иностранный язык

(английский язык)

 

 

СБОРНИК ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ТЕКСТОВ

С ЗАДАНИЯМИ

 

для профессий «Повар, кондитер», «Сварщик», «Автомеханник».

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Пояснительная записка

 

Сборник технических текстов с заданиями составлен на основе государственного образовательного стандарта 2004г. и соответствует тематики преподаваемого предмета.

Данный сборник текстов предназначен для обучающихся профессиональных и средне - специальных образовательных учреждений.

Настоящее пособие предназначено для обучающихся очной формы обучения и является неотъемлемой частью учебно-методического комплекса для  профессий «технологии продукции общественного питания», «Технология обслуживания и ремонт автомобиля» по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)».

Главной целью пособия является - развитие навыков устной речи и формирования общей, коммуникативной и профессиональной компетенции обучающихся, изучающих английский язык. В нем содержатся аутентичные диалоги и упражнения, направленные на расширение и активизацию лексического минимума по профессиональным тематикам. А также подготовить обучающихся к самостоятельному чтению литературы по профессии на английском языке, развить умение анализировать различные элементы текста и правильно переводить американскую и английскую научно–техническую литературу по профессии.

Сборник состоит из трёх основных разделов: «Автомеханик», «Повар, кондитер», которые в свою очередь включают в себя темы по вышеуказанным профессиям.

Каждый раздел включает  учебный текст с разработками и наиболее важный лексический материал, необходимый для усвоения той или иной темы.

Текстовой материал представлен аутентичными текстами. Упражнения, включенные в уроки, отражают лексические и грамматические особенности перевода. Текстовые и после текстовые задания нацеливают обучающихся на информационную переработку и лучшее понимание прочитанного, а также присвоение информации и языковых средств для устного высказывания. В систему лексических упражнений входят упражнения на перевод терминологической лексики, многофункциональных слов.

 

Результатом выполнения практических работ будут:

знания:

–       лексический (2000 лексических единиц) минимум необходимый для чтения и перевода (со словарем) текстов технической и профессиональной направленности

умения:

–       понимать основное содержание несложно звучащих текстов или диалогов по изучаемым темам;

–       выражать своё отношение и мнение к высказываниям;

–       делать сообщения с наиболее важной выбранной информацией;

–       рассуждать, делать выводы по прочитанному материалу;

–       выборочно понимать и извлекать информацию в неадаптированных технических текстах;

–       пользоваться двуязычными или одноязычными словарями и другой справочной литературой.

Время аудиторной работы по каждому разделу определяется преподавателем в зависимости от уровня подготовленности группы. С целью экономии аудиторного времени рекомендуется часть пред текстовых и после текстовых упражнений задавать для самостоятельной работы обучающихся.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Section 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 1

Automobile

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Since the first automobile was introduced to our life, we can notice that there are a lot of changes happened around us. As a modern transportation, it not only brings convenience to our daily life, but also enhances the efficiency.

 

One of advantages of using automobiles is that it can give the users much more convenience compared with other transportations, such as bikes or buses. For me, I like to go to the supermarket once per week and normally buy many foods at one time. Can you imagine that I need to carry a lot of foodstuff and maybe take a crowded bus to reach home? How inconvenient it is! Suppose that I have a car, and then I will feel very easy because what I need to do is to put all my stuff at the back of the car.

 

On the other hand, automobiles can save our time and energy. Driving the automobile, we can go wherever we want to go. We can  reach  the destination faster than other transportation means.  We can use the saved  hours to enjoy the views or do anything that we want. After all, time means a lot to modern people. It can mean money to businessmen, knowledge to school students and profit to companies. By means of cutting time with the help of automobiles, we can increase the efficiency of our society.

 

Of course, I must admit that automobiles bring a lot of problems such as traffic jam and air pollution. But these outcomes cannot be avoided during the development of a society. I believe we will have a better solution to solve all these problems soon .

 

Generally speaking, I would like to say automobiles have improved modern life through providing more convenience to people and increasing efficiency. We should encourage the society to support the automobile industry and develop different kinds of automobiles to meet various needs.

 

2.Выучите новые слова:

 

Was introduce – был внедрён

Changes  - изменения

Convenience – удобства

Advantages – преимущества

Destination – место назначения

Increase – возрастать, увеличить.

Traffic jam – пробки на дорогах

Solution – решение

To develop – разивать

To encourage – поощерять

Vehicle – транспортное средство

Petrol – бензин

Engine – двигатель

Noisy – шумный

Fast – быстрый

Use – потреблять, использовать

Fuel – топливо

Truck – грузовой автомобиль

Stroke – такт, ход поршня

Piston – поршень

Crankshaft – коленчатый вал

Connecting rod – шатун

 

3. Переведите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

 

1.     Diesel engines use not so much fuel as petrol engines.

2.     The lightest of the engines is a two-stroke engine.

3.     Diesel engines are much safer than petrol engines because there is less danger of fire.

4.     The speed of this passenger car is great as of that one.

5.     This new device operates several times faster than your old devise.

6.     The faster you drive your car the more attentive you must be on the road.

7.     This is the most interesting model of the motor car.

 

4. Ниже приведены главные факторы, на которые мы обращаем внимание припокупке автомобиля. Соедините факторы и их значения.

 

1. price                      a) the amount of money you get when you sell your car

2. resale value           b) how much petrol or diesel the car uses

3. size          c) when customers always buy their cars from the same                               manufacturer                              

4. interior features     d) the amount of money you pay when you buy a car

5. fuel consumption  e) the car’s capacity to go fast and accelerate quickly

6. performance          f) how big the car is

7. brand loyalty         g) items inside the car

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit2.

 

Where does the word “automobile” come from?

 

1.Запишите и выучите слова, отработайте их произношение.

 

consist of состоять из

self-moving самодвижущийся, самоходный

arise from обуславливаться

unprovided необеспеченный

rails железнодорожные пути

substantially значительно

adapt for приспособить

cease перестать

luxury роскошь

decisive factor решающий фактор

solution решение

development развитие

road maintenance содержание дорог

improvement усовершенствование

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

The word automobile is not English. It consists of two words: autos and mobilis. Autos is a Greek word meaning "self, mobilis — a Latin word meaning "movable". The two

words taken together mean "self-moving". Thus, an automobile means a self-moving vehicle.

The synonyms of automobile are: auto, car, auto-car, motor car.

The role and importance of an automobile arise from the fact that it can move along

roads unprovided with rails. In this respect, it substantially differs from a street car (tram) and a railway car (train). In fact, it often replaces street cars, railway cars, and other agencies of transportation and communication. In short, the automobile is a vehicle well adapted for ordinary road conditions.

The automobile has long since ceased to be a matter of luxury or sport and has become a decisive factor in the economic development of many countries. This accounts for the fact that the world at large uses a great number of automobiles. In some countries

where automobiles are found in millions they are playing a most important part in the solution of many problems of transport.

The development of automobiles is also accountable to a large extent for the progress in road maintenance, improvement and construction.

 

3. Заполните пропуски подходящими словами или словосочетаниями из текста.

1. An automobile means...

2. The role and importance of an automobile arise from the fact that it can ...

rails.

3. The automobile is a vehicle ... for ordinary road conditions.

4. The automobile has become... in the economic of many countries.

5. The development of automobiles is accountable for the progress in road...

 

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

 

1. What is the original of the word automobile?

2. What fact does the role and importance of the automobile arise from?

3. Why does the automobile play an important part in the economic development

in many countries?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 3

 

London Traffic

 

1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

                              

London is so large that visitors must learn to use buses and the underground to get about. London taxis are too expensive for any but the rich. You can get a map of the underground and the bus routes at any ticket office. The word "Underground" across a large circle shows you where the stations are. The London underground is called the "tube".

 

Bus stops are marked clearly. In the suburbs buses do not stop unless there are passengers who wish to get on or off. These stops are marked "Request Steps".

Inside some buses you will see the notice: "Please, state your destination clearly and have the exact fare ready." It is easy enough to tell the conductor where you want to go to, but not always possible to have the exact fare. The conductor will always give you the change.

 

The London buses are very large. They have seats both upstairs and downstairs. English children like to sit on the front seats of a big London bus. They can see everything that is happening in the streets.

 

Here are some of the things you may hear on a bus in London: 
"Fares, please." 
"Four pence, please." 
"Full up inside; plenty of seats on top." 
"Standing room only." 
"No, sir, this bus does not go to Victoria Station." 
"You want a number 11." 
"No more seats on top; five seats inside."

In Great Britain traffic keeps to the left. Motor-cars, buses and cyclists must all keep to the left side of the road. In most other countries traffic keeps to the right. There is heavy traffic in London and you must observe traffic rules.

 

2.Ответьте на вопросы.

 

1. What must visitors of London learn? Why? 
2. What can you get at any ticket office? 
3. What does the word "Underground" show? 
4. How is the London underground called? 
5. Which stops are marked "Request Stops"? 
6. What will you see inside some buses? 
7. What seats have London buses? 
8. Why must you observe traffic rules?

Vocabulary:

expensive — дорогой 
route — маршрут 
to mark — обозначать 
passenger — пассажир 
change — сдача 
exact — точный 
fare — плата 
traffic — движение

 

 

3. Перепишите следующие предложения , подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите на русский язык.

 

1.     Drivers must be very attentive on the roads.

2.     The mechanic should repair our car for three days.

3.     The students are to do their laboratory work on Friday.

4.     I shall be able to inspect your automobile tomorrow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 4

 

Transport in Britain

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

You can reach England either by plane, by train, by car or by ship. The fastest way is by plane. London has three international airports: Heathrow, the largest, connected to the city by underground; Gatwick, south of London, with a frequent train service; Luton, the smallest, used for charter flights.

 

If you go to England by train or by car you have to cross the Channel. There is a frequent service of steamers and ferryboats which connect the continent to the south-east of England.

 

People in Britain drive on the left and generally overtake on the right. The speed limit is 30 miles per hour (50 km/h) in towns and cities and 70 m.p.h. (110 km/h) on motorways.

 

When you are in London you can choose from four different means of transport: bus, train, underground or taxi. The typical bus in London is a red double-decker. The first London bus started running between Paddington and the City in 1829. It carried 40 passengers and cost a shilling for six kms.

 

The next to arrive were the trains; now there are twelve railway stations in London. The world's first underground line was opened between Baker St. and the City in 1863. Now there are ten underground lines and 273 underground stations in use. The London underground is also called the Tube, because of the circular shape of its deep tunnels. 

 

 

2.Ответьте письменно на вопросы:

 

1. What is the fastest way of traveling? 
2. How many airports are there in London? 
3. What kind of service helps to cross the Channel? 
4. What are some "rules" of driving in Britain? 
5. What does typical bus in London look like? 
6. Where was the first underground opened? 
7. Why is London underground called the Tube?

 

Vocabulary:

 

to reach — достигать 
underground — метро 
charter flight — чартерный рейс 
steamer — пароход 
ferry-boat — паром 
to overtake — обгонять 
shilling — шиллинг 
shape — форма

 

3.Прочитайте и переведите текст. Составьте план пересказа текста.

 

Commercial Vehicles

The new exhibition of commercial vehicles centers around a 1930s street scene, showing home deliveries, road making, and passenger hire vehicles.

The 1930s were a time of transition in the commercial vehicle world. Mass produced light delivery vans and lorries flooded onto the roads, and the horse was now only used for local delivery work. Diesel engines were used by heavy lorries and steam wagons disappeared.

The inter-war years were a boom time for the bus, coach and charabanc. In the 1920s bus companies leapt from a few hundred to four thousand. Bus design developed rapidly with solid tyres, oil lamps and some open cabs disappearing and double deckers had covered tops. The charabanc was a favourite for the company outing or weekend excursion. Chilly and cramped, the charabanc opened up many parts of Britain beyond the reach of railways and created a new leisure for the working man.

The lorry today carries just about everything we buy, sell, dispose of, or build. Fuel delivery, removals, defence work, containers, supermarket supplies, tipping, mixing, fire fighting; the list of tasks is endless.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit5

Cars

 

1.Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

Cars are automobiles that can transport people. It is the main means of travelling for hundreds of millions of people all over the world. Cars have changed the way we live probably more than any other invention in history. At first only a few people had cars but after a while more and more people bought them because they improved the way people lived. Farmers with cars were able to bring their products to places that were farther away. The appearance of cities and towns also changed. More and more workers drove to their jobs and people started to move to suburbs outside the town centers.

Automobiles give people many jobs. Millions of people around the world work in factories where cars are produced. Millions more work at gas stations, restaurants or motels that travelers stop at.

However, cars also cause problems. Millions of people die in car accidents every year. Automobiles pollute the air that we breathe and parking space in cities is scarce because everyone wants to use their cars to get to city centers.

 

2. Выучите новые слова:

 

Transport – перевозка

Means – средства

Invention – изобретение

Improve – улучшать

Suburbs – окрестности

To produce – производить

Cause – причина

Accident – несчастный случай

To pollute – загрязнять

Scarce – дефицитный

 

3.Переведите на английский язык:

 

Главные средства путешествия; люди всего мира; другие изобретения в истории; стало возможным; работают на фабриках; парковочные места.

