PHY_10_V1_TG_Revision term 1 (3)

Theoretical material for the lesson, definitions for concepts 

Physical measurements:

Independent Variable

The independent variable is the condition that you change in an experiment. It is the variable you control. It is called independent because its value does not depend on and is not affected by the state of any other variable in the experiment. Sometimes you may hear this variable called the "controlled variable" because it is the one that is changed. Do not confuse it with a "control variable," which is a variable that is purposely held constant so that it can't affect the outcome of the experiment.

Dependent Variable

The dependent variable is the condition that you measure in an experiment. You are assessing how it responds to a change in the independent variable, so you can think of it as depending on the independent variable. Sometimes the dependent variable is called the "responding variable."

Precision and Accuracy

When taking scientific measurements, the goals are to measure accurately and with precision.

·         Accuracy indicates the closeness of the measurements to the true or accepted value.

·         Precision is the closeness of the results to others obtained in exactly the same way.

Kinematics:

acceleration - the rate of change in velocity

acceleration due to gravity - the acceleration of a freely falling object in the absence of air resistance, which near the earth’s surface is approximately 10 m/s².

acceleration-timegraph - plot of the acceleration of an object as a function of time

averageacceleration - the acceleration of an object measured over a time interval

averagevelocity - the velocity of an object measured over a time interval; the  displacement of an object divided by the change in time during the motion

constant(or uniform)acceleration - acceleration which does not change during a time interval

constant(or uniform)velocity - velocity which does not change during a time interval

displacement - change in position in a particular direction (vector)

distance - the length moved between two points (scalar)

freefall - motion under the influence of gravity

initialvelocity - the velocity at which an object starts at the beginning of a time interval

instantaneous - the value of a quantity at a particular instant of time, such as instantaneous position, velocity, or acceleration

kinematics - the study of how motion occurs, including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and time.

position-timegraph - the graph of the motion of an object that shows how its position varies with time

speed - the ratio of distance to time

velocity - ratio of the displacement of an object to a time interval

velocity-timegraph - plot of the velocity of an object as a function of time, the slope of which is acceleration, and the area under which is displacement

Hydrodynamics:  flow of fluids for which density is constant such as liquids and low-speed gases.  If in addition fluid properties are constant, temperature and heat transfer effects are uncoupled such that they can be treated separately. Examples:  hydraulics, low-speed aerodynamics, ship hydrodynamics, liquid and low-speed gas pipe systems

Gas Dynamics: flow of fluids for which density is variable such as high-speed gases.  Temperature and heat transfer effects are coupled and must be treated concurrently. Examples:  high-speed aerodynamics, gas turbines,

high-speed gas pipe systems, upper atmosphere

Additional guidelines for organizing a lesson 

Students can deduce topic of the lessen and objectives, for clarification you can show topic and the learning objectives on the presentation.

Then Subject-specific vocabulary & terminology will be presented to the students and their activities during the research work will be explained.

Then teacher will give the worksheet on the concepts studied previously. Students attempt the questions in groups as they engage in discussion. The teacher helps the learners with difficulties in answering the questions.

Reinforce the LO’s: answer any questions students may have/clarify understanding. Studentsreflect on their learning.

At the end of the lesson teacher will give homework.

Additional multilevel (on differentiation) tasks

Each chapter has extra tasks which you would use for high level students.

Recommendations for formative assessment

1)      Use the answers provided to assess students’ understanding and the manner of application of the all terms concept knowledge

2)      Provide a general feedback for every given point (pay attention to give a fully explained feedback to the points that were not given)

3)      You can change the numbers in calculations according to the student’s ability

Answers, criteria for assignments, additional materials for the lesson

Kinematics:

Answers:  1.a  2-5s, 1b: 15-18 s,  1c: 0-2s, 18-20s, 1d. 21-22 s 1e. 4m/s 1f. 150m, 1g. 10m/s 1h. 1m/s², 1i. 75 m, 1j. 6s, 18s 

1k:

Dynamics:

Answers:

1.      Newton’s third law tells us that the forces are equal. They are also clearly equal when Newton’s law of gravity is examined:  has the same value whether  and or vice versa.

2.      The force of the star on planet 1 is  The force of the star on planet 2 is  Since  and

3.      The force of the Earth on the first satellite is  while  Since

             (b) With  and  so

             The free-fall acceleration is the same for objects of different mass. The astronauts can be “weightless” at any distance because an object is said to be weightless if it is in free fall (as in orbit). For the gravitational force to become zero, the spacecraft would have to be an infinite distance away.

Momentum:

1.      (e)  2.4 * 10¹³ kg × m²/s

2.      (d) 12 rad/s

3.       (d) 0.56w

4.      (e)  0.236

5.      (e)  4w

6.      the angular momentum of the ball is conserved. 

7.      90 kg × m²/s

Mechanics of liquids and gases:

1.      B

2.      275500 Pa

280784 Pa

3.      v=sqrt(2gh)

v=4.0 m/s

0.80 m

List of useful links and literature

1)      https://physics.info/motion-equations/

2)      https://opentextbc.ca/physicstestbook2/chapter/motion-equations-for-constant-acceleration-in-one-dimension/

3)      http://labman.phys.utk.edu/phys135core/modules/m2/constant%20a.html

4)      https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/motion-with-constant-acceleration/a/1d-kinematics-review-article

5)      http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/301/lectures/node18.html

6)      https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osuniversityphysics/chapter/3-4-motion-with-constant-acceleration/

7)      Jean Cally physics book.

8)      Zambak physics book

9)      A level books

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