Презентация Bulk and liquid cagro

Bulk and Liquid cargo

The following cargoes are classified as bulk ones: ores, salts, green (raw) sugar, grain, fertilizers. Bulk cargoes are loaded into holds in bulk.

Solid Bulk

Grain

Liquid Bulk

Coal

Iron Ore

Fertilizer

Transportation of bulk cargoes requires special knowledge to deal with them, or special ships, such as ore carriers. Iron, manganese and cooper ores are so heavy that they should be given bottom stowage

While loading or discharging ore, dockers must be supplied with special protective appliances (planks, trays, finders)to protect the ship’s boards and hold compartments from possible damage.

planks

trays

Finders

It is prohibited to throw off the ore into the holds without any protective means.

Before loading salt all iron parts in the holds must be whitewashed. This is done to save the metal parts of the ship from corrosion. Stevedores should not permit loading the salt of different sorts into the same holds.

Bulk cargoes are usually loaded in bulk evenly along the whole length of the ship with sufficient trimming form portside to starboard. Holds should be supplied with thermometers in each compartment to measure the degree of cargo heating, because coal has the property of self-ignition.

Before loading sugar the holds must be thoroughly dried and ventilated. Grain in bulk should be separated by shifting boards. If the weather is unfavourable (rain, snow)loading as well as discharging must be stopped, otherwise the bulk cargo will be spoiled.

Damage of the grain

Cargo damage from wetting

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LIQUID CARGOES

The most important liquid cargoes are oil products.

During the transportation and storage of such cargoes some of their properties should be taken into consideration. The are density, temperature of thickness, flash point, viscosity, and water quantity.

Density

Temperature of thickness

Flash point

viscosity

Liquid oil product comprise: fuel oil’s, petrol’s, kerosene’s and lubricants.

lubricants

lubricants

Lubricating oils are loaded into oil tankers, containers, thermoses and sometimes in casks and cans

cask

Iron casks and cans must be tightly closed with screw plugsWhile transporting iron casks and cans must be placed in strong wooden crates.

Oil products are carried by oil tankers which have some oil tanks, pumps and oil-conducting pipe lines for loading and unloading liquid cargoes.

Each tank has a hermetically sealed hatch cover of about 60 cm in diameter

Since some oil products give off explosive gases, oil tanks are fitted with special tubes for giving gases the way to escape.

Oil tanks and cisterns should be in good state, and before loading the personnel’s duty is to clear them from the residue of previous cargoes or any dirt, water or sand.

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