 

4. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

 

1.     These engines are light and small.

2.     Motor cars use two-stroke engines.

3.     This truck goes very fast.

4.     This automobile works underwent reconstruction two years.

5.     The tempo of automobile production will increase next year.

 

5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод конструкции there is / there are:

 

1. There are many different electric cars around the world.

2. There were special driveways for trucks many years ago.

3. There is hardly a place in the world that is not covered by some line of communication.

4. Today there are several hundred million cars in the world not to mention millions

of motorcycles.

5. There were few roads at the end of the 19 th century in Russia.

6. There are a lot of employment opportunities in mechanical engineering.

7. There is another version of the car where the rear seat can be completely folded

away.

8. There will be eight remotely controlled TV cameras for complex crossing from Hyde Park Corner to the Hammersmith flyover.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 6

 

The automobile life cycle

 

1. Прочитайте слова, отработайте произношение и выучите их.

 

conclude  - заканчиваться

scrapping  - сдача в лом

approximately -  приблизительно

account for  - составлять

environmental impact  - воздействие на окружающую среду

acquisition  - добывание

processing  - переработка

consumption  - потребление

copious amounts  - огромное количество

involve  - включать

release  - выделять, выпускать

assembly plant  - сборочный завод

pollutant  - загрязняющее вещество

coating  - покрытие

wastewater  - сточные воды

trash  - мусор

scrap metal  - металлолом

emission  - выброс, выделение

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

 

The life cycle of an automobile begins with concept and design and concludes

with retirement (end-of-life scrapping). Today, a vehicle consists of approximately 15

000 parts. Steel, iron, glass, textiles, plastic, and non-ferrous metal dominate automobile construction. They account for more than 80% of the material used in today's vehicles. A common trend in the material composition of a car is toward increasing the use of lightweight materials, especially numerous types of plastics and light metal alloys (such as aluminum and magnesium). The environmental impacts and concerns that arise from the acquisition and processing of virgin resources that serve as input for automotive material include the substantial consumption of resources (material and energy). In addition, copious amounts of energy are consumed in heating, cooling, and producing millions of tons of steel, aluminum, plastic, and glass. Processing these materials involves a variety of heavy metals, toxic chemicals, chlorinated solvents, and ozone depleting chemicals.

 

More than half of all releases and transfers of pollutants originate from the painting and coating operations. The largest solid waste streams generated by an automobile assembly plant are wastewater treatment sludges, waste oil, plant trash, and scrap metal. The utilization of an automobile accounts for approximately 80% of the total primary energy consumption of the life cycle of an automobile. Most of the C02 and CO emissions are released during the utilization. Besides the resource consumption when running a vehicle and the necessary infrastructure (e.g. highways, service- and gas stations), the maintenance and service operations contribute significantly to the environmental effects of automobile use.

 

Opportunities for environmental improvement exist during each life-cycle stage of

an automobile. Significant changes in the material and process selection and management are necessary to reduce the overall environmental impact throughout the entire life cycle of an automobile.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 7

Transport system of the USA.

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

The development of transport facilities was very important in the growth of the United States. The first travel routes were natural waterways. No surfaced roads existed until the 1790s, when the first turnpikes were built. Besides the overland roads, many canals were constructed between the late 18th century and 1850 to link navigable rivers and lakes in the eastern United States and in the Great Lakes region. Steam railways began to appear in the East in the 1820s. The first transcontinental railway was constructed between 1862 and 1869 by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies, both of which received large subsidies from the federal government. Transcontinental railways were the chief means of transport used by European settlers who populated the West in the latter part of the 19th century. The railways continued to expand until 1917, when their length reached a peak of about 407,000 km. Since then motor transport became a serious competitor to the railway both for passengers and freight.

 

Air transport began to compete with other modes of transport after World War I. Passenger service began to gain importance in 1920s, but not until the beginning of commercial jet craft after World War II did air transport become a leading mode of travel.

 

During the early 1990s railways annually handled about 37,5 per cent of the total freight traffic; trucks carried 26 per cent of the freight, and oil pipelines conveyed 20 per cent. Approximately 16 per cent was shipped on inland waterways. Although the freight handled by airlines amounted to only 0,4 per cent of the total, much of the cargo consisted of high-priority or high-value items.

 

Private cars carry about 81 per cent of passengers. Airlines are the second leading mover of people, carrying more than 17 per cent of passengers. Buses are responsible for 1,1 per cent, and railways carry 0,6 per cent of passengers.

 

Vocabulary

 

Facilities – средства

Important – важный

surfaced roads – дороги с твёрдям покрытием

routes – маршруты, дороги

turnpikes – шлагбаумы

to appear – появляться

railway – железная дорога

to expend - тратить

cargo – груз

pipelines –трубопроводы

 

 

2. В следующих предложениях определите видо-временные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The first Russian trucks came off the assembly lines in 1924.

2. There are many sources of power.

3. The motor car will be much greater.

4. He was shown the way to the plant.

5. This method will be widely used in automobile industry.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 8

 

Trucks.

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Trucks in Canada.

 

Trucks are very versatile and are now more widely used for transporting logs

and all other forest products than any other primary transportation means. Many large

logging operations are conducted with fleets of trucks operating over systems of

roads. Trucks are also used individually or in small fleets. Large-scale trucking

operations for transporting forest products from the forest to the mill, railroad loading

point, waterway, or other destination must be organized and operated with the same

skill as a railroad operation. The long-distance hauling of sawlogs and pulpwood by

truck and trailer is the dominant transportation method in the logging industry today.

Trucks are used year-round both North and South and from the smallest job to

the largest operations in the biggest timber. Their maneuverability, improved

strength, increased power, and increased transmission flexibility have promoted the

greater use of trucks in all logging regions. Both gasoline and diesel trucks are used.

The effectiveness of any truck haul depends in large part on the road system and

the standards used in its construction and maintenance. Public highways are used

when available and when load limits permit, but in many cases special truck roads

must be constructed.

 

In Eastern Canada the first recorded use of trucks as hauling units was in early

1930s. The trucks pulled sleigh trains over rutted ice roads; the sleighs were loaded

with either pulpwood or saw logs. This type of truck-hauling operation has now disappeared.

 

Trucks carrying body loads or pulling various wheeled-trailer combination

started in Eastern Canada in 1940s and now constitute the main if not the sole method

of land transport for most woods operations.

 

Several interrelated factors have been responsible for the Increased use of trucks

on woods operations. Improvements in the ground skidding. One tractor has a winch.

Each tractor has one man in the woods to hook onto the logs. The tractors skid the

logs to different landings, according to whether they are hardwood or pine. Four men

work at the landing. They use another log loader to put the logs onto the trucks.

Logs are hauled 24 hours a day, year round using three diesel trucks with extra trailers.

 

2. Составьте план рассказа текста “Trucks in Canada” . Перескажите текст по плану.

 

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

MOTOR TRUCKS

 

А. The motor truck has been greatly improved in power, efficiency, and size, and, with better and more frequent hard-surfaced roads, it has become the most important means of major log transportation. The truck was first used for logging in the Douglas fir region where it has replaced logging railroads. It is extensively used in the pine forests of the West and South and, to an increasing degree, in all forest regions of the United States and Canada. It has widely supplanted the logging railroad, chutes, flumes, stream driving, sled hauling, and of her methods.

 

There has been an increasing trend toward motor-truck transportation in logging throughout the country since 1945 as a result of the development of inexpensive, light, powerful, pneumatic-tired trucks and detached trailers, the latter being easily loaded and unloaded, and the former capable of travelling 30 to 40 m. p. h. or more on the «go back». The motor truck is frequently used to transport logs directly from the felling areas to the sawmill or other destination, thus partially or completely eliminating the skidding or assembling operations ordinarily necessary in general logging procedure. This is notably so in the southern pine and the ponderosa pine forests in the West, especially in Oregon and the Southwest. Trucks are frequently equipped with a winch to draw logs to the truck and load them when it is impracticable to drive directly to the logs. The winches powered by the truck engine are thus used for skidding logs short distances.

 

В. Motor trucks are used chiefly to replace wagons, standard-gage railroads, and the various forms of animal haul, and have been successfully operated under conditions where tractors and power skidding have been used. They have especially replaced spur and main-line railroads in the South and the Pacific Coast, and also chutes and flumes, and have reduced skidding distances as in the western white and ponderosa pine types of the West. They are widely used in regions of second growth timber such as the Southeast, the Lake States, and the Northeast, where small sawmills often depend on the open log market, purchasing logs as needed. Thus, many mills are entirely or partially independent of reserve timber holdings as the motor trucks offer a wide flexibility in source of log- supplies. This flexibility means that trucks may be widely used in connection with selective logging. In eastern and southern logging for small mills, the same crew is frequently employed in felling, skidding, and trucking logs as well as in sawmill operations.

 

С. Many states have legal restrictions which limit the weight and size of logs carried over public highways. These restrictions may be left to the state highway commission or similar agencies, or they may be matters of legislative enactment, specifying the length, width, height, and weight of loads and size of logs transported over roads constructed at public expense. Many regulations of this; kind are now in the process of enactment, and changes are being constantly made. Fees for motortruck licenses are based generally on the weight of the truck; they vary widely among the various states and in Canada. In the Northwest, some operators find it more economical to build their own roads for trucking logs rather than use the public highways.

 

Motor trucks are used in connection with every other type of logging. Jeeps, which were developed during the last war for so many purposes are even used to skid logs, especially on small wood-lot jobs.

 

3.а. Выделите основную мысль каждого раздела (А, В, С), прочитанного

текста.

3.б. Определите, есть ли в тексте абзацы, которые можно исключить без ущерба для содержания текста.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 9

 

A Driving Test

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Mr. Shaw took the driving test for the first time in May. After the test the examiner said: "I'm sorry, Mr. Shaw, you failed the test. You didn't drive well enough . You turned left on the corner of Wilson and King and the sign there says: "No left turn. " Then you drove 40 m.p.h. in King Street and the sign there says: "Speed limit 30 m.p.h." Then you went through 2 red lights. And you didn't park well ."

 

"Can I take the test again?" asked Mr. Shaw. "Sure", said the examiner, "but you'll to pay again . " " That’s all right", said Mr, Shaw. "I'll pass it next time. I'll drive more slowly and more carefully."

 

Mr. Shaw came back in June and took the test for the second time. He had the same examiner. After the test the examiner said: "I'm sorry, Mr. Shaw, you faild the test again . You drove too carelessly again. This time you turned  right on the corner of Wilson and turned and the sign there says: "No right turn" . You drove too quickly. You drove 35 m.p.h. in Princess avenue and the speed limit there is 30 m.p.h. then you parked at a "No parking" sign .

 

"Can I take the test again?" asked Mr. Shaw. "Sure", said the examiner, "but you'll have to pay for the test again . " 'That's all right", said Mr. Shaw. "I'll pass it next time . I won't drive so quickly and so carelessly."

 

In July Mr. Shaw came back and took the driving test for the third time. This time the examiner said: "Congratulations, Mr. Shaw, you've passed the test. You drove very well this time. You didn't go through any red lights. You didn't drive too quickly. And you parked beautifully. What happened?"

 

Mr. Shaw smiled and said: "I went to a doctor. He told me to get a pair of glasses. Now I can read ."

 

vocabulary

 

the driving test – тест на вождение

failed – провалить

in the corner – на углу

turn left/ right – повернуть на лево/на право

parking place – место для парковки

the speed – скорость

lights – светофоры

pass – сдавать

carelessly – небрежно

 

 

2.Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление многофункционального слова “one”.

 

1. The annual Geneva Motor Show is one of the best automotive delights of the year.

2. The automotive test platform gives engineers one platform for multiple tests.

3. One of the particular areas of research concerns the interaction between the tyre and the road surface.

 4. One of the most important things for the driver to know is how to keep the speed.

 5. Many sensors are interconnected and their output is used for more than one vehicle system.

 6. Among possible sources of power for engines one has to consider the possibility of applying atomic energy.

 

 

3.Заполните таблицу, образуя указанные части речи, и переведите их.

 

 

VERB	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
move … … connect … compress … … … increase	… ignition … … mixture … … displacement leakage ….	… … useful … … … rotational …. … …

 

 

 

4.Прочитайте и переведите данные предложения, поставьте  предложения в правильном порядке так, чтобы получился текст.

 

 

Here is a list of good driving habits

 

A.              It is dangerous to drive too close to the car in front of you. If it stops suddenly, you may not be able to brake in time and you will crash into it.

B.               Overtake the car in front of you with great care. When you are absolutely sure that the road ahead is clear, change lanes, accelerate and overtake quickly.

C.               The speed limit is for normal conditions. If the weather is bad, you should drive under the speed limit. Never drive over the speed limit.

D.              Children get run over because they run out into the street without looking. When you see children playing, you should slow down and drive very carefully.

E.               If you have to park on a hill, put the handbrake on. Also, put the car in gear (not neutral) and turn the front wheels towards the side of the road.

F.                Use your rear-view mirror frequently to see what the traffic is doing on the road behind you. Good drivers look in their rear-view mirror at least once every five seconds.

G.              Keep your car in good condition. Check often to see whether you have enough oil in your engine, enough air in your tyres and enough water in your radiator. Make sure all your lights (headlights, sidelights and indicators) are working. Only drive with brakes that are in good condition.

