Исследовательская работа "Развитие нефтехимической промышленности в Республике Башкортостан"

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ

РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

Государственное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение

Башкирская республиканская гимназия-интернат №1 имени Рами Гарипова

Исследовательская работа  

Развитие нефтехимической промышленности

в Республике Башкортостан

Выполнили:

ученики 11 Б класса

ГБОУ БРГИ №1 им. Р. Гарипова

Кадаев Рим

Руководители:

Махмутова А.Ш.,  

учитель химии ГБОУ БРГИ №1

Колпакова Ю. А.,

учитель английского языка

ГБОУ БРГИ №1

Уфа – 2025

My name is Arsen Ibragimov  and I am  Ruzilya Ishkildina. We are  students of the 11th grade and our class  specializes  in Chemistry and Biology. We also love languages that’s why we want to present you this report in English, if you don’t mind.

          The topic of our research is the Development of the petrochemical industry in the Republic of Bashkortostan.

As you know, Bashkortostan is one of the largest industrial centers in Russia. The Republic is actively involved in solving the strategic task of transforming Russia into a global energy country.

          Bashkortostan has one of the most powerful oil refining complexes in Europe. 12.5% ​​of Russian oil is refined here, 20% of automobile gasoline and 16.7% of the country’s diesel fuel are produced.

The chemical and petrochemical complexes of Bashkortostan are one of the largest in Europe. They account for more than 76% in the republican industrial production, 90% in export deliveries, and about 52% in tax revenues.

1.     The development of the petrochemical industry

 The development of the petrochemical  industry was facilitated by the discovery of oil in 1932 in the city of Ishimbay. In 1936, the first oil refinery in the region and in the east of the country - the Ishimbaysky Oil Refinery was founded. Roman Zinovievich Buchatsky was the first head of the Uralneft trust, the first organizer of oil production in Ishimbay and the Ishimbay district of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. He made a great contribution to the creation and development of the oil industry not only in Bashkortostan, but also throughout the east of the USSR.

The oil industry of the BASSR was created at the height of political repression, the search for "enemies of the people" in the country. The situation was aggravated by the fact that the adopted plans for oil production, which had grown more than 9 times in 2 years (from 110 thousand tons in 1934 to 1 million tons in 1936), were not fulfilled. Oil production in Bashkortostan has declined. In the Bashneft trust, plans were implemented in 1934 by 56.9%, in 1935 - by 82.3%, in 1936 - by 96.8%. The Chekists came up with a scheme for a terrorist organization in Bashkiria, which was allegedly headed by: S. Kharitonov in Ufa, and R. Buchatsky, director of the Ishimbay field, in Ishimbay (with the rights of deputy manager of the Bashneft trust).

In 1937, Buchatsky gave "confessing" evidence that "he was stretching the construction time, spraying funds, the chosen site for the construction of the working village of Ishimbaya was dangerous to the health of residents." He also indicated that his Trotskyist organization included 22 participants, including the managers of the Bashneft trust S. Ganshin, the scientific director of the Central Scientific Research Laboratory G. Markaryan and others. On December 25, 1937, 32 oil workers were sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR confiscation of property. Over forty “pests” were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment (from 5 to 20 years) with confiscation of property. The wives of those arrested, who were sentenced to upto 10 years of imprisonment, were also affected.

But during the Great Patriotic War, many large enterprises were relocated to the region.

·        There appeared a gasoline production

·        New process plants were built

·        New workshops were created

·        Capacity of plants increased

·        Product quality improved

·        selection of light petroleum products improved

On the basis of the evacuated equipment, a gasoline production appeared at the Ishimbay oil refinery, new technological units grew. The equipment relocated from the North Caucasus Oil Refinery served as the basis for the creation of new workshops at the Ufa Oil Refinery. As a result, the capacity of each of the refineries increased, the assortment expanded, the quality of products improved, the selection of light petroleum products improved, which was of great importance in the context of the limited supply of raw materials. To use associated petroleum gases, oil and gas products, in the late 40s, construction of petrochemical enterprises began in Belarus. In 1947, construction began on the Novo-Ufimsky, in 1950 Novo-Ishimbaysky, and in 1954 Chernikovsky (then renamed the Ufa plant named after the XXII Congress of the CPSU) refinery. Pipelines were laid to them from local oil fields, and then long-distance pipelines (Tuymazy - Irkutsk, Ishimbay - Orsk) began to be created for pumping crude oil to refineries in other regions. In 1956, the Ufa plant Sintezspirt was commissioned, in 1955-1967. - Salavat Petrochemical Plant (OJSC Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat), and in 1960. - plant for the production of synthetic rubbers.

