The Periodic Table of the Elements, in Pictures

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

6

7

            Hydrogen belongs to no definite group.  It forms                                         The Periodic Table of the Elements, in Words        Noble Gases are inactive, or inert.  Each atom

            compounds by either donating an electron like an alkali                                                                                                                                                                                 has exactly the number of electrons it needs to have

metal or accepting an electron like a halogen. Atoms Chemical Bonding a full outer shell, so these atoms almost never bond with other atoms.  That is why these are all gases. Alkali Metals are very reactive Nucleus ofprotons and Particles Atoms form share electrons to achieve full outer electron shells.molecules by bonding together.  Atoms give, take, or

       Group 1 and readily form compounds but are not found free in nature.  They form                                               neutrons                     +1⁰ Proton^Neutron                Na              Cl              H                                       O              H                                                                            Ag                                    Ag                                             partly like metals and Metalloids are their solid state, Nonmetals, in nonmetals and readily Halogens are reactive 18

H explosive gas,Hydrogen                                1 salts and alkali (acid-neutralizing) compounds such as baking soda.  In pure form, they are very soft metals _Electronshells       -1 Electron Na+ Cl-                                        H                       O                                                                         H                                                                                                          _Ag Ag _Ag Ag _Ag semiconductors, which For example, they are partly like nonmetals.  (than bend) and are usually brittle they break rather      not found free in nature.  form compounds but are They combine with alkali _Helightest element;inert gas, second_{Helium                                    2}

lightest element;90% of atoms in ^{which catch fire on contact with} An surrounded by atom has a nucleuselectrons, made of  orbiting in cloud-like protons and neutronsshells.  ,            Salt                           Water                                                Silver        means they conduct                  they are insulators                                                            metals to form salts                                            nuclear fusion

1              the universe,     water.                _{Smaller shells are surrounded by larger shells.}       Ionic bond        Covalent bond   Metallic bond   electricity in some                    of both heat and                       (halogen means                         in sun and stars,                       1 sun and stars,                       One atom takes an Atoms share their Shared outer conditions.      electricity.         salt-former).      balloons, water (H20),               The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.                electron from another outer electrons. electrons flow,                    lasers,

    life's organicmolecules                                Alkali Earth                           This determines the chemical properties of the atom.                          atom and the oppositely                                           conducting heat                     13                                    14                                              15                                                 16                                            17          refrigerantsupercold

                                2                          Metals are reactive Protons have positive electric charge, neutrons are neutral, charged ions attract.                                                                 and electricity.

Li Lithium 3 Be Beryllium 4 and readily form ^{and electrons are negative.  Normally, an atom has equal} Groups B Boron 5 C Carbon 6 N Nitrogen 7 O Oxygen 8 F Fluorine 9 Ne Neon 10 lightest metal, lightweight metal; compounds but are numbers of protons and electrons. An ion is a charged atom Elements in the same group, or column, are similar because they hard black solid; hard diamond, colorless gas; colorless gas; yellowish inert gas;

        soft, reactive;       non-sparking            not found free in                        with more or fewer electrons than protons.                                               typically have the same number of outer electrons.  This table                           borax soap,             soft graphite;         78% of air,               21% of air, H2O,                                              poison gas,                                                                                                       orange-red

2 aluminum alloys,lightweightbatteries, copper alloy tools,X-ray windows,aerospace,        nature.  Their oxides are called alkali        The protons plus neutrons. You can easily estimate the atomic ^{weight: it is usually 2 to 2.5 times the atomic number.}atomic weight of an element is the average number of shows some easy-to-remember common numbers for each group.Group number 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18         sports equipment,stiff fibers,fertilizer,               organic molecules,animals, plants,basis of life's organic molecules,protein, muscles,DNA, ammonia,                organic molecules,65blood, breathing,% of the body,                                         glowing fluorite,most reactiveelement;            advertising signs,neon tubes forlasers,                                  2