H.              Always wear your seat belt. You do not want to go through the windscreen if the car stops suddenly.

 

1. _______           2. ________                   3. _______           4. _______

5. _______           6. ________                   7. _______           8. _______

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 10

 

Inventors and their Inventions

 

1.Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Charles Rolls was born in 1881 in Great Britain. He died in 1910. He was an aristocrat and a businessman . He was especially interested in cars. Once he met another enthusiast of cars Henry Royce. Henry Royce was a famous car engineer. They decided to design the most comfortable and reliable car. At the beginning of the 20r century it seemed to be a fantasy . But they worked hard and at last in 1907 they created the world famous Rolls-Royce car. It was so comfortable and reliable that one of the models of Rolls-Royce cars "Silver Ghost" hadn't changed greatly for 20 years since 1907.

 

Gotlif Daimler and Charles Benz were two inventors. They lived in Germany. They were both interested in car production. At the end of the 19t h century each of them designed a car. At the same time they organized two independent firms to produce them.

 

All the cars produced by the firm of Daimler were called "Mercedes". Mercedes was a daughter' s name of one of the stockholders of the firm . This man saved the firm of Daimler - from the financial crisis at the beginning of the 20 " century. But after the

World War I the firm of Daimler met financial difficulties again. This time it had to join

the firm of Benz. Since that time all the cars produced by the firm "Daimler-Benz" have

been - called "Mercedes-Benz".

 

2.Ответьте письменно на вопросы.

 

1. What was Charles Rolls interested in?

2. W h o m did he meet one day?

3. What was Henry Royce famous for?

4. What did they decide to do?

5. What car did they create and when?

6. What other inventors were interested in car production?

7. What did t h e y organize?

8. After who was the car produced by Daimler railed ? Why?

9. Why did the two firms join?

10. How are the cars produced by the firm "Daimler-Benz" called?

 

 

 

Vocabulary

 

Stockholders – акционеры

Join – присоединяться

Produce – производить

Inventor – изобретатель

Save – сохранять, сберегать

Decide  -  решать

 

2.Выучите новые слова.

1.      attach (v) - прикреплять

2.      bearing - подшипник

3.      clog(v) - забиваться, засоряться

4.      combustion - сгорание

5.      compression - сжатие, компрессия

6.      crankshaft – коленчатый вал

7.      cylinder head - головка цилиндра

8.      exhaust  - выхлоп

9.      gasket- прокладка

10.    hole -отверстие, дыра

11.    impurity – загрязнение, примесь

12.    lack (n) - отсутствие, нехватка

13.    leak (v) - протекать

14.    occur (v) - случаться, происходить

15.    run-down - краткое изложение, обзор

16.    seal (v) - изолировать, уплотнять

17.    spark - искра

 

3.Выберите правильное определение для каждого данного слова и переведите их на русский язык.

 

gasket, bearing, run-down, pipe, to clog, spark.

 

1. reduction; detailed explanation or listing.

2.be or become blocked with waste matter, dirt, so that movement, flow of liquid is difficult or prevented.

3.flat piece of material often rubber, placed between two surfaces so that the steam, gas cannot escape.

4.flash of light caused by electricity passing across a space.

5.in a machine - device that supports moving parts and reduces friction.

6.tube through which liquids or gases can flow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 11

 

Some interesting details of heavy commercial vehicles

 

1. Запишите и выучите слова.

 

backbone – ось

driven – ведомый

wheel – колесо

vehicle – сухопутное транспортное средство (автомобиль, автобус, вагон,

экипаж)

bonnet – капот

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

The Tatra backbone type chassis, with all six wheels driven, was shown for the first, time at Brussels although, of course, it is not new. The four rear wheels each have twin type equipment and single types are employed at the front. An air-cooled, V-12 engine is installed under the bonnet. This engine was first introduced over 20 years ago. The cylinders have a bore and stroke of 110 mm and 130 mm respectively, giving a swept volume of 14.825 litres. They are set at an including angle of 75 deg.

 

         The gearbox and engine are mounted above the large diameter tube that forms the backbone and the two-speed transfer box forms part of the backbone component. The drive is transmitted both forwards and to the rear by propeller shafts inside the tube. A

transmission brake is fitted to the rear end of the back axle casting. All four rear wheels are mounted tin stub axle assemblies secured to the ends of semi-elliptic springs.

The front suspension is different, in that each side is supported by a quarter elliptic

spring, these springs are clamped to the central backbone, adjacent to the

cross members that supports the front end of the body frame.

An unconventional steering gear arrangement has been adopted. The steering

box is mounted on the cross member that supports the body frame. Its drop arm is

connected by a link to a centrally pivoted lever that straddles the backbone tube. Each

end of this lever is connected by a steering rod to the adjacent wheel assembly, which

is well forward of it.

 

3.Найдите в тексте места, где описываются цилиндры, колеса, перед-

няя подвеска.

 

4.Перескажите прочитанное своими словами на руссом языке.

 

 

Unit 12

 

The Buses

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

The bus is ideal for short hops (a cheap fare for short journeys on most bus routes). The top of a double-decker has been hailed as one of the best ways to see the city centre. Most London buses are red, some are in different colors, but they will display the sign: ‘London Transport’.

The famous red buses offer extensive services throughout the capital and there is a frequent and reliable privately-run sightseeing service.

With 17,000 bus stops all over London, you are rarely more than a minute walk from one. You can board at two types of bus stops:

compulsory – buses will automatically stop, unless they are full,

request – buses will only stop if you put out your arm in good time.

When you board a bus, take a seat if one is available or hold on tight.

You pay the bus driver (or conductor) or show a Travel card. Busses have a similar fare system to the Underground.

When you want to leave the bus ring the bell once, unless a ‘bus stopping’ sign is lit. Buses offer a friendly, personal and safe service; nearly all vehicles have video cameras on board. All buses are No Smoking. Never get on or off an open platform bus except at a bus stop and always wait until the bus has stopped. Be careful when crossing the road as buses sometimes travel in special road lanes against the traffic flow.

Special ‘N’ numbered Night Buses run through the night – some follow daytime routes, others have their own routes. Fares are slightly higher than on day buses and you cannot use a One Day Travel card, LT Card or One Day Bus Pass. There are no child fares on Night Buses (or any bus after 22:00). All Night Buses pass through Trafalgar Square and serve theatres, cinemas and entertainment areas.

 

Vocabulary

 

Fare – плата за проезд

Journeys – поездки

Hailed – признаны

The sign – вывеска

Offer extensive – предлагают обширный

Compulsory – обязательные

Request – по просьбе

Tight – перила

Travel card – проездной билет

Vehicles – транспортные средства

The traffic flow – транспортный поток

 

 2.Заполните пропуски данными ниже словами, и переведите письменно текст.

 

comfortable       decks          horses         models        omnibuses

 

In London one can see many buses, cars and taxes in the streets. The English (1) ____________ are often called double-deckers, because they are very high and have seats on the upper and lower (2) ______________. The London buses first came into the streets in 1829. At first they were horse-drawn omnibuses, with three (3) ______________. They say they were imported from Paris. The double-deckers of today are speedy and (4) _______________, but they seem to be very clumsy moving slowly through the endless line of taxis and cars of all sizes and (5) ____________. Still they manage to maneuver very well without running into one another.

3.Дополните вопросы из задания А и ответы с задания В:

A

Could me where ______________________ is?

 the way to ____________________?

Where can I find a _________________________      ?

How far is the nearest _________________________?

Is there a_________________________           nearby?

You’ll find _________________________ on your left.

on your right.

right opposite.

on the corner.

 

B

It’s about a _________________________ minute’s walk.

Your best bet is to _________________________.

Carry straight on until you see _________________________ and

then _________________________.

 

4. Соединете слова так, чтобы получились словосочетания.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

 

1. expensive         a. route

2. fare                  b. services

3. open platform   c. fare

4. special road      d. hops

5. daytime            e. lanes

6. child                 f. areas

7. short                g. system

8. entertainment   h. bus

 

5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

London Buses

There are two main kinds of buses in London: the red double-decker and the red single-decker. There are a large number of routes in London. The main places the bus goes to are shown on the front of the bus.

Some double-deckers in London have automatic doors, and you pay the driver when you go in. On the single-deckers you buy your ticket  from a machine in the bus. These buses travel between the main stations and stop at fewer stops than the double-deckers. But most London buses have a conductor who will come round and collect fares.

You can get a bus map of London at most   underground stations. This map shows the routes for all the buses. But you’ll have to find the bus stop yourself and remember to look for the number of the bus on the post at the bus stop. You must do so because in a busy street there may be four or five bus stops close together.

Double-deckers have seats for 65 people. Only 5 people are allowed to stand when the seats are full. So the conductor may stop you getting on the bus if there are five passengers already standing.

 

7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

2.     Where can you see the names of the main places the bus goes to?

____________________________________________________________________

3.     What must you buy from a machine in the single-decker?

____________________________________________________________________

4.     What must you do when you go in the bus?

____________________________________________________________________

5.     What must a conductor do?

____________________________________________________________________

     6.      Where can you get a bus map of London?

____________________________________________________________________

     7.      What can you see on the post at the bus stop?

____________________________________________________________________

     8.      Why must you look for the number of the bus?

____________________________________________________________________

     9.      How many people can a bus take?

____________________________________________________________________

    10.     What must people do if the seats in a bus are full?

____________________________________________________________________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 13

By Road

 

1.     Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Travelling by road can be the most convenient way to transport your belongings, as you can take them right to your door. However, parking and unloading may be difficult. If you are using a removal company, the local council will allow loading and unloading to take place and even cordon off an area for you, providing they have been notified. Some councils make a charge for this service, some don’t.

Most of central London has permit parking for residents only – which as a resident you will be grateful for. However, that means there are limited places to park and parking meters only allow parking for a maximum of four hours at a time. If you park illegally you will be towed away or camped and it is very expensive and time-consuming to get your vehicle back.

 

2. Соедините слова и их значения.

 

A.                              B.

1. belongings            a. people who live and stay in a particular place

2. residents                b. to surround and protect an area with police, etc. or

    vehicles

3. cordon off            c. the things you own

4. notify                   d. not allowed by the law

5. illegally                e. formally or officially tell someone about something

 

3. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений. Выраженных именами существительными.

 

1.     All kinds of special service cars came off the assembly lines.

2.     The tempo of automobile production will greatly increase in the future.

3.     The reconstruction period at this plant lasted ten months.

4.     A four - stroke engine automobile travels with greater speed than a two-stroke engine automobile.

5.     We classify the engines according to cylinders in our country.

6.     There are inspect your car check the crankcase (картер двигателя) oil level.

 

4. Прочтите, запомните  перевод следующих сокращений.

 

1.   EBD (Electronic Brake-Force Distribution) – электронное распределение тормозной силы

2.   VSC (Vehicle Skid Control) – контроль транспортного средства при заносе

3.   mph (miles per hour) – миль в час

4.   ABS (Anti-lock Braking system) – анти-блокировочная система

5.   5 rpm (revolutions per minute) – обороты в минуту

6.   ESP (Electronic Stability Program) – программа электронной стабильности

7.   AWD (All Wheel Drive) – привод на все колеса

8.   SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) – спортивный автомобиль

9.   ASR (Anti-Slip Regulation) – антипробуксовочная система

 

 

5. Запомните новые слова и выражения и их значения.

 

air bag – воздушная подушка

acceleration performance – динамический показатель (время разгона)

brake pedal – педаль тормоза

gate – кулиска

maintain(v) - поддерживать

pressure – давление

рretensioner – предварительный натяжитель

race car – гоночный автомобиль

rear-wheel drive – заднеприводный

semi-manual shifting – ручное полуавтоматическое переключение

slippery – скользкий

seat belts – ремни безопасности

skidding – занос, пробуксовывание

steer(v) - управлять

tire – шина

torque – крутящий момент

traction control – регулировка тягового усилия

wheel spin – пробуксовывание колеса

 

6. Переведите предложения на русский язык обращая, внимание на новые слова.

 

1. The semi-manual gearshift can sense changes in engine performance. 2. The V8 engine with double-overhead cam produces 300 hp at 5600 rpm. 3. The five-speed automatic transmission shifts smoothly. 4. Active safety system includes ABS, EBD, traction control, VCS and Brake Assist. 5. When you suddenly take a maneuver, press down firmly on the brakes and steer in the direction you want to go and maintain hard pressure on the brake pedal. 6. Electronic Brake Force Distribution maintains the proper balance of braking force to all four tires.

Unit 14

 

Finding Your Way

 

1. Прочитайте и запомните значение предлогов.

 

Do you understand the prepositions?

 

 

on                         the corner                     at                      the traffic lights

near                     the tower                      beside                the cinema

in front of            the Town Hall              next to               the car park

not far from        the station                    opposite to        the  Kharkiv Hotel

across from         the bus stop                  in                      the shopping centre

 

A.Используйте эти предлоги места в следующих предложениях.

1. The Pivdenny  railway station is  __________________________________

2. The post office is _______________________________________________

3. The swimming pool is ___________________________________________

4. The Town Hall is _______________________________________________

5. The Bus Terminal is ____________________________________________

6. Uspensky Cathedral is ___________________________________________

7. The Opera and Ballet Theatre is ___________________________________

8. _______________________________________  is next to the McDonalds’.

9. _________________________________  is opposite  to the Puppet Theatre.

10.There’s a ______________________________________ in the town centre.

Asking your way

 

Ø Excuse me, could you tell me

where Poltavsky Shlyakh Street is, please? if I’m anywhere near the T. G. Shevchenko       Garden? how to get to the State Industry Building?

or simply,

 

Ø Excuse me, I’m looking for the T. G. Shevchenko  monument, please.

 

B. Составьте диалог.

         where Sums’ka Street is?

