Практическая работа по английскому языку для специальности " Лесное и лесопарковое хозяйство"

 Практическая работа № 3

Время выполнения 2 часа                   Лесной потенциал

1. Britain's forests

In prehistoric times, Britain was well-covered with trees. But as the population changed and grew, as agriculture developed and the need for timber increased, the forest areas gradually disappeared. The grazing of cattle and sheep prevented much natural regeneration of trees. However, some woodland areas enjoyed a royal protection because of the facilities they offered for game, hunting. Similar control was exercised by landowners. Some of these woodland areas as New Forest, Forest of Dean and Epping Forest, still exist with many of the old customs and laws still surviving.

Some landowners manager their estates well and responded to emergency calls, such as that made by John Evelyn in the 17^th century and it is thanks to them that we have these trees we do possess, and were able to face up to some of the demands for timber during the two great world wars.

So much home-grown timber was used in the First World War, that is was quite obvious that the growing of trees should no longer be left to individuals. There had to be a national policy. Accordingly, the Forestry Commission was set up in 1919. The Second World War once again made great demand for timber reserves because the effective blockade of the posts made the import of this bulky item a great problem.

But in spite of the two wars the Forestry Commission has now planted 1, 5 million acres of trees in the 500 forests of the country. The annual programme in recent years has been 100 million new trees planted each year. Of these, 90 per cent are conifer trees because they are quick growing. The softwood they proved represents practically 90 per cent of out timber needs. The Forestry Commission, with their scientific and financial resources advises and assists private landowners who have between them 2, 5 million acres of woodland.

There are a number of forest schools which train the men who look after Britain's forests. A number of universities have specialist courses which provide a steady flow of men who will occupy various positions both in State and private woodlands.

The target in the 1970s was to have 5 million acres of trees providing about one third of a national need of timber.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

1.prehistoric - доисторический

2.timber - лесоматериалы, строевой лес

3. grazing of cattle - пасти скот

4. regeneration - восстановление

5. hunting - охота

6. Dean - Епископ

7. survive - выживать

8. landowner - землевладелец

9. estate - поместье

10. Forestry Commission - Комиссия Лесного Хозяйства

11. assist - помогать

12. target - цель

Задания:

1.Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами.

1. agriculture

a. охота

2. regeneration

b. хвойный

3. survive

c. защита

4. population

d. сельское хозяйство

5. hunting

e. землевладелец

6. protection

f. восстановление

7. landowner

g. выживать

8. conifer

h. население

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.      In what times was the country well-covered with trees?

2.      Why did some woodland areas enjoy a royal protection?

3.      When was the Forestry Commission set up in?

4.      Has the annual programme been 10 million new trees planted each year in recent years?

5.      The conifer trees are quick growing, aren't they?

2. Forests of the USA and Canada

Two English-speaking countries across the ocean possess large forest resources. They are Canada and the USA.

The amount of timber resources of the USA is second only to Russia. Forest land occupies one third part of the United States area.

There are over one thousand species of trees in the USA. In Europe (without Russia) there are less than one hundred. England has about thirty and France thirty five. Out of the one thousand kinds of trees in America only about one hundred have much commercial value as lumber. Of these about sixty are hardwoods and about forty are softwoods, but only fifteen hardwoods and fourteen softwoods are extensively used for lumber, plywood and construction timber.

The softwoods are the oldest family of trees in the United States. The commercial softwoods of importance are: southern yellow pine, Douglas fir, hemlock, Sitka spruce, larch, and white fir. Hardwoods which are broad-leaved and usually shed leaves in autumn furnish about 20 per cent of US commercial wood products. They are oak, maple, birch, beech and others.

Most part of the forest land is privately owned and consist of small parks and farms under 5,000 acres. The care of these forests lies on the small owner. There are 146 national forests furnishing 159 million acres in the United States. The national forests are administrated by the United States Forest Service. The forest resources of Canada amount to 11,6 billion cubic meters.

The most important forest trees in Canada are the spruces. About one third of Canada's timber is spruce. Its wood is used for pulpwood, lumber and plywood.

Second only to the spruces are two-needled pines. These pines furnish 11 per cent of Canada's standing timber volume. Third in importance are the true firs, of which the most distributed is the balsam fir. Its wood is commonly cut as pulpwood and to a lesser extent, as sawngoods. Next is a family of broad-leaved deciduous trees - aspen and poplar.

Fifth among Canada's forest trees is the Hemlock. Western hemlock is a main commercial source of tannin, while the wood is used for railroad ties, lumber and pulp.