       impact-resistant      beryl gems:             earths.  In pure                                                                                                                                                        _{Outer electrons*} 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8                                            heat-resistant         CO₂, wood, paper,       fertilizer,                  fire, half of                                                                                                                                                                         toothpaste,                                                              supercold

ceramic cookware, emeralds and form, they are soft An element is a substance made from one or more atoms of _{Valence number* +1 +2 +2 +3 +4,-4 -3 -2 -1 0} borosilicate glass, cloth, plastic, explosives (TNT), Earth's crust, nonstick cookware, refrigerant mood stabilizer aquamarines and somewhat brittle the same atomic number.  A ^{from two or more elements chemically bonded.}compound is a substance made _{* typical The valence number is the number of electrons} semiconductors coal, oil, gasoline refrigerants minerals, oxides CFC refrigerants

Na Sodium                     11 Mg Magnesium 12               ^metals.             given (+) or taken (-) when bonding.                     Al Aluminum 13 Si                   Silicon              14 P Phosphorus 15 S              Sulfur               16 Cl        Chlorine 17 Ar  Argon                18 soft metal,   lightweight metal;                     lightweight non-                       hard metalloid; glowing white waxy brittle yellow solid; greenish poison gas;    inert gas; reactive;        chlorophyll in

      salt (NaCl), nerves,    green plants,                                                                                          Transition Metals are typical metals: they are strong, shiny,                                 Poor Metals are usually                  kitchenware, cans,corroding metal; quartz, granite,sand, soil, clay,                                                                                                 and black forms);solid (also red                                                             eggs, onions,skin, hair,                       salt (NaCl), bleach,stomach acid, most abundant1% of air,

3              baking soda,     talc, basalt,        malleable (they can be hammered into shape), flexible (in thin soft and have low melting         foil, machinery, ceramics, glass, bones, DNA,     garlic, skunks,    disinfectant,      inert gas,                        3 antacids, lye, soap,                aluminum alloys,                     sheets or wires), and they conduct both heat and electricity.      temperatures.    cars, planes, bikes,                   algae, diatoms,  energy-storing    hot springs,                        drinking water,  light bulbs,

soda ash, glass, cars, planes, bikes,        feldspar, granite, semiconductors, phosphates (ATP), volcanos, gypsum, swimming pools, "neon" tubes, papermaking, flares, sparklers,            clay, ceramics, computer chips, fertilizer, acids, rubber, acids, PVC plastic lasers,

         street lamps            antacids                    3                4                5                6                7                8                9               10              11              12    corundum, gems            silicone rubber  detergent, matches   papermaking     pipes and bottles      welding gas

K Potassium 19 Ca Calcium 20 Sc Scandium 21 Ti Titanium 22 V Vanadium 23 Cr Chromium 24 Mn Manganese 25 Fe Iron 26 Co Cobalt 27 Ni Nickel 28 Cu Copper 29 Zn Zinc 30 Ga Gallium 31 Ge Germanium 32 As Arsenic 33 Se Selenium 34 Br Bromine 35 Kr Krypton 36 soft metal, soft metal; soft lightweight strongest hard metal; hard shiny metal; hard metal; medium-hard hard metal, medium-hard colored metal, non-corroding soft metal, melts brittle metalloid; brittle metalloid; brittle gray solid; dark red liquid; inert gas;

           reactive;       bones, teeth, milk,         metal;         lightweight metal,     hard strong        stainless steel    hard tough steel,  metal, magnetic;       magnetic;       metal, magnetic; conducts heat and         metal;          on a hot day;           semiconductors,         poisons,           photocopiers,        disinfectant,        high-intensity

         salts, nerves,   leaves, vegetables, aluminum alloys,   heat-resistant;      resilient steel,         (Fe-Cr-Ni),         earthmovers,         steel alloys      hard strong steel,    stainless steel      electricity well;    galvanized steel,           semiconductors,       transistors,       semiconductors,     laser printers,     pools and spas,  lamps, headlights,