1.     the way to the nearest metro station.

2.     how to get to the town centre.

3.     where the nearest Currency Exchange is.

4.     how far the Barber’s/Dry cleaner’s is.

5.     if you can find the way to the Chemist’s.

6.     if you can walk to the coach station.

 

2.Выучите новые слова и выражения.

 

1.burn (v) - сгорать, сжигать

2.     combustion chamber  - камера сгорания

3.     connecting rod - шатун, соединительная тяга

4.     convert (v) - превращать, преобразовывать

5.     core - сердцевина, сердечник

6.     crankshaft - коленчатый вал

7.     displacement - рабочий объем (цилиндров) двигателя

8.     four-stroke - четырехтактный

9.     jack-in-the-box - дифференциал

10. jumble - куча, мешанина, беспорядочная смесь

11. hood - крышка капота (двигателя)

12. ignite (v) - поджигать, воспламенять

13. internal combustion engine (ICE) - двигатель внутреннего сгорания

14. oil pan - поддон

15. piston - поршень

16. piston rings - поршневые кольца

17. reciprocating internal combustion engine - поршневой двигатель внутреннего сгорания

18. release (v) - высвобождать

19. rotate - вращаться

20. seal – уплотнение; сальник

21. set off(v) - запустить

22. smooth – гладкий, ровный

23. spark plug - свеча зажигания

24. sump - поддон (картера)

25. valve - клапан

 

3.Выберите правильный перевод словосочетаний, где слово "ENGINE" является определяющим.

 

1. boxer engine	a) четырехтактный двигатель
2. centrally mounted engine	b) двигатель с высокими эксплуатационными характеристиками
3. crank engine	c) двигатель с верхним расположением клапанов
4. flat engine	d) двигатель с противолежащими (оппозитными) цилиндрами
5. flat twin engine	e) кривошипно-шатунный двигатель
6. four-stroke engine	f) двигатель без наддува
7. in-line engine	g) двигатель, расположенный в середине базы
8. naturally aspirated engine	h) двигатель с горизонтально расположенными цилиндрами
9. overhead valve engine	i) двигатель с двумя горизонтально расположенными оппозитными цилиндрами
10. reciprocating engine	j) поршневой двигатель с кривошипно-шатунным механизмом
11. supercharged engine	k) однорядный двигатель
12. turbocharged engine	l) газотурбинный двигатель
13. gas-turbine engine	m) двигатель с турбонаддувом
14.high-performance engine	n) двигатель с наддувом

 

 

4. Выберите правильное определение для каждого данного слова и переведите их на русский язык.

 

crankshaft, jacket, internal combustion engine, diesel engine, valve.

 

1.   a part of a tube or pipe that opens and shuts like a door to control the flow of air, gas, liquid passing through it.

2.   a cover that surrounds and protects some type of machines.

3.   an engine that produces power by burning petrol used in most cars.

4.   oil-burning engine in which ignition is produced by the heat of suddenly compressed gas.

5.   a long piece of metal in a vehicle that is connected to the engine and helps to turn the wheels.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 15

The History of transportation

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

The history of transportation is connected to industrialization, urbanization, and the separation of residence from workplace. By the beginning of the 20th century, London, New York, Boston, Paris, Budapest, and other major cities had fixed-rail subway systems. By the 1920s buses were common there. In the United States, the quantity of passengers grew steadily from 1900 (six billion passengers per year) to 1927 (over 17 billion), but it fell during the Great Depression. Then it grew again during War II, peaking in 1946 at 23 billion riders, but then dropped steadily every year until the early 1970s due to the revival of public transport.

The total number of riders in 1970 was less than that of 1910. The reasons for these declines are complex and often political. Los Angeles, for example, had over 1,000 miles of trolley and interurban lines before 1930. This system was taken over by a private company and replaced with noisy, polluting, and comparatively slow buses. But few people chose to use them. That’s why costs rose and the number of passengers was falling. To reduce costs, private companies removed distant branches and smaller stations. These changes, along with cheap gasoline, suburban and highway development, bad condition of older subway lines, and the greater amount of cars offered, helped turn the United States into a car culture.

The people have grown increasingly concerned over the impact of cars on the environment and the quality of life in urban areas. But at this time more efficient and comfortable mass transit systems are developing. Models for such systems were developed in Europe and Japan. Trains in the Paris Metro, for example, operate on rubber tires and can reach speeds of 77 km. In Canada engineers built more lightweight trains that can reach speeds of 72 km.

In the United States by 1990 over 90% of North American mass transit was publicly owned and managed. Washington, D.C.'s Metro system (144 million riders in 1988) included a wider area of service and more efficient schedules. Currently buses account for 60% of mass transit rides in the United States. Innovations such as articulated buses and reserved lanes on highways are balanced by the problems of noise, air pollution, and traffic. Now mass transit is a central social and political issue.

2. Прочитайте предложения и подумайте верны они или ложны.

1)    The history of transportation is connected to industrialization, urbanization, and the separation of residence from workplace.

2)    In the United States, the quantity of passengers fell from 1900 to 1927.

3)    The system of public transport was not replaced with noisy, polluting, and comparatively slow buses.

    4)  Now mass transit is a central social and political issue.

3. Поставьте слова в предложении в правильном порядке

1)    companies/government/or/private/the/owned/transport/public

2)    operations/other/airlines/in/began/many/world/of/parts/the

3)    most/of/walking/transportation/was/the/elementary/means

4)    takes/they/go/people/where/or/want/transportation/need/to

5)    he/at/weather/traffic/reduced/in/always/speed/in/bad/in/night/bad/heavy

4. Выберите правильное определение для каждого данного слова и переведите их на русский язык.

 

radar, lane, monitor, collision, transport, navigation, traffic, destination, journey.

 

1) a system or method for carrying passengers or goods from one place to another.

2) a place that someone or something is going to.

3) one of the two or three parallel areas on a road which are divided by painted lines to keep traffic apart.

4) a time spent traveling from one place to another, especially over a long distance.

5) a piece of equipment that uses radio waves to find the position on things and watch their movement.

6) an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions

7) the science or job of planning which way you need to go when you are traveling from one place to another.

8) a television or part of a computer with a screen, on which you can see pictures or information.

9) (movement) of people and vehicles along roads and streets, of aircraft in the sky.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 16

Development of automobile undustry in Russia.

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Before World War I Russia produced automobiles at Machine building works in Moscow, Petersburg, Riga and Orel. In 1924 the first Russian trucks – ten AMO – F – 15 came off the assembly lines and took part in the holiday parade on the Red Square in Moscow.

In 1932 in Nizhni-Novgorod new Motor Works appeared which planned to manufacture at least 150 000 vehicles a year. The Moscow Automobile Works underwent reconstruction and began to turn out up to 25 000 automobiles.

Five years later in 1937 Russia was the first in Europe and the second in the world (after USA) in the production of trucks. At the Gorky, Moscow and Yaroslavl Works trucks, buses and special service cars of all types came off the accembly lines as well as passenger cars-big, medium and comfort. Automobile industry played a great role in wartime when it supplied the army with different kinds of vehicles.

After the Great Patriotic War Russia not only reached but surpassed the pre-war level in automobile industry in 1949.

In 1965 the industry entered a new period of rapid development. The tempo of automobile production will increase considerably in the nearest future. We expect essential progress in the output of cars and in the improvement of their design qualities.

2.Выучите новые слова и выражения.

assembly line – конвейер

at least – по крайней мере

to tern out – выпускать

appear – появляться

undergo –подвергаться

supply – превосходить

reach – достигать

surpass – превосходить

level – уровень

rapid – быстрый

increase – увеличивать, возрастать

 

         3. В следующих предложениях определите видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1.     The first Russian trucks came off the assembly lines in 1924.

2.     Our college has well equipment labaratories.

3.     Diesel engines last longer then petrol engines.

4.     The speed of new motor car greatly increse.

 

4. Поставьте следующие предлодложения в отрицательную форму. Переведите их на русский язык.

 

1.     These engines are light and small.

2.     Motor cars use two-stroke engines.

3.     This truck goes very fast.

4.     This aotomobile works underwent reconstruction two years ago.

5.     All forms of transport will depend directly on the atomio energy.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 17

 

Henry Ford (1863-1947)

I will build a car for the great multitude

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Automobile manufacturer Henry Ford was born July 30, 1863, on his family's farm in Dearborn, Michigan. From the time he was a young boy, Ford enjoyed tinkering with machines. Farm work and a job in a Detroit machine shop afforded him ample opportunities to experiment. He later worked as a part-time employee for the Westinghouse Engine Company. By 1896, Ford had constructed his first horseless carriage which he sold in order to finance work on an improved model.

      Ford incorporated the Ford Motor Company in 1903, proclaiming, "I will build a car for the great multitude." In October 1908, he did so, offering the Model T for $950. In the Model T's nineteen years of production, its price dipped as low as $280. Nearly 15,500,000 were sold in the United States alone. The Model T heralds the beginning of the Motor Age; the car evolved from luxury item for the well-to-do to essential transportation for the ordinary man.

Ford revolutionized manufacturing. By 1914, his Highland Park, Michigan plant, using innovative production techniques, could turn out a complete chassis every 93 minutes. This was a stunning improvement over the earlier production time of 728 minutes. Using a constantly-moving assembly line, subdivision of labor, and careful coordination of operations, Ford realized huge gains in productivity.

 

In 1914, Ford began paying his employees five dollars a day, nearly doubling the wages offered by other manufacturers. He cut the workday from nine to eight hours in order to convert the factory to a three-shift workday. Ford's mass-production techniques would eventually allow for the manufacture of a Model T every 24 seconds. His innovations made him an international celebrity.

Ford's affordable Model T irrevocably altered American society. As more Americans owned cars, urbanization patterns changed. The United States saw the growth of suburbia, the creation of a national highway system, and a population entranced with the possibility of going anywhere anytime. Ford witnessed many of these changes during his lifetime, all the while personally longing for the agrarian lifestyle of his youth. In the years prior to his death on April 7, 1947, Ford sponsored the restoration of an idyllic rural town called Greenfield Village.

Vocabulary

Tinkering – мастерить

ample opportunities – широкие возможности

employee – рабочий

item – предмет

assembly line – конвейер

wages – зарплаты

a three-shift workday – рабочий день в три смены

patterns – шаблоны

witnessed – был свидетелем

rural – сельский

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lanchester Car Monument, Birmingham, Eng.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 18

 

1. Составьте сообщение 10 предложений. Используя информацию из таблицы.Устно.

Frederick W. Lanchester
Born	23 October 1868 Lewisham, London
Died	8 March 1946 Birmingham
Nationality	English
Work
Significant advance	automotive engineering aerodynamics
Significant awards	Guggenheim Medal (1931), Fellow of the Royal Society

 

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст

 

Frederick William Lanchester, (23 October 1868 – 8 March 1946) was an English polymath and engineer who made important contributions to automotive engineering, aerodynamics and co-invented the field of operations research.

He was also a pioneer British motor car builder, a hobby he eventually turned into a successful car company, and is considered one of the "big three" English car engineers, the others being Harry Ricardo and Henry Royce.

Lanchester was born at Lewisham, London to Henry Jones Lanchester, an architect, and his wife Octavia, a tutor. He was the fourth of eight children. When he was a year old, his father moved the family to Brighton, and young Frederick attended a preparatory school and a nearby boarding school, where he did not distinguish himself. He himself, looking back remarked that, "it seemed that Nature was conserving his energy". However, he did succeed in winning a scholarship to the Hartley Institution, in Southampton, and after three years won another scholarship, to, what is now, part of Imperial College, Kensington. He supplemented his instruction in applied engineering by attending evening classes at Finsbury Technical School. Unfortunately, he ended his education without having obtained a formal qualification.

When he completed his education in 1888, he took a job as a Patent Office draughtsman for £3 a week. About this time he took out a patent for an isometrograph, a draughtsman’s instrument for hatching, shading and other geometrical design work.

In 1919, at the age of fifty-one, Lanchester married Dorothea Cooper, the daughter of Thomas Cooper, the vicar of St Peter’s Church at Field Broughton in Lancashire. The couple moved to 41 Bedford Square, London, but in 1924 Lanchester built a house to his own design (Dyott End) in Oxford Road, Moseley. The couple remained there for the rest of their life together but had no children.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1922, and in 1926 the Royal Aeronautical Society awarded him a fellowship and a gold medal.

In 1925 Lanchester founded a company called Lanchester Laboratories Ltd. This was to carry out industrial research and development work. Although he developed an improved radio and gramophone speaker, he was unable to market it successfully because of the recession. He carried on, overworking, until in 1934 his health failed and the firm was forced to close. He was eventually diagnosed withParkinson's disease and was reportedly much grieved that this, along with cataracts in both eyes, prevented him from "doing any official job" during the Second World War.

He was awarded gold medals by the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1941 and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1945.

Although he achieved his fame through his creative brilliance as an engineer, Frederick Lanchester was a man of diverse interests, blessed with a fine singing voice. Under the pseudonym of Paul Netherton-Herries he published two volumes of poetry.

Lanchester, who had never been commercially successful, lived out the rest of his life in straitened, and it was only through charitable help that he was able to remain in his home. He died at his home, Dyott End, on 8 March 1946.

 

Translate into English:

 

Инженер, аэродинамика, был избран, был награждён, супружеская чета, эрудит, коммерчески успешно, обстоятельства, стеснённый.

