very expensive belongs to my Uncle George.

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A non-Identitylng relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main sentence. In non-identifying relative clauses the relative pronouns cannot be omitted. That cannot replace who or which. The clause is put in commas.

e.g. Mr Stevenson is my neighbour. (The meaning of the sentence is clear.)

Mr Stevenson, who used to work in a bank, is my neighbour. (The relative clause gives extra information.)

My car is a Fiat uno. (The meaning of the sentence is clear.)

0My car, which f bought five years ago, is a Fiat Uno. (The relative clause gives extra information.)

Choose the correct answer.

An airship is an aircraft ...5.. looks likea big balloon.

A who                          B which                    C why

The Titanic hit an iceberg. That's .                it sank.

A where                       B why                       C whiCh

Guy Fawkes was a man                  tried to blow up the

English Houses of Parliament in 1605,

A who                         B which                    C whose

The rabbit is an animal . . only eats plants and vegetables. A Who B Whose C that

Athens is the city . the first modern Olympic Games took place.

A that                          B which                    C where

Edison was the man .                    invented the light bulb.

Correct the mistakes.

 He's the man which writes songs for a lot ot famous singers.

2        Where's the book I bought it last week?

3        That's the woman who's house is made Of glass

4        My sister, who she is 10 years old, is called Betty.

5        The reason When         late that I overslept.

6        The man I was talking to him is my uncle.

7        That'S the hotel Which I spent my holidays last

8        London, that is a big city, is the capital of England.

Re sion Box

Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.

Choose the correct answer.

I HOW  each other?

A do they know     B have they known C did they know

2        She      with her parents at the moment.

A            is staytng         B stays C stayed

3       

A            has lived   B lived       C lives

4        When they  . youngi they travelled a lot.

A            was B were C have been 5 1 that song before.

A have never heard B never hear

C have always heard

Activity

Erica spent a weekend at a chalet in the Swiss Alps. Who did she meet there? Look at the notes and make sentences using who or whose, as in the example.

5

                                 2                      4

1 Ron is a ski-instructor,

Erica met kon who is a ski-instructor. 2 Claire's husband owns the chalet.

3        Jack's son is only three but he can already ski.

4        Jessie works for a sports magazine.

5        Peter is a famous writer frorn New York.

Activity

Erica is writing a letter to her friend Monica. Fill in the gaps with the correct relative clause and then continue the letter using the notes from the Oral Activity.

How long has Karen been reading the book?

She has been reading the book for three hours,

We form the present perfect continuous With the iliary verb have/has, the past participle of the verb to be (been) and the main verb with the •ing suffix.

e.g. He has been reading his newspaper for an hour,

e.g. Have you been living here long?

We form negations by putting not between have/ has and been.

e.g. They have not/haven't been waiting for a long time.

She has not/hasn't been wornng here long,

She iS tired. Has she been playing? No, she hasnt.

She has been studying for two hours

In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts given, as in the

SA: How long has Sam been working for thls company? He has been working for this company for two

Sam / work / for this company / two years

2         Mary / teach / French / 1990

3         the robbers / hide I in a farmhouse a week

4         peter / make / model planes / 1992

5         Julie / play / the guitar / four years

6         the children / watch / TV two hours

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the present perfect continuous.

1 doing... all week? (you/ do) 2hiS car all day? (Jim/rep ai r) this book for weeks, (read) 4 a lot this year? (Ben/swim) 5 Mr Bell is busy. He .

On the phone for an hour, (talk)

6        I've got a penfriend.l to her for five years. (write)

7        John won't pass his          He any homework lately. (not/do)

                                            Long form     Short form                                                   8  with me

Since last month. {Stay)

9   we on this project since December. (work)

10                    Sam. how to ride a horse for three months. (learn)

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Match Column A with Column B to make correct Sentences.

We use the present perfect continuous for:

                                                                                                      I How long have you                                                                                                      a He's been planting

an action which started in the past and continues

been waiting?trees all day, up to the present. 2 Bill is in the garden. b That's why she's lost 3 You've been studying weight.

He has been paint- all morning.c It ⁱ s been snowing all ing the house for 4 Anne's been exercis- day, three days. (He ing a lot recently.d She's been working began painting the 5 It's cold outside.hard all week.

house three days 6 Jenny's tired,e I think ifs time to stop ago and he is still 7 We've been practispainting it.) iñg all afternoon.f For ten minutes.

8 What have you been g Lots of things. I've doing since I last saw been busy.

an action Which has recently finished and its you? h Why dontt you take a result is evident now.

They're tired. They have been paintingWhat have these people been doing? Make the garage door allsentences using an appropriate verb in the present perfect continuous.