4        nutrients in fruits shells, coral, racing bikes, aerospace, structures, kitchenware, rock crushers, are mostly iron, cutting tools, (Fe-Cr-Ni), wires, cookware, brass (Cu-Zn), light-emitting rectifiers, diodes, light-emitting photocells, photo film, flashlights, 4 and vegetables, limestone, chalk, stadium lamps, racing bikes, vehicles, springs, nichrome heaters, rails, plows, axes, structures, turbines, kitchenware, brass (Cu-Zn), batteries, white diodes (LEDs) photocells, diodes (LEDs) red glass, flame retardant, lanterns,

        soap, fertilizer,    gypsum, plaster,    furnace bricks,     artificial joints,   driveshafts, tools,  car trim, paints,        batteries,    vehicles, magnets, magnets (Al-Ni-Co), nichrome heaters, bronze (Cu-Sn),           paint, phosphors  (GaAs),                 lenses,                 (GaAs),        dandruff shampoo, leaded gasoline,     "neon" tubes,

potash, matches, mortar, cement, aquamarines white paint, aerospace, recording tape, fertilizer, Earth's core, blue glass, ceramics, nicad batteries, coins, pipes, in TVs and lamps, signal lights, infrared windows signal lights, rubber sedatives lasers gunpowder marble, antacids blue sapphires violet sapphires emeralds & rubies amethysts red rocks, blood vitamin B-12 coins, Earth's core blue crab blood fertilizer tiny lasers tiny lasers

Rb Rubidium 37 Sr Strontium 38 Y Yttrium 39 Zr Zirconium 40 Nb Niobium 41 MoMolybdenum42 Tc Technetium 43 Ru Ruthenium 44 Rh Rhodium 45 Pd Palladium 46 Ag Silver 47 Cd Cadmium 48 In Indium 49 Sn Tin 50 Sb Antimony 51 Te Tellurium 52 I Iodine 53 Xe Xenon 54 soft metal, soft metal; soft metal; non-corroding high-melting-point high-melting-point radioactive, non-corroding non-corroding non-corroding soft shiny metal, non-corroding soft metal; non-corroding brittle metalloid; brittle metalloid; violet-black solid; inert gas;

           reactive;          red fireworks,       phosphors in    neutron-resistant    non-corroding            metal;               long-lived;           hard metal;     hard shiny metal;      hard metal,            conducts             soft metal, toxic;         solders,             soft metal;              solders,                 alloys,           disinfectant for      high-intensity

        atomic clocks,            flares,                color TVs,               metal;                  metal;              hard steel,      first human-made electric contacts,        labware,       absorbs hydrogen;  electricity best      electroplated         glass seals,                 solders,          lead hardener,    semiconductors,      wounds and    lamps, headlights,

5        global navigation           phosphors,       lasers (YAG, YLF), chemical pipelines, chemical pipelines,          cutting tools,    element, only   leaf switches,    reflectors,          labware,            of all elements;  steel,                glass coatings,            plated food cans, batteries, bullets,                   photocopiers,   drinking water,  stadium lamps, 5

(GPS), nuclear batteries, furnace bricks, nuclear reactors, superconductors, drill bits, traces on Earth pen tips, electric contacts, electric contacts, jewelry, nicad batteries, liquid crystal bronze (Cu-Sn), semiconductors, computer disks, added to salt projectors, vacuum tube medical high-temperature furnace bricks, magnetic armor plate, but found in stars, catalyst, thermocouples, dentistry, silverware, coins, red and yellow displays (LCDs), pewter cups, photocells, thermo-electric to prevent strobes, lasers, scavenger diagnostic tracer, superconductors abrasives, levitation trains, gun barrels, medical hydrogen catalyst, catalyst, dentistry, paints, semiconductors, glassmaking, matches, coolers and thyroid disease, spacecraft