 

3. Write 10 sentences about famous inventor – F.W.Lanchester.

4. Запишите и выучите новые слова, отработайте их произношение.

construct — конструировать

construction — конструкция

constructor — конструктор

deal with - иметь дело

demand - требовать, требование

dependable brakes — надежные тормоза

design - проектировать, проект

designer - проектировщик, кон­структор

develop - разрабатывать

development — разработка

driving safety — безопасность езды

efficiency - эффективность, КПД

engineer — инженер

fuel consumption - расход топлива

handling - эксплуатация, уход

ignition system — система зажигания

maintenance — техобслуживание

manufacture – производить

manufacturer — промышленник,изготовитель

manufacturing — производство

mechanics - механик

mechanism — механизм

produce — производить

producer — промышленник (тот, кто производит)

production - производство

put into mass production - запустить в массовое производство

quality — качество

rapid acceleration — быстрый разгон (приёмистость)

require - требовать, просить

requirement - требование, запрос

rigid quality control — жесткий кон­троль качества

science - наука  scientist - ученый

service life - срок службы

silent gearbox — бесшумная коробка передач

smooth-acting clutch - плавное сцеп­ление

solution — решение

steering system - система рулевого управления

subject to tests — подвергать испы­таниям

technician — техник

technologist – технолог

technology — технология

undergo tests — проходить испыта­ния

unit — узел, агрегат

up-to-date – современный

 

5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

 

1.Я учусь на автомобильном факультете технического колледжа.

2.После окончания колледжа я стану специалистом авто­мобильной промышленности.

3.По моему мнению, каждый специалист должен знать, что автомобиль должен пройти стендовые и дорожные испытания.

4.Эти испытания необходимы, чтобы автомобиль отвечал современным требованиям.

5.Современный автомобиль должен обладать следующими качествами: быть приёмистым, иметь плавное сцепление, бесшумную коробку передач, надежные тормозную и рулевую системы, быть легким в управлении.

6.Двигатель автомобиля также должен иметь небольшой расход топлива и быть экологичным.

 

 

Unit 19

Travelling in London

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

London is a city full of sights, history and atmosphere. There are plenty of places to go. Wherever you are you’ll find a bus and underground nearby. So you can reach any part of London easily and enjoy the ride. There are handy leaflets with maps and information to plan your journeys. If you need further information, 24-hour personal travel information by telephone is provided.

The wide choice of public transport includes bus, underground (tube), British Railway (BR) and Docklands Light Railway (DLR). Most of South London relies on British Rail overground services, while the redeveloped Eastern part of the city – known as Docklands – is served by the DLR.

Getting out of the city is not straightforward because there are more than a dozen British Rail terminals – usually grandiose Victorian buildings – which connect the metropolis with the rest of the country, so make sure you know your station for arrival or departure.

The main London airports are Heathrow, Gatwick, London City Airport and Stanstead.

Heathrow is 15 miles west of London. Central London is a 45 minute journey on the tube. Alternatively take a licensed Black Cab straight to your hotel or the Airbus. The Airbus and the tube are much cheaper than a taxi. Tube trains run every few minutes from early morning to late evening. It is best for people with light luggage. Airbus is ideal if you have lots of luggage. They can be boarded near all major hotels, rail arid coach stations and all airport terminals. Airbuses run every 15 to 30 minutes throughout the day and are fast and comfortable with friendly drivers who offer advice and information. Disabled travellers are welcome.

Gatwick, 30 miles from London, is served by the Gatwick Express train, taking 30 minutes to Victoria1 and costing £8.60 one way. Some commuter trains go to and from Clapham Junction and London Bridge. A Greenline Coach service connects Gatwick with Victoria in Central London, taking about 75 minutes and costing £8.90.

London City Airport is only 6 miles east of the City. The nearest rail station is Silver-town, which connects with the tube at West Ham. Also, shuttle buses connect the airport with Canary Wharf DLR and Liverpool Street station in the City.

Stanstead. A rail service connects this airport, 32 miles north-east of London with the City’s Liverpool Street station, taking about 40 min (£10.80).

There are over 20,000 licensed Black Cabs in London. Every driver has undergone a stringent test of London’s geography called The Knowledge. You will find them a wealth of knowledge. Black Cabs can be hailed in the street when their ‘For Hire’ sign is illuminated. Avoid unlicensed mini-cabs, especially those touting outside stations.

 

2. Прочитайте и дайте ответы на вопросы.

 

1.            Why can you reach any part of London easily and enjoy the ride?

2.            Why should one know the station for arrival or departure?

3.            Which types of transport are the main London airports served by?

 

3. Vocabulary Focus

 

A. Найдите слова в тексте с таким же значением и напишите их:

 

1. places worth seeing                                                  __________________

2. not far                                                                     __________________

3. to get to                                                                   __________________

4. journey                                                                   __________________

5. printed sheet with announcement or short information; a small booklet

                                                                                   __________________

6. directly                                                                   __________________

7. baggage                                                                   __________________

8. important; big                                                          __________________

9. invalid                                                                    __________________

10. local train                                                              __________________

11. a bus which runs there and back                             __________________

12. severe                                                                    __________________

 

B.Соедините слова и их значения:

 

1. metropolis:       a. a trademark of a large plane that carries a lot of people for                                                                                    short distances

2. terminal              b. a taxi

3. leaflet                c. a very large city that is the most important in a country or area

4. Airbus              d. a big building where people wait to get onto planes, buses, or ship or where goods are loaded

5. cab                   e. a small book or piece of paper advertising something or giving information on a particular subject

 

 

4. Запомните новые слова и выражения и их значения.

 

air-pumping capacity – производительность воздушного насоса

cam-follower=valve-lifter – толкатель клапана

seat – седло клапана

capacity – способность, мощность, производительность

convex(adj) – выпуклый

draw(v) in - втянуть, втащить

jacket – чехол, кожух, рубашка

helical spring – цилиндрическая пружина

inward-opening poppet valve type – клапан тарельчатого типа, открывающийся вовнутрь

lever – рычаг, коромысло

linkage – сцепление, рычажный механизм

non-scaling – не деформирующийся

pivot(v) – вращать(ся) вокруг своей оси

poppet valve – тарельчатый клапан

push rod – штанга толкателя клапана

reciprocating pump – поршневой насос

reciprocation engine – поршневой двигатель

rocker arm – рокер, рычаг клапана (зд: коромысло)

tightness – непроницаемость, герметичность

valve guide – направляющая клапана

valve head ground – основание головки клапана

valve stem – стержень (шток) клапана

valve train – клапанный механизм

 

5. Переведите предложения на русский язык обращая, внимание на новые слова.

 

1.                                                                                                     Poppet valves are cooled by transferring heat to the engine jacket, mostly through the valve stem. 2. Mechanically, an internal combustion engine is a reciprocating pump, able to draw in a certain amount of air per minute. 3. In most four-stroke engines, the valves are of the inward-opening poppet type, with the valve head ground to fit a conical seat in the cylinder block or cylinder head. 4. A follower or valve-lifter is riding on each cam, which may be a flat or slightly convex surface. 5. By valve train, we mean the valves and valve-operating mechanism by which the fuel/air mixture is taken into the cylinders and the combustion products are discharged to the exhaust. 6. The operating linkage consists of cam follower, push rod and rocker arm.

 

6. Переведите выделенные слова на английский язык, используя активный словарь урока.

 

1. (Головка клапана) is held concentric with its seat by a cylindrical (шток) running in the (направляющая клапана) 2. Since the fuel takes up little space but needs air with which to combine, the power output of an engine is limited by its (производительность воздушного клапана). 3. (Тарельчатые клапаны) are generally 2 inches in diameter or smaller. 4. (Выхлопные клапаны) are subject to the effects of extreme temperature and must be most carefully designed. 5. (Клапан) is opened by forces applied to the end of the (шток клапана) through a mechanical linkage activated by the (толкателем клапана).

Unit 20

 

How the Automobile Learned to Run

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите первую часть текста и ответьте письменно на вопросы.

 

The automobile and the locomotive are the cousins. They have the same grandmother, who lives in a museum in Paris. It has a long body on three wheels, a seat in the middle and a steam-boiler in front. It was built by a Frenchman, Nicholas Cugnot, in 1769.

         Oher engineers continued his work, producing various strange-looking cars. One had its steam pipe in front, another at the back. One had three wheels, another had six. These queer machines were the parents of the locomotive and the automobile. They were just learning to go by themselves. Some could go as fast as six or seven miles an hour. People looked in amazement. To put a stove on wheels and expect it to take you somewhere!

In those days people travelled from one city to another in big stage-coaches. Each of them carried twenty passengers. The coachman sat on the top, driving a team of horses. The postman sat beside him and blew a horn.

Then the first steam coaches began to roll along the same dusty roads. The steam coach had many enemies, first of all the owners of horse-drawn stage-coaches. In Britain they got the government to help them in their war against the steam coaches. Very strict rules for steam coaches were introduced. The war between the two kinds of vehicles lasted thirty years. The stage-coach won.

 

1.     What was queer about the parents of the automobile and the locomotive?

2.     What were the stage coaches drawn by?

3.     Who were the enemies of the steam coach?

 

2. Прочитайте вторую часть текста и определите верны или ложны следующие утверждения.

 

The steam coach had still another rival – its younger brother, the railway train. One of the first locomotives was built in Russia by self-taught mechanics Cherepanovs, father and son. They did it in 1834-1835. The outstanding Russian inventors took the steam-engine off the roads and put it on rails – and they were right. The roads in those days were very bad, and it was hard for a heavy steam coach to move upon them. The engine often got damaged. Other engineers tried to build stronger engines, but could only make them heavier, which was still worse. And what a load of coal it took to draw such a heavy vehicle over a bad road! It was different however, when the machine was put on rails. The engine could be much lighter and it needed less coal, so did not cost so much to run.

The first railway was built by George Stephenson between Stockton and Darlington in England. The new invention seemed to put an end to the steam coach. But suddenly the highway locomotive, the old steam coach, blew its horn again. It raced along the roads at an unheard-of speed, leaving the coach horses far behind. How did this happen? The steam coach had stopped using steam. In 1886 Daimler and Benz, two German inventors, built a petrol engine. Have you ever come across the picture of the first automobile? If you look at it again, you will see how light and simple the fire cart has become. Of course, the motor of the first car is still weak; it is only one and a half horsepower. And when the automobile moves, it snakes and jolts its passengers very hard, much harder than a horse-drawn carriage.

 

1.     The railway train was invented before the steam coach. (     )

2.     The first steam coach moved upon bad roads. (     )

3.     Those steam engines that were put on rails needed a lot of coal to draw them.()

4.     The first railway was built by Stephenson in Germany. (     )

5.     The inventors of the first petrol engine were from England. (     )

6.     The first automobile was far from being comfortable. (     )

 

3.Прочитайте третью часть текста и выберите правильный вариант ответа. Заполните теблицу.

 

How to stop the terrible jolting? The roads could be made smooth by laying floors over them, or pillows could be attached to the car’s wheels.

Both of these things have been done. An asphalt pavement has been laid over the road like a smooth floor, and the wooden wheels have been replaced by rubber tyres filled with air. Motorcars have been constructed employing two, three and even four hundred horsepower engine. Today there are racing cars with as much as a thousand horsepower. The old stage-coaches have been forgotten. Even the railway can’t keep up with the automobile. The trains can run only on rails. But the automobile needs no rails. It can go anywhere. We now have cars that can run on ploughed fields, climb steep hills and even cross rivers and seas. The network of automobile highways has been greatly enlarged too.

A modern automobile is very beautiful. It has nothing unnecessary sticking out on it. It is streamlined – straight and smooth like an arrow. How comfortable and strong it is!  Faster than a train and it can carry huge loads. It takes us out of town on a week-end, and it helps us build giant power-stations.

In the beginning automobile looked like a locomotive. Then it looked like a horse-drawn cab. Now it does not look like anything else. It looks like what it is – an automobile.

 

 

1. The terrible jolting could be stopped by

A. improving the roads.

B. putting pillows into the automobile.

C. making the wheels of a car more mobile.

 

2. The car wheels were

A. repaired.

B. reconstructed.

C. made better than before.

 

3. The automobiles which were invented afterwards could

A. run on rails.

B. go anywhere.

C. be enlarged greatly.

 

4. The automobiles of a new generation

A. look like a horse-drawn cab.

1	2	3	4

B. can make many different operations.

C. are very beautiful.

 

 

 

4. Запишите и выучите новые слова и выражения.

 

engine (power plant) — двигатель(силовая установка)

chassis — шасси

body — кузов

power train — силовая передача

running gear — ходовая часть

steering system - рулевое управление

brakes — тормоза

clutch - сцепление

gearbox — коробка передач

propeller shaft — карданный вал

final drive - главная передача

differential - дифференциал

rear axle — задний мост

axle shafts — полуоси

frame with axles — рама с осями

wheels and springs — колеса с рессо­рами

hood — капот

fenders — крылья

heater - отопитель

windshield wiper — стеклоочиститель

include — включать в себя

consist of — состоять из

as well — также

in turn — в свою очередь

source of power — источник энергии

fuel — топливо

cooling — охлаждение

lubricating — смазка

 

5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Components of the Automobile

The automobile is made up of three basic parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body.

The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders.

The chassis includes a power train (power transmission), a run­ning gear, steering and braking systems as well.

The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels.