On the basis of the workshops of the Rubezhansky Chemical Plant, the Ufa Chemical Plant producing herbicides was created. In Sterlitamak, equipment was installed for soda shops evacuated from Belarus and Ukraine, and based on local resources of limestone and salt, in the early 40s. in the city began the construction of soda production. In the 60s, a chemical plant was built in Sterlitamak, in 1975 the Meleuzovsky chemical plant for the production of mineral fertilizers.

In the 1960s in the industry were formed economic councils. They played a positive role in expanding intra-district cooperation and in the concentration of specialized industries. There was a union of enterprises, including previously subordinate to various departments. So, in Sterlitamak soda, cement and slate plants, having commonality in the raw materials used, energy, transport, etc. But separated by departmental partitions, they were united by the Bashsovnarkhoz into a Soda-cement plant.

The Novo-Ishimbay oil refinery was included in the Salavat plant, which led to the formation of a petrochemical plant. In total, 71 enterprises were merged in the Bashkir Economic Council, which made it possible to more rationally use the material, technical, financial, labor and other resources of enterprises, to streamline production relations between them.

In 1960 - 1990 the capacities for the production of catalysts, soot, varnishes, paints, wood chemistry products, household chemicals, etc. were expanded. With the expansion of production, the assortment expanded, the production of hydrocarbons for the needs of the petrochemical industry increased. The Ufa Order of Lenin Refinery mastered the production of solvents and catalysts, the Novo-Ufa Refinery began to produce paraffin. The plant named after the XXII Congress of the CPSU began to produce synthetic fatty acids, etc. The industry produced 21.2% of the gross output of the Republic of Belarus. The raw material base is oil, associated and natural gas, oil and gas products. The development of the industry was also facilitated by the possibility of fuel and water supply.

2. The current state of the petrochemical and chemical industries in Bashkortostan

In the 1990s, there was a drop in the production of fuel and energy resources, averaging 15–25%. With a natural reduction in the production of natural fuels (oil, gas) in 2000 increased output of products of its processing (gasoline, diesel fuel). This is due to the development of new processes and technologies. The enterprises of the industry are corporatized, they have changed owners several times. Bashkir petrochemical enterprises are controlled by the government of the republic through the Bashneftekhim holding.

The Salavatnefteorgsintez enterprise was owned by the Bashkortostan government and was in trust with the Bashneft oil company, then it was transferred to trust for debts with the repurchase of a controlling stake in Gazprom in 2007. As a result, the name of the company was changed to Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat.

In the 2000s, industry enterprises underwent a constant modernization of production related to the production of gasolines, diesel fuel of Euro-3, Euro-4, Euro-5 standards, and the release of new types of products. The production of progressive types is growing: polystyrene and copolymers, polyvinyl chloride resin, sheets of thermoplastics. The production of synthetic rubber, carbon black, benzene, ethylene and styrene was especially intensified. The production of sulfur, caustic soda, mineral fertilizers, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polymer films was reduced. The production of styrene, phenol, butyl alcohols, polyethylene, benzene, soda ash, plasticizers and caustic soda increased.

3. Leaders of the chemical industry of Bashkortostan

1) CJSC "Caustic" – a  large project for the construction of ethylene and propylene production is being implemented at ZAO Caustic (Sterlitamak, RB). This will allow the full processing of valuable hydrocarbon raw materials and oil semi-finished products. In the future, the company decided to modernize the production of cable PVC. Today the equipment is worn out, product quality is poor. April 24, 2013 OJSC Caustic was renamed to OJSC Bashkir Soda Company

2) CJSC "Kauchuk"      