The tree, responsible, more than any other, for British Columbia's world-wide reputation for timber is the coastal form of Douglas fir. Douglas fir is used extensively for lumber, plywood and construction timber. Next in order are the cedars. Their wood is light and resistant to decay. In virgin forests they reach heights of 150-200 feet and diameters of 8 to 10³ feet. Their wood is used for lumber, poles and posts.

Finally there are the birches. Most distributed is the white birch which grows widely throughout Canada. The most important hardwood tree in eastern Canada is the yellow birch. Its wood is much in demand for flooring, furniture veneer and railroads ties. Canada is indeed fortunate to possess such a variety of useful tree species. The pine and spruce in the east, and Douglas fir, cedar and hemlock in British Columbia have won for Canada its position as the world's leading nation in forest products trade.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

1. lumber - пиломатериалы

2. plywood - фанера

3. construction timber - материал для строительных конструкций

4. pulpwood - баланс

5. Douglas fir - пихта Дугласа

6. hemlock - тсуга канадская

7. Sitka spruce - ель серебристая

8. larch - лиственница

9. aspen - осина

10. poplar - тополь

11. beech - бук

12. shed leaves - сбрасывать листья

13. small owner - мелкий собственник

14. balsam fir - пихта канадская

15. a lesser extent - наименьший размер

16. sawn goods - распиленная продукция

17. deciduous - с опадающими листьями

18. tannin - дубильное вещество, танин

19. railroad ties - железнодорожные шпалы

20. pulp - целлюлоза

21. cedar - кедр

22. pole - свая, шест

23. post - столб, подпорка

24. flooring - половой настил

25. veneer - шпон

Задания:

1. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенными цифрами.

1.      Softwood           а. Древесина

2.      Maple                б. Широколиственные

3.      Lumber             в. Клён

4.      Decay                г. Гниение

5.      Broad-leaved    д. Хвойные породы

2. Выпишите все числительные из текста и напишите их словами.

3. Вставьте предлоги, где необходимо и переведите предложения:

1.      The wood is used __ rail roads ties, lumber and pulp.

2.      There are __ one thousand species __ trees __ the USA.

3.      The care _ these forests lies __ the small owner.

4.      Douglas fir's wood is __ used _ lumber, poles and posts.

5.      It is wood is much __ demand flooring, furniture veneer and rail roads ties.

3. Russian forests

Being an ecological frame of the Earth's biosphere, the Russian Forests occupy 69 per cent from the total land area of the Russian Federation account for more that 20 per cent from the global forest resources. That is why ensuring sustainable and sound forest use, protection and restoration of Russian forests represents not only a national but also a global task of vital importance for the entire mankind. 

As regards the amount and diversity of their ecological functions, forests are of special value as compared with other natural complexes. They provide for regulation and cleaning of water flows, soil conservancy and improvement in natural fertility, the most complete conservation of genetic diversity, and enrichment of atmosphere with oxygen, prevention of air pollution and formation of a climate.

Forests are a source of many ecologically; clean food resources for satisfying diverse needs of people, they represent a human environment conducive to maintaining people's spiritual and physical health.

Therefore, forests serve as a central link in nature conservancy and natural regulation of overwhelming majority of environmental processes. It is the forests that are a natural base contributing to human survival. Maintenance and enhancement of national forest resources, as the principal goal of efforts of the Federal Forest Service of Russia, can be attained by means of implementation of sustainable forest management. This means that forestry should ensure sound use of forest resources, functions and benefits which are of value for present and future needs of human civilization. Of special value is the balance of interests of different population groups, industries and forest administration bodies, with respect to forest utilization within specific areas, available timber and nonwood resources, their processing, development of relevant economic structures, providing for the employment of all population groups, without causing any damage to environmental quality and biodiversity of forest.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

1.      sustainable - обеспечивающий

2. vital importance - жизненная важность

3. natural complexes - природные комплексы

4. water flows - водные потоки

5. soil conservancy - охрана почвенных ресурсов

6. fertility - изобилие, плодородие

7. overwhelming - огромный, несметный

8. biodiversity of forest - биологическое разнообразие леса

Задания:

1. Дополните предложения прилагательными, используя текст:

1.The land area is ___1___.

2.The forest resources are ___2___.

3.The frame is ___3___.

4.The task is ___4___.

5.The fertility is ___5___.

6.The link is ___6___.

7.The environment is ___7___.

8.The health is ___8___.

9. The regulation is ___9___.

10.The Service is ___10___.

11.The processes are ___11___.

12.The importance is ___12___.