The power transmission, in turn, contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts. The running gear consists of a frame with axles, wheels and springs.

The body has a hood, fenders and accessories: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner, speedometer and so on.

 

 

6. Выберите и запишите термины, данные ниже, которые относятся к:

the engine (двигателю); the chassis (шасси); the body (кузову).

 

Fuel system, axle shaft, accessories, cooling system, frame with axles, running gear, lubricating system, steering system, heater, pro­peller shaft, power transmission, final drive, windshield wiper, clutch, wheels and axle shafts, gearbox, electric system, differential.

 

Дайте русские эквиваленты приведенных выше терминов.

 

7. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

 

1.What main parts is the automobile made up of?

2.What is the function of the engine?

3.What systems does the engine include?

4.What does the chassis consist of?

5.What units does the power transmission comprise?

6.What assemblies does the running gear consist of?

7.What has the body?

 

8. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты предложений и запишите их.

 

1.Автомобиль состоит из трех основных частей: двигателя, шасси и кузова.

2.Двигатель — это источник энергии.

3.Двигатель включает в себя топливную, охлаждающую, смазывающую и электрическую системы.

4.Шасси включает в себя силовую передачу, ходовую часть, рулевую и тормозную системы.

5.Силовая передача (трансмиссия), в свою очередь, состоит из сцепления, коробки передач, карданного вала, главной передачи, дифференциала, заднего моста и полуосей.

6.Ходовая часть включает в себя раму с осями, колеса и рессоры.

7.Кузов включает в себя капот, крылья и вспомогательные аксессуары: отопитель, стеклоочистители, магнитолу, кондиционер и т. п.

 

 

9. Выберите и запишите соответствующий описанию механизм.

 

1.Mechanism which is used to stop the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

2.Mechanism which is used to guide the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

3.Mechanism which engages or disengages the engine and the car wheels.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

4.Mechanism which is used to change the speed of the car.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) accelerator.

 

5.Mechanism which is used to guide the car in one or the other directions.

a) clutch; b) brakes; c) gearbox; d) steering system.

6.Device which is designed to measure the speed of the car.

    a) heater; b) windscreen; c) speedometer; d) tachometer.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 21

 

The engine.

 

1.Выучите новые слова.

 

1. burn (v) - сгорать, сжигать

2. combustion chamber  - камера сгорания

3. connecting rod - шатун, соединительная тяга

4. convert (v) - превращать, преобразовывать

5. core - сердцевина, сердечник

6. crankshaft - коленчатый вал

7. displacement - рабочий объем (цилиндров) двигателя

8. four-stroke - четырехтактный

9. jack-in-the-box - дифференциал

10.                  jumble - куча, мешанина, беспорядочная смесь

11.                  hood - крышка капота (двигателя)

12.                  ignite (v) - поджигать, воспламенять

13.                  internal combustion engine (ICE) - двигатель внутреннего сгорания

14.                  oil pan - поддон

15.                  piston - поршень

16.                  piston rings - поршневые кольца

17.                  reciprocating internal combustion engine - поршневой двигатель внутреннего сгорания

18.                  release (v) - высвобождать

19.                  rotate - вращаться

20.                  seal – уплотнение; сальник

21.                  set off(v) - запустить

22.                  smooth – гладкий, ровный

23.                  spark plug - свеча зажигания

24.                  sump - поддон (картера)

25.                  valve – клапан

 

2.Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова:

 

Diesel, efficient, equivalent, typical, energy, form, gas, cycle, compression, to start, to plan, multi-cylinder, horizontally, configuration, motor-cycle, sports car, normal, liter, number, indicator, battery, compact, material.

 

3.Выберите верное значение для данных слов.

 

jumble, piston, hood, core, wire, plug, combustion

 

1.   the metal cover over the engine of a motor car (protective cover over the engine of a motor car).

2.   piece or length of metal in the form of a thread.

3.   a lot of different things mixed together in an untidy order, without any order.

4.   chemical activity which uses oxygen to produce light and heat.

5.   central or most important part of anything (of an engine).

6.   a part of an engine consisting of a short solid piece of metal inside a tube, which moves up and down.

7.   the part of a petrol engine that makes spark, which makes the petrol start burning.

 

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

THE ENGINE

1.The engine is the source of power that makes the car move. It is usually called an internal combustion engine because gasoline is burned within its cylinders or combustion chambers. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders.

 

2.The operating cycle of the four-stroke engine that takes place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four strokes. The upper limit of the piston movement is called the top dead centre. The lower limit of piston movement is called the bottom dead centre. A stroke is the piston movement from the top dead centre to the bottom dead centre or from bottom dead centre to the top dead centre. In other words, the piston the completes a stroke each time it changes the direction of its motion.

 

3.Where the entire cycle of events in the cylinder requires four strokes (two crankshaft revolutions), the engine is called a four-stroke cycle engine. The four strokes are: intake, compression, power and exhaust.

 

 

4.Two-cycle engines have also been made, and in such engines the entire cycle of events is completed in two strokes or one revolution of the crankshaft.

 

5.On the intake stroke the intake valve is opened. The mixture of air      and vaporized gasoline is delivered into the cylinder through the inlet valve. On the compression stroke the inlet valve is closed so that the mixture can be compressed. On the power stroke both valves (inlet and exhaust) are closed in order to raise pressure during the mixture combustion. On the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve is opened to exhaust the residual gas.

 

5. Соедините слова и их значения.

 

1.internal combustion engine        а. поршень

2.combustion chamber                 b. верхняя мертвая точка

3.stroke                                       с. четырехтактный двигатель

4.piston                                       d. коленчатый вал

5.top dead centre                          е. отверстие клапана

6.bottom dead centre                    f. двигатель внутреннего сгорания

7.four-stroke cycle engine             g. нижняя мертвая точка

8.two-cycle engine                       h. топливная система

9.crankshaft                                 i. такт впрыска (топлива)

10.intake stroke                           j. двухтактный двигатель

11.valve opening                          k. камера сгорания

12.fuel system                             1. ход, такт (поршня)

13.power stroke                           m. выхлоп

14.exhaust                                   n. рабочий ход поршня

 

6. Запишите и выучите слова.

 

accessories — вспомогательные устройства

cooling — охлаждение

as well — также

axle shafts – полуоси

body — кузов

conditioner - кондиционер

consist of — состоять из

device — устройство

disengage — отключать, отсоединять

engage — включать, соединять

engine — двигатель

fenders — крылья

final drive — главная передача

fix — крепить

flywheel — маховик

frame — рама

fuel - топливо

gearbox — коробка передач

heater - отопитель

hood — капот

in turn - в свою очередь

include — включать в себя

lubricating (lubrication) — смазка

measure — измерять

pedal — педаль

power train (transmission) – силовая передача (трансмиссия)

power plant — силовая установка

propeller (cardan) shaft - карданный вал

rear axle - задний мост

release the engine — отсоединить дви­гатель

running gear — ходовая часть

 

7. Прочитайте и переведите диалог по ролям.

 

Tracing a Fault

Nick: Peter, I know you are a good driver. I would like you to have a

look at my car.

Peter: What's wrong with your car?

N.: I don't know.

P.: Let me have a look. When did you have your plugs checked?

N.: Three days ago. I thought I had run out of fuel but the tank is half full.

P.: The carburettor is in order but the engine is misfiring. I guess the battery has run down. It needs recharging.

N.: Too bad.

P.: Don't get upset about it. It won't take you long to have your

battery recharged.

N.: Do you really think so?

P.: I am sure of it. I advise you to have the engine greased.

N.: I'll follow your advice. Thank you, Peter.

P.: Don't mention it, Nick. I'm very sorry I couldn't help you.

N.: Well, you helped me to find the fault. Thanks a lot. Good-bye.

P.: See you later.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 22

 

16-Valve Technology

 

1. Запишите новые слова и выучите их.

 

rally car	- гоночный автомобиль
competition car	- спортивный автомобиль
economy	- экономия, экономичность
durability	- долговечность, износоустойчивость, прочность
reliability	- надежность
combustion chamber	- камера сгорания
piston crown	- головка поршня
intake manifold	- входной патрубок
spark plug	- свеча зажигания
flame path	- поток пламени
compression ratio	- степень компрессии
knock sensor	- сенсор удара
engine load	- нагрузка на двигатель
valve clearance	- зазор клапана
wear	- износ, амортизация

 

2. Прочитайте текст и его перевод. Составьте план пересказа текста.

 

 

16 - Valve Technology Part 1 Engines with four valves per cylinder have long been used to power rally and competition cars including Saab cars. But the Saab 16-valve engine is not a competition engine designed for the highest possible performance within a narrow range of engine speeds. On the contrary, it is an everyday «workhorse», with good low-speed performance, and has been optimised for the best possible economy, durability and reliability. Most car manufacturers are developing engines with four valves per cylinder, and this design will probably dominate in the future. But Saab has already accumulated several years of experience in the production of such engines, for economical

16 - ти клапанная технология Часть I Двигатели с 4-мя клапанами в каждом цилиндре уже давно получили применение на гоночных и спортивных моделях, включая Сааб. Однако 16-ти клапанный двигатель Сааб не является двигателем для спортивных моделей. Предназначенным для максимальной эксплуатации в условиях узкого диапазона оборотов двигателя. Напротив, это скорее ординарная «рабочая лошадь» с хорошими низкоскоростными характеристиками, высоким уровнем экономии, прочности и надежности. Большинство автопроизводителей выпускают двигатели с 4-мя клапанами на каждый цилиндр и, возможно, эта конструкция и будет доминировать в будущем. Сааб имеет многолетний приоритет.

 

 

3. Прочитайте и переведите диалог по ролям.

 

Nick: Hullo, Boris!

Boris: Hullo, Nick. How are things?

N.: Perfectly well, thank you. I entered the automobile construc­tion college.

В.: That's nice, what will you become after graduating from the college?

N.: I'll become a technician and deal with manufacturing new cars.

В.: Why did you choose this profession?

N.: I enjoy learning about a car. I enjoy working with metal. And

most of all I enjoy being able to construct cars. В.: Do you enjoy the course? N.: Yes, of course.

В.: Tell me about your profession in detail, please?

N.: With great pleasure. As you know an automobile must be safe, have smooth acting clutch, silent gears, excellent brakes and steering system. And in order to achieve these qualities a lot of work must be done.

В.: Thank you very much for your information. I believe you like

your profession very much.

N.: Oh, yes, very much, indeed.

 

4. Прочитайте диалог.

 

Anton: Where do you study?

Boris: I study at the automobile construction college.

A:      Whom does the college train?

B:      It trains specialists for the automobile industry.

B.               A:      Why did you decide to become a technician?

C.               B:      I enjoy working with machines. I enjoy learning about a car. I understand every part of it.

A:      What can you tell me about the car?

B:      Well, the car of today must be rapid in acceleration, it must have dependable clutch, brakes, and steering system, be stable on the road and have pleasant appearance.

A:     Do you enjoy the course?

B:     Yes, very much. I have learned a lot of things. For example, I know that the production of the car comprises five phases.

A:     What are they?

B:      They are designing, working out the technology, laboratory tests, road tests, mass production.

A:     And why are laboratory and road tests needed?

B:      The cars are subjected to tests in order to meet up-to-date de­mands.

A:     And what are these demands?

B:     They are high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance and so on.

A:     I think you will become an expert in automobile engineering.

B:     I'll try. The cooperative plan of an academic program with prac­tice at a plant will help me to become a good specialist.

 

5. Найдите в диалоги эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний и запишите их:

 

Учусь в автомобилестроительном колледже, техник, люблю работать с машинами, современный автомобиль, надежные тормоза, плавное сцепление, приятный внешний вид, массовое производство автомобилей, стендовые испытания, отвечать современным требованиям, долгий срок службы, легкость техобслуживания, надежность, быстро разгоняться (при­ёмистость), подвергаться жестким дорожным испытаниям.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 23

 

Safety engineering

 

1.                      Запишите новые слова. Отработайте их чтение.

safety engineering - техника безопасности

accident - несчастный случай

safety rules - правила техники

lack - нехватка, отсутствие безопасности

training workshop - учебный цех (мастерская)

to ensure – обеспечивать

 

2.                       Замените русское слово на английское. Используйте новые слова.

This was несчастный случай.

All people should keep технику безопасности.

Do you know правила техники?

We work in мастерской.

I обеспечиваю safety engineering.

 

3.                       Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

SAFETY ENGINEERING

Accidents to people in industrial enterprises are called industrial traumatism (injury). They occur when workers have not acquired the requisite for skill and lack the necessary experience in handling tools and equipment. Accidents are also caused through neglect of safety rules and regulations in the factories and training workshops.

 

The purpose of safety engineering is to prevent acci­dents and to create such conditions of work in industry which will ensure maximum productivity of labour.

 

When taking up new duties or when first going to work at any industrial enterprise each worker is obliged to acquaint him thoroughly with, and to master the safety instructions.

 

4.                      Ответьте письменно на вопросы:

 

–    How are the accidents to people in industrial enterprises called?

–        When do the accidents to people occur?

–    What must one do to prevent accidents?

–    What is the purpose of safety engineering?

–    What is a worker obliged to do when taking up new duties?

 

 

 

Unit 24

 

Car industry and environment.

 

1. Запишите и выучите новые слова, отработайте их произношение.

 

convenience удобство

exciting увлекательный

valuable ценный

produce выпускать

available доступный

entertainment развлечение

advertising реклама

cellular phone сотовый телефон

dozen десяток

traffic уличное движение

average speed средняя скорость

crowd заполнять

freeway скоростная автомагистраль (без платы за

проезд)

environmentalist специалист по охране окружающей среды

fuel топливо

protect защищать

gasoline бензин

parking lot стоянка для автомобилей

available доступный

believe считать

require нуждаться

pollute загрязнять

flight полет

solar-powered работающий на солнечной энергии

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

 

Cars: passion or problems.

 

         For some people, the car is a convenient form of transportation. But for others,

the car is an exciting hobby. Some people spend their lives collecting valuable cars.

Others drive them in races, including the M i l l e Miglia in Italy, the Carrera Panamericana in Mexico, and the world-famous Indianapolis 500. For many people, cars are more than transportation. They are a source of passion and pleasure. Yet cars can also be a source of many problems.

 

In 1903, Henry Ford began selling the Model T car for $825. His company,

Ford Motors, was the first to produce cars in large numbers. This made the car available

to large numbers of people and helped them to travel long distances quickly and

easily. The car has brought people much closer to places of work, study and entertainment.

 

Many people also work in car-related industries: fixing cars, washing cars, advertising

cars and selling car products such as stereos and cellular phones.

 

Most Americans buy a new car every five or six years. This means that one

American may own a dozen cars in a lifetime. In fact, there are more cars than people

in the United Slates. In New York City, 2.5 million cars move in and out of the city

each day. In this traffic, the average speed is sometimes 8.1 miles per hour. This

speed could easily be reached by riding a horse instead of driving a car. But New

Yorkers continue to drive, just as people do in California, where freeways are often

very crowded.

 

Some environmentalists believe that forms of public transportation such as buses and trains have not been fully developed in the United States. They try to teach others that public transportation saves fuel and helps to protect the environment. Many people are unhappy with car traffic and pollution, as well as with the use of beautiful land for building new roads. One environmentalist, Jan Lundberg, left his Mercedes-Benz in Los Angeles and moved to the forests of northern California. There he works on the Auto-Free Times, a newspaper that teaches people how to live without driving. Lundberg travels on foot, on bicycle, or by bus. Before he decided to live without a car, Lundberg worked for the oil companies, studying the prices of gasoline.

 

Lundberg and other environmentalists dream of turning parking lots into parks and replacing cars with bicycles, but most people around the world believe that the car is a necessary part of life in today's world. Still, there is an important question that must be answered: What kind of fuel will we use when gasoline is no longer available? Lundberg believes that by the 2021, there will no longer be oil for gasoline makers to use. To solve this problem, car companies in Korea, Japan, Europe, and the United Stales are trying to develop an electric car that will not require gasoline at all. The electric car is not a new idea. It had success with American women in the early 1900s.

 

Women liked electric cars because they were quiet and did not pollute the air. Electric cars were also easier to start than gasoline-powered ones. But gasoline powered cars were faster, and in the 1920s they became much more popular. The electric car was not used again until the 1970s, when there were serious problems with the availability of oil. Car companies began to plan for a future without gasoline. The General Motors Company had plans to develop an electric car by 1980; however, oil became available again, and this car was never produced. Today there is a new interest in the electric car, which is partly related to a passion for speed and new technology. In 1977, engineer Paul MacCready, designed a human-powered airplane that successfully completed a three-mile flight. A similar airplane crossed the English Channel in 1977, followed by a solar-powered airplane.

 

In 1987, the Sunraycer, a solar-powered car, won a 2,000-mile race in Australia. As a

result of this success, the General Motors Company began new work on the development of the electric car. The Toyota Company recently decided to spend $800 million a year on the development of new car technology. Many engineers believe that the electric car will lead to other forms of technology being used for transportation.

Cars may change, but their importance will not. Cars are important to nearly

everyone, including engineers, businesspeople, environmentalists, and even poets.

Poet Curt Brown believes that cars are part of our passion for new places and new

experiences. According to Brown, this "very, very comfortable flying chair" will continue to bring us travel and adventure, no matter how it changes in the future.

 

3. Ниже приведены главные мысли из текста, пронумерёйте их в соответствии с текстом.

 

a. Soon there will be no oil to fuel cars.

b. Cars, whether gasoline or electric powered, will always be important.

c. Cars can cause problems.

d. To some people, cars are more than transportation.

e. Some environmentalists teach people how to live without cars.

f. People in the U.S. need cars to go to school, to work, and to places of entertainment.

 

 

4. Дополните предложения, используя информацию из текста.

 

 

 

Advantages of the car:

1. Some people enjoy….

2. People can travel….

3. People are closer to….

4. Some people make money by….

 

Disadvantages of the car:

1. Lots of traffic and….

2. Cars use more fuel than….

3. Beautiful land is replaced with….

4. Gasoline may no longer….

 

5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

ASSEMBLING

First, the parts are delivered by truck or rail to the delivery area of the car assembly plant. From here, some parts are taken to the body shop, and other parts are transported to the chassis line. The parts are carried  around  the  plant  by  forklift  (автопогрузчик с вилочным захватом) trucks or conveyor belts.

In the body shop, the panels are welded to the frame to form the body of the car. This is done by more than 400 robots.

Then the body is taken to the paint shop. Here it is cleaned and  painted by robots. After this, the body is checked by human workers  to look for faults.

Next, the painted body moves along a conveyor belt to the trim line  (внутренняя отделка)  and  many  parts  are  added  to  it.  For example, the instrument panel, the air conditioning system, the heating system and the electrical wiring are all installed here. The windscreen is inserted by robots using laser guides.

Meanwhile,  in  the  chassis  line,  components  are  added  to  the chassis.  First,  the  chassis  is  turned  upside  down,  to  make  the  work easier.  Then  the  fuel  system,  the  transmission,  the  suspension,  the exhaust system, the axles and the drive shaft are all installed. Next the chassis  is  turned  over  (rightside  up).  The  engine  is  lowered  into  the chassis and connected to it.

Now the chassis and the body move simultaneously to the final assembly  line.  Here  the  body  is  attached  to  the  chassis,  and  all  the final parts are added. The tyres and the radiator are added here. The hoses  are  connected,  and  the  radiator  and  air conditioner  are  filled with fluid. The car’s central computer is also installed here.Lastly, the finished car and all electrical systems are tested. The car is filled with fuel and the engine is started for the first time. The car  is  put  on  special  rollers  to  test  the  engine  and  the  wheels.  If  it passes the test, the car is finally driven out of the assembly plant.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 25

 

KAMAZ

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

KAMAZ

KAMAZ was established in 1969 as Kama Complex of Plants to produce heavy-duty trucks (Production Association KAMAZ). In 1990, PA KAMAZ was reorganized into a joint-stock company.

The first vehicle came off the mother gathering conveyor on February 16, 1976. Since then, over 1.9 million vehicles and about 2.6 million engines have been produced. Each second truck of 14-40 t GVW used in Russia and the CIS countries is KAMAZ. Each fourth truck produced is exported from Russia. KAMAZ vehicles are used in more than 80 countries.

Company Brief History

In 1969, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the USSR Council of Ministers issued a decree on construction of a complex of plants to produce heavy-duty trucks. 70 variants of its location were considered. The city of Naberezhnye Chelny, then a small town on the Kama river, was chosen among them. Its advantages were obvious. Naberezhnye Chelny was located in the very center of the former USSR. Navigable rivers – the Kama and the Volga, proximity to a railway enabled to supply the construction site with building and raw materials, equipment, components, and later to deliver trucks to customers. And KamGESenergostroy – the largest construction organization in the region – built a dam and a hydroelectric power plant generating about 1.5 million kWh of power, constructed factory buildings and houses for future auto makers.

Workers and specialists of 70 ethnic origins from all corners of the USSR assembled at the construction site in Naberezhnye Chelny. Over 2,000 enterprises, all central authorities of Gossnab of the USSR, ministries and agencies supplied KAMAZ with construction materials and equipment. More than 100 thousand people worked at the construction site. The future auto plant was supplied with the most up-to-date process equipment of that time. It received equipment from more than 700 foreign companies including world-known corporations, namely Swindell-Dressler, Holcroft, Seacast, Ingersroll Rand from the USA; Busch, Hüller, Liebherr from Germany; Italy’s Morando, Excella, Fata; Renault from France; Sweden’s Sandvik; Japan’s Komatsu and Hitachi. KAMAZ was constructed on empty fields among hills. The builders had to dump and deliver millions of cubic meters of earth in order to smooth out the roughness of the country and do oversite excavation.

On December 13, 1969, the first bucket of earth was dug out at the building site of the Kama auto plant which was intended for production of 150 thousand heavy-duty trucks and 250 thousand engines a year. The complex of plants on the Kama covered a wide territory of 22 square miles. While the automobile plant was being built, burning communal problems were being solved. KAMAZ provided thousands of people living in barracks and communal flats with comfortable houses, modern educational and medical institutions, kindergartens, numerous centers of culture, sport, recreation and entertainment. Thanks to KAMAZ, an industrial and scientific center and a developed infrastructure of the suburban agricultural zone were created in Prikamye.

The city’s population annually grew by 30-40 thousand people. Whereas only 27 thousand people had lived in Naberezhnye Chelny before the construction of KAMAZ started, by the mid of the 90-ies over 530 thousand people lived in the city where all necessary facilities were offered.

 

2. Составьте пять вопросов к тексту.

 

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая особое внимание на произнесение числительных.

 

KAMAZ Today

Basic Facts

KAMAZ Group is the largest automobile corporation of the Russian Federation. OJSC KAMAZ ranks 16th among the world's top heavy truck manufacturers.

On August 16, 1969 the first stone was laid. The construction of the Kama Automobile Plant was started.

On February 16, 1976 the first KAMAZ truck rolled off the main assembly line of the automobile plant.

In 1988, the main assembly line of the automobile plant produced the one millionth vehicle since the beginning of production.

In January 2008, KAMAZ produced the 1.9-millionth vehicle since the beginning of production.

On February 15, 2012 KAMAZ produced the two millionth vehicle.

Since the launch of production, more than 2 million 50 thousand vehicles have been assembled at the Automobile Plant of KAMAZ by the end of the third quarter of 2012.

In February 2008, the 2.5-millionth engine came off the mother assembly line of KAMAZ-Diesel Inc. Since the launch of production, over 2 million 720 thousand engines and power units have been manufactured by the end of the third quarter of 2012.

The authorized capital of KAMAZ makes up RUB 35.36 billion. The largest shareholdings belong to the state and commercial banks.

The single production complex of KAMAZ Group embraces the whole technological cycle of truck production – from development, production, assembly of vehicles and auto components to marketing of finished products and service maintenance.

The group of the process chain includes 12 large automobile plants. The following enterprises are located in Naberezhnye Chelny: Metallurgical Complex (a foundry and a forge plant), Engine Plant, Press and Stamping Plant, Automobile Plant, Repair Instrument Plant, Industial Park Master, and Remdiesel. The largest associated companies outside Naberezhnye Chelny are JSC “Neftekamsk Automobile Plant” and OAO “Tuimazinskiy Zavod Avtobetonovozov” (the Republic of Bashkortostan), Trailer KAMAZ Inc. (Stavropol).

To date, KAMAZ Group includes over 150 organizations located in Russia, the CIS and the far abroad.

About 55 thousand people work in departments and associated companies of OJSC KAMAZ.

Proceeds from sales of marketable products and non-industrial services of KAMAZ Group for 11 months of 2011 made RUB 91.2 billion.

In 2011, KAMAZ Group manufactured nearly 45,200 trucks, 39 thousand units of which were sold on the Russian market. Also, KAMAZ took 38% in the segment of trucks with GVW of over 16 t and 15% in the segment of 8-16 t GVW vehicles of the Russian truck market. KAMAZ became the absolute leader in the class of heavy trucks in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and a number of other countries. During 2011 the company produced spare parts to the tune of over 6 billion roubles and other products for the sum of more than 9 billion roubles.

 

 

Production

OJSC KAMAZ produces a wide range of vehicles: trucks (over 40 models, more than 1,500 kits, right-hand vehicles), trailers, buses, tractors, engines, power units, and different tools. KAMAZ traditionally positions itself on the market of trucks of 14-40 t GVW. For the last years, the range of the company’s production has considerably increased. The manufacture of medium tonnage vehicles was mastered, the line-up of high payload vehicles was extended.

Previously, technical specifications of vehicles were improved and their customer appeal was enhanced – both due to the use of automobile components made by the leading producers, and the implementation of KAMAZ’s own original developments. All these measures enabled the company to create the so-called “model range 2010” on which the company’s production program will be based till 2014 when KAMAZ plans to create a brand new model range of its vehicles. In 2012, when Russia adopts technical regulations compliant with Euro-4 international standards, KAMAZ vehicles will have engines meeting this environmental standard.

 

 

Unit 26

 

Volvo

 

1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его. Найдите и выпишите ключевые

предложения из текста.

 

 

WITH VOLVO AS A BUSINESS PARTNER YOUR

PROFITABILITY INCREASES

 

1. Volvo is one of the world's largest producers of heavy trucks.

The company has the necessary resources to carry on the research needed to

maintain its lead in truck automotive development. The truck owner is assured of a

product that meets the demands of a modern and cost-efficient truck.

With its industry-wide research program and broad product range, Volvo can offer

the right vehicle for each transport application.