  There were eleven enterprises producing synthetic rubber in the Soviet Union. In today's Russia, only five remain. One of them, CJSC Kauchuk, is located in the Republic of Bashkortostan, the city of Sterlitamak. Here, about 17 thousand tons of rubber are produced monthly, which is 30% of the total Russian output. In contrast to natural rubbers, the stability of high quality synthetic rubbers is the most acceptable condition for end users of products. Their scope is the broadest: tire and rubber production, paint and varnish, medical and food industries. CJSC Kauchuk has strong partnerships with more than 100 consumers in Russia, the CIS countries, as well as with foreign companies in Europe, Asia and Africa. He has direct contacts with such giants as “Good Year”, “Bridgestone”. The products of CJSC Kauchuk go to tire factories in Yaroslavl, Omsk, Nizhnekamsk, Kirov, Barnaul, Moscow, and also to factories of rubber products in Kursk, Tambov, Saransk, Yekaterinburg and many others. Rubber is in demand abroad. In Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Finland, Poland, China, Hungary and Slovakia, foreign consumers rate SKL-3 sterlitamak rubber as one of the highest quality.

In addition to the main products - various brands of synthetic rubbers, the plant produces catalysts for the production of monomers, synthetic zeolites and latexes, varnishes, paints, as well as consumer goods. The company also produces substitutes for natural oils, such as SKOP-K rubber (vegetable oils are not required for the production of paints and varnishes from it), rubber products, and household chemical goods.

High scientific and technical potential, high quality of products, accurate fulfillment of their obligations under the contracts created the image of a reliable partner for the enterprise. Environmentally friendly technology provides high quality products. For example, SKI-5PM rubber is used in the food and medical industries, it is transparent, odorless, non-toxic, and biologically inert to the tissues of a living organism. Unlike products made from natural rubber, microorganisms on the surface of SKI-5PM rubber products do not multiply. Products manufactured by CJSC Kauchuk were awarded the international quality diamond star (1996), the international quality gold star (1998)

3) Soda OJSC

  Today Soda OJSC is one of the largest enterprises of the chemical industry in Russia. The company combines several industries that produce more than 100 items of chemical products, building materials, and household chemical goods. More than 52% of Russian soda ash is produced in Sterlitamak. Soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, white soot, and barium salts are exported to the international market. In recent years, the company has not only retained and consolidated, but also expanded its position in the global and Russian markets. The company's high reputation allows it to supply products throughout Russia, the CIS countries, Europe, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East.

4) Polyef OJSC

Polyef OJSC is the only producer of terephthalic acid in Russia. The production capacity is 230 thousand tons of TFK per year. The TFK production is equipped with a modern control system and emergency protection. Half of the output is supplied to the domestic market. The strategic development of the enterprise involves an increase in existing capacities up to 600 thousand tons of TFK per year. On March 21, 2008, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) production line was put into commercial operation at Polyef OJSC. Each of the two production lines for its production will produce 60 thousand tons of high-quality granular polyethylene terephthalate per year.

Conclusion

The petrochemical industry of Bashkortostan is the main source of economic and social development of the republic. It takes the first place in the Russian Federation in the volume of processed raw materials, produces half of the petrochemical industrial products of the Ural economic region and gives about 40% of the industrial profits of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The presence of a developed oil refining and petrochemical industry enables the republic to maintain foreign economic relations with twenty countries of the world.

Positive changes are continuing in the petrochemical complex. This is facilitated by the steady demand for the products of the Russian industry and beyond, the availability of own raw materials, the world level of technical equipment and the coordinated work of enterprises. The structure of production and the financial condition of the industry are improving, new technologies and high-tech products are being mastered. The positive dynamics of the development of the industry, first of all, is determined by the activities of such large enterprises as: Ufaorgsintez, Caustic, Soda, Sterlitamak Petrochemical Plant, Kauchuk and Meleuzovsky Mineral Fertilizers.

Literature

1.      Ахмадуллин Р.М. Современное состояние промышленности в республике. // Экономика Башкортостана, 2007 г. №2.с. 20-25.

2.      Башкортостан XXI век – Уфа, ООО «Поливест», 2006.

3.      Казакова Т.Е. Экономика местного хозяйства / Учебное пособие. – Уфа: ООО «ДизайнПолиграфСервис», 2006. – 88 с.

4.      Подшивка газет «Республика Башкортостан».

5.      Рейтинг социально-экономического развития регионов Приволжского федерального округа на 01.10.2006 г. Госкомстат России. Уфа, 2006.

6.      Экономика Башкортостана. Под общ.ред. Х.А. Барлыбаева. 3-е изд. – Уфа, 2007.

7.     http://www.bashinform.ru Новый рывок в развитии химической промышленности Башкортостана. 15.12.2005г.