                          nuclear fallout                                   zircon gems        MRI magnets           fertilizer        diagnostic tracer       production      pollution control  pollution control       photo film         fire sprinklers           diodes, photocells                        fire sprinklers                                flame retardant       generators            photo film           ion engines

Cs Cesium 55 Ba Barium 56 57 - 71 Hf Hafnium 72 Ta Tantalum 73 W Tungsten 74 Re Rhenium 75 Os Osmium 76 Ir Iridium 77 Pt Platinum 78 Au Gold 79 Hg Mercury 80 Tl Thallium 81 Pb Lead 82 Bi Bismuth 83 Po Polonium 84 At Astatine 85 Rn Radon 86 soft metal, melts soft metal, non-corroding high-melting-point highest-melting- high-melting-point non-corroding non-corroding non-corroding most malleable liquid metal, soft metal, dense, soft, low-melting-point radioactive, radioactive, radioactive gas, on a hot day, absorbs X-rays; metal, non-corroding point metal, dense; dense metal; high-melting-point hard metal, dense metal; element, dense toxic; toxic; non-corroding brittle metal; long-lived; short-lived; short-lived;

       reactive, largest     stomach X-ray             Rare          absorbs neutrons;         metal;              filaments in       rocket engines,       hard metal,      densest element        labware,          non-tarnishing     thermometers,     low-melting-point      metal, toxic;       solders, fuses,     first radioactive       small traces        environmental

6              stable atoms;    contrast enhancer,                     Earth               nuclear reactor  labware,            lamps and TVs,  heater coils,     densest element                       (same as osmium);                   spark plugs,      colored metal;                        barometers,       mercury alloys, weights, solders,                      fire sprinklers    element found, in nature,          hazard,             6 atomic clocks,                      green fireworks,                        ^Metals            control rods in                        surgical tools,   cutting tools,    lab filaments,    (same as iridium);                    labware,            catalyst,             jewelry, coins,  thermostats,      low-temperature                        batteries, bullets,                      (plugs melt                        small traces       cancer medicine                       surgical implants

       global navigation whitener and filler                               submarines,       artificial joints,         abrasives,        electric contacts, electric contacts,      spark plugs,     pollution control,       ultra-thin           street lamps,    thermometers,              crystal glass,          when hot),                                       in nature,             for cancer

(GPS), vacuum              for paper, plastic,                      plasma torch     capacitors,        thermocouples  thermocouples, pen tips, needles,                     pen tips, needles petroleum cracking,                gold leaf,            fluorescent lamps,                    undersea lamps,                      old plumbing,  cosmetics pigment anti-static brushes,              treatment tube scavenger          and rubber        electrodes          mobile phones catalyst            fingerprint powder                    processing fats  electric contacts                       dentistry           photocells         radiation shield tobacco

Fr Francium 87 Ra Radium 88 89 - 103 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Ds 110 Rg 111 Cn 112 Nh 113 Fl 114 Mc 115 Lv 116 Ts 117 Og 118 radioactive, radioactive, Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson short-lived long-lived;

  atoms largerthan cesium; luminous watches(now banned),   _Actinide                   7

7                         small traces medical radon Metals             _{Superheavy Elements} in nature, production,

          studied in           radiography,

       laser atom traps        radwaste                                                                                                                                                                                  radioactive, short-lived; never found in nature, no uses except atomic research

8                         119            120                  121...

Rare Earth Metals are all soft metals. 

They are chemically similar to scandium and

yttrium and are difficult to separate from 6 each other.

Actinide Metals are all radioactive heavy metals.  They are used mainly for their radioactive properties.

Radioactivity. Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. 

Some isotopes are stable; others are radioactive — 7 their nuclei eventually disintegrate.  The radioactive half-life is the time for half the nuclei to disintegrate.  On this chart, an element is called long-lived if the half-life of any of its isotopes is more than one year;

^{otherwise it is called short-lived.}                                                                                                             © 2005–2016 Keith Enevoldsen   elements.wlonk.com   Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License