The skilled transport consultants at Volvo draw up complete, customized packages

which cover not only the vehicle, but also financing, parts and service.

Each representative is part of an international network. This will ensure a strong,

durable business partner with solutions for every need and purpose.

 

2. The NL Range - the result of ongoing product development.

The Volvo NL is a farther development of Volvo's N trucks. The NL range offers

a wide range of options for all types of heavy-duty operations. Design flexibility

means that the truck can be designed and built for a specific job. The NL is available

in two models – NL 10 and NL 12.

The efficiency of a truck depends on the components it is made of the cab, chassis,

engine, gearbox, axles. Volvo offers a wide variety of all the most important

components. With its strong chassis and high capacity, the product line covers on/off road construction site work, city work, mining and logging, rescue vehicles as well as

long-distance haulage.

The NL range uses Volvo's own driveline: the engine, gearbox and rear axle are

all made by Volvo. This ensures that all the components are developed to match each

other exactly, so they minimize loss of power.

 

3. The cabs.

There is an obvious connection between comfort, comfort, and the safety are

safety and the profitability of the vehicle. By using a safe, comfortable and quiet cab,

the driver -an concentrate better over a longer period of time, and he can work more

efficiently. This results In higher profitability. Over the past 20 years the Volvo

Group has formed ongoing developments in the field of safety. The tests include controlled laboratory crashes as veil as realistic outdoor collisions.

The F range offers four cab versions of different sizes and overnight accommodation

standards. The ergonomic design, the of an equally high standard. This makes

it easy to select the cab suitable for a specific application. The range includes a short

(day) cab, a short high cab (Eurotrotter), a long (sleeper) cab, and a long high cab

(Globetrotter) fitted with one or two comfortable bunks.

The sleeper cabs are equipped for demanding long-distance routes, with large

storage space for personal items. Air conditioning is fitted as an option.

The cab's suspension, combined with one of the seat options, makes the cab very

comfortable.

 

2.Закончите предложения, используя содержание текста.

 

1. Volvo manufactures…

a) skidders

b) harvesters

c) heavy trucks

d) forwarders

 

2. Volvo is one of the world's largest…

a) companies

b) loaders

c) feller bunchers

d) heavy trucks

 

3. The efficiency of a truck depends on…

a) the engine, cab, chassis

b) steep slopes, tight thinnings and soft ground

c) city work, mining and logging

 

4. The sleeper cabs are equipped with….

a) the ergonomic design, the comfort and the safety

b) one or two comfortable bunks

c) large storage space for personal items

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 27

 

Properties of metals and their uses.

 

1. Запишите и выучите новые слова.

 

alloy Сплав

steel Сталь

strength Прочность

ferrous Черный

nonferrous Цветной

toughness Жесткость

bending сгиб

softness мягкость, пластичность

rusting Коррозия

oxidation Окисление

sharp melting point четкая точка плавления

coefficient of expansion коэффициент расширения

breadth ширина, степень, объем

thickness Плотность

specific Gravity удельный вес (масса)

specific density удельная плотность

electrical resistance электрическое сопротивление

mechanical properties механические свойства

sheathing Обмотка

tensile strength предел прочности, прочность на растяжение

compressive strength прочность на сжатие

ductility Ковкость

 

 

2. Заполните таблицу.

 

 

Material                                                     Car part(s)

 

Steel _____________________________________________________________

Wood_____________________________________________________________

sheet metal_________________________________________________________

magnesium________________________________________________________

glass plastic________________________________________________________

rubber____________________________________________________________

aluminum__________________________________________________________

leather____________________________________________________________

textile_____________________________________________________________

 

3. Вставьте в предложения нужные слова по смыслу из списка:

Shatterproof,  light,  corrosion-resistant,  durable , elastic,  natural , rigid , malleable.

 

a. Wood is very often used in interiors because it looks.. .and warm.

b. Aluminum and magnesium are important in car manufacturing because they

are.. .and therefore good for weight-saving.

c. Rubber should be able to withstand great temperature differences while staying...

In other words, it shouldn't become brittle.

d. Windscreens are made of special... glass to protect drivers in accidents.

e. Fabrics used in cars need to be... and not look old too quickly.

f. Steel is used for load-bearing parts because it is...

g. Sheet metal is used for large car parts because it is.. .and dent-resistant.

h. Aluminum is ideal for bumpers and other body parts because it is...

 

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

The average car is made of a large number of different materials,  as the pie chart here shows. Steel makes up by far the single largest  percentage  of  materials,  accounting  for  55%  of  the  car  materials  by  weight. Then comes iron, with 13%. Plastics make up 10% of the car, although  this  percentage  is  naturally  increasing  all  the  time  as  car makers try to make vehicles lighter.

Aluminium accounts for 5% of the materials, although some cars contain much more. Some manufacturers are switching from steel to aluminium  to  save  weight,  because  aliminium’s  so  light.  And  new alloys  mean  that  aluminium  is  now  about  as  rigid  as  steel.  Another advantage is that it’s corrosion-resistant. It’s going to be interesting to see if the popularity of aluminium continues to increase in the future.

Returning  to my chart,  you  see  that rubber  accounts  for 5% of the  weight,  and  fluids  and  lubricants  make  up  4%.  Zink,  lead,  and copper  together accounts  for  3%,  and  glass  makes  up  2%.  All  the other  materials,  including  things  like  fabrics  and  ceramics,  make  up the final 3% together.

 

5. Поставьте материалы, которые используются в производстве машин в порядке убявания, используйте текст из предыдущего упражнения.

 

zink, lead, and copper • steel • rubber • iron • glass • aluminium 

• plastics • fluids and lubricants • other

 

 

6. Прочитайте и переведите текст, ответьте на вопросы после текста.

 

Aluminium – the car maker’s metal of the year?

 

With the launch of the A2, Audi AG introduced the first vehicle in  the  world  to  have  a  volume-built  all-aluminium  body.  In  1996, series  production  of  the  A8  began.  The  A8  is  the  luxury  limousine made of aluminium. The car combines high strength with low weight.

 

At only 1,690 kilos, the A8 3.2 is the lightest car in the luxury class. Other car makers are also starting to take aluminium seriously. As  engines  sizes  have  increased,  cars  have  become  more  top-heavy (неустойчивый).  Using  aluminium  for  the  bonnet  and  front  wings helps to get a better weight distribution between front and rear axles.

Another advantage of aluminium is that it is cheaper to recycle than steel.  This will be an important consideration in the future when the EU introduces tougher recycling regulations.

 

But  there  are  drawbacks  to  using  aluminium.  Replacing  steel with aluminium is expensive; an aluminium body costs twice as much as  a  steel  one.  Not  only  are  aluminium  production  processes expensive, they are also difficult to implement. Because aluminium is more  brittle  and  tears  more  easily  than  steel,  it  can  only  be  formed when  it  is  in  an  unhardened  state.  Furthermore,  the  aluminium  used

for outer parts of the car, such as the wings and the doors, needs to be thicker than steel because it doesn’t have the same stiffness. The dent-resistance (сопротивление / прочность к вмятинам) of aluminium is also less than that of steel.On  the  plus  side,  aluminium  doesn’t  rust  like  steel,  and  in  car crashes  it  has  a  higher  energy  absorbtion  rate,  which  increases  the car‘s active safety.

 

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using aluminium?

2. What kind of car materials do you think will be used in the future?

3.  What  are  the  EU’s  recycling  targets  for  2015?  Do  you  think  car

makers will have trouble reaching them?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 28

 

TRAINIG AND MAINTENANCE

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите диалог.

 

M: OK, the first thing you have to do is to bring the new wheel right

up to the car. OK?

T : Yeah. I’ll get it now.

M: Good. Now, the air pressure in the tyre is probably wrong, so

you need to adjust it. OK? Check the pressure, then either let

some air out or pump some more air in.

T: Got it. Right, I’ve done it.

M: Good. Now before you start lifting up the car, you must loosen

the wheel nuts a bit, so get your wheel gun and loosen the nuts.

... Done that?

T: Yeah, done it.

M: Right, now you’re going to use the jack (домкрат), so first of

all put the jack under the front of the car. OK?

T: Yeah.

M: And then raise the front of the car carefully. Have you done that?

T: Yeah.

M: Right, so now take the wheel off and put it down next to you on

the ground.

T: Yeah. I’ve done that.

M: Good. Now get the new wheel, pick it up and put it on the car.

Have you done that?

T: Yes.

M: Right. Now pick up your wheel gun again and tighten up the

wheel nuts. ...

T: Aha. That’s done.

M: Good. Now lower the car ... and take the jack away.

T: Done it.

M: And of course finish off by taking the old wheel away. Just roll it

away and put it over there.

T: OK.

 

2.Поставьте предложения в правильном порядке, так чтобы получились чёткие инструкции по замене покрышек.

 

 

a) Tighten the wheel nuts.

b) Raise the car with the jack.

c) Loosen the wheel nuts.

d) Take the old wheel off.

e) Take the old wheel away.

f) Adjust the air pressure in the tyre.

g) Bring the new wheel out.

h) Put the new wheel on.

i) Put the jack under the car.

j) Lower the car and take the jack away.

 

3. Перепишите данные предложения, используя Passive Voice

 

Begin: First the bonnet of the car is opened and the battery is located.

Then ...

 

Servicing a car battery

1. Open the bonnet of the car. Locate the battery.

2. Loosen  the  battery  cables,  using  a  wrench. Remove  the  battery

cables from the posts.

3. Always  remove  the  negative  (or  earth)  cable  first,  then  the

positive.

4. Carefully lay the detached ends of the cables to one side.

5. Wipe  away  corrosion  from  the  top  of  the  battery,  using  baking

soda and water.

6. If corrosion is very heavy, you can clean it from the posts using a

wire brush.

7. Apply petroleum jelly to the inside of the terminals and the posts.

8. Reattach the cables. Close the car bonnet.

 

4. Запишите и выучите новые слова и выражения.

 

gear — шестерня, передача          

gearbox - коробка передач

gearing - зубчатое соединение    

road conditions — дорожные условия          

forward speed — передняя скорость

reverse drive - обратный  (задний)      ход

low gear - первая передача         

top gear — четвертая (прямая) пере­дача

sliding-mesh gearbox - коробка    пере­дач со скользящими шестернями

constant-mesh gearbox- коробка передач с постоянным зацепле­нием   шестерен

epicyclic (planetary) gearbox - эпици­клическая  (планетарная) коробка передач

ordinary gearing — стандартное зуб­чатое соединение

characteristic feature — характерная особенность

fixed axes - зафиксированные (не­подвижные) оси

rotate bodyly — вращаться корпусом

axis - ось

axle — вал

secure — обеспечить

shifting – переключение

in direct line-важно

 

5. Соедините начало и конец предложений.

 

1.The principal function                 a) sliding-mesh type, constant

 of the gearbox is....                       mesh type and planetary type

2.The gearbox provides ....             b)  the simplest one and histori-

­                                                        cally oldest

3.Gearbox can be ....                      c) to vary the speed of the car

4.The sliding-mesh gearbox is       d)  four forward speeds and one 

…                                                       reverse    

5.The constant-mesh gearbox        e) the most widely used.

 is....

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 29

 

It is important.

 

1.Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выделите главную мысль текста.

 

Chassis

 

Since Man is highly sensitive to even the smallest changes in his surroundings, but has poor ability in detecting static changes, this situation has been one of our most important starting points in the design of the Saab 9000 chassis. It is vitally important that the car should give the driver immediate information - through the seat and steering wheel - on the lateral forces, for instance, acting on the car when it is cornering. It is important for the driver to receive this information as quickly and distinctly as possible. Information on whether or not the car is cornering correctly, for instance, must be conveyed to the driver in a matter of tenths or hundredths of a second. The difference between a mature chassis and a dangerous chassis often lies in how these small, almost immeasurable information signals are conveyed to the driver.

Many car manufacturers describe how computerised methods are used for designing      the chassis of their cars. Saab obviously also employes advanced computerised aids for this purpose. But the computer alone is not enough. So we have taken a further step - we have used Man as the ultimate aid.

 

2.Ответьте на вопросы по тексту письменно.

1) What is important for the driver when acting on the car?

2) What is the difference between a mature chassis and a dangerous chassis?

3) Does Saab employ advanced computerised aids?

 

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст, используя ниже приведённые слова.

 

Front assembly

 

The subframe is a vital part of the front assembly. It carries most of the front suspension, as well as the engine, gearbox and radiator assembly. The equipment of the subframe is assembled separately before the entire subframe unit is fitted into the car.

The 9000 is equipped with McPherson struts. The top mounting of the strut is secured to the body in a conventional manner, but incorporates an end stop of special Saab desigh. The bottom of the strut is secured directly to the steering knuckle housing. This is a vibration-damping arrangement that improves durability. The system is simple, robust, reliable and compact, and provides a long spring travel. The long spring travel (8.27 in./210 mm at the rear wheels and 7.28 in./185 mm at the front) gives good contact with the road surface, even when the car is driven fast across the brow of a hill or when it is cornering fast. The long spring travel also contributes to a comfortable ride.

The wishbones, anti-roll bar and other chassis components are mounted in well-matched rubber bushes. These provide good roadnoise insulation, but are sufficiently firm to give correct “road contact information”.

Words to the text.

1) front assembly - передний узел (агрегат)

2) suspension - подвеска

3) front suspension - передняя подвеска

4) radiator - радиатор

5) subframe - под-рама

 

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