(They have just tinished painting and the 1 Catherine went to the supermarket an hour ago, result is evident now. She'S still there,

                                                         The paint on the door         Catherine has been shopping for an hour.

e.g. He has been livinglhas lived here sinceIn pairs, ask and answer questionsas in the using the prompts given,

Time expressions used With the present perfect continuous include:

ror, since, all morning/afternoon/weeWday, etc., how long (in questions)

SA,• What•g your favourite hobby?

SB: Fainting.

SA: How long have you been painting?

1       favounte hobby

2       best friend / know

3       favourite TV programme J watch

4       your address / live

5       favourite magazine l' read

Continuous

Fill in the gaps with One of the verbs from the list in the present perfect continuous.

                 work, snow, exercise, play    e.g. Have you been working hard? yes, l' have.

                                                                                                                         Have you                                        Yes, l/we have,                                       NO, l/we haven t,

                                                                                                          Has he/she/it .                   Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasn't.

                                                                                                                        Have they                                                       they                                           NOi they haven't.

Lwk at *tures. In pairs, ask and westions using the prompts as in the exan»le.

Everything is white out-

                                                                                                                                    people                     Caking photos Since 1751?

since 1351.

        3 They are tired. They 4 He has got a headache.

         volleyball all afternoon. hard all morning,

      Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect continuous.

A: Hi Liz. You look exhausted. 1) ...Have you been working... (you/work) overtime again?

B Yes, I have. 1 2)  (help) my boss to update the files in the office an week. He 3)(read) the files and I 4) , (write) down names, addresses. phone numbers and so on. What about you?

well, 1 5)  (train) hard for the championship next week.

B: I see! 6) . (you/lift) weights all day long?

A: Yes, for two weeks. How's Sue? 7)

. (she/study) for her exams?

B: No, she hasn't. She B)

(go) out every evening. I won't be surprised if she fails again!

. 46

Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect continuous the present perfect simple.

 Amanda ...has opened... (open) a Shop WhiCh sells newspapers and magazines. B. Really? Where is it?

Where's Dan?

B: He  (just/go) to the post office. He'll be back soon. Dave . (learn) to drive for six months.

I know. He hasn't passed his test yet, though

(know) Alison lor ten years.

B Well, I only met her last week.

My uncle is painting his house again.

B: Again? He  (paint) it three times this year already.

IS Paul Sleeping?

B: Yes, he  (sleep) since

Mary is reading some letters. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect contin• uous or the present perfect simple.

I'm planning to buy a new house. 1) been looking... (look) for one for two months now.

So far 1 2)     (look) at ten houses, but 1 3) (not/find) one like.

. My Spanish lessons . (learn)

and I love it. 1 2) lot.

c John 1) (be) very busy recent. lÿ. He 2) (paint) the living-room and the bedrooms, but he 3) (not/ start) painting the kitchen yet.

Good evening and welcome to our show. Tonight we have Steve Connolly, the

We're glad to have you here Steve. What 1) ...have you been doing... (do) lately?

B: well, 1 2) .  (finish) my latest film,

A: That 3)       (just/come out) at the cinemas, hasn't it?

B: Yes. The papers 4)

(give) it good reviews, I hope they'll like my next film too.

S)  (You/decide) What it'll be about?

B: Yes, 16) . (read) an exciting book over the last few weeks and I want to make it into a film. 1 7)

(not/decide) where to film it yet; perhaps Moscow.

A: Aha! IS it true that you 8)

(recently/start) learning Russian?

B: Yes, 1 9) .   (Study) it for three years now and 1 10)

(visit) the country twice.

A: Steve, thank you very much for being with us, and good luck with your new film,

Fill in the blanks with time expressions from the list below.

Since, all' morning, already, how       for, ever. yet, so far, just, always

 The baby has been crying ..aN morning...

2          Simon hasn't started school

3          She has . washed the clothes. so they are still wet.

4          Martha has  wanted to go to Mexico.

5          She has been ili         a week.

6

7        It's very early, but Richard has  gone to work

8        I ve sent ten party invitations

9       

Complete each sentence with two to  five words including the word in bold.

 When did Paul sell his house?

Since HOW long is it  house?

2         Mark started playing the guitar three years ago, has Mark  playing the guitar for three years.

3          The children haven ⁱt finished their homework yet.

Still The Children . their homework.

4         When did you last decorate your living-room?

since How long is it your living-room?

5         We haven't still We. the plumber,

               Correct the mistakes.

    I have looked for him all day. I can't find him.

2 He has trying to fix the car all morning, 3 I have buying lots of food this week 4 I not have brought any shampoo.

5        It has been snowed, but it's stopped now.

6        How long they have been cleaning the house?

7        I've been knowing Lillian for two years.

8        Have you cried? Your eyes are red.

Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect continuous, the present continuous Or the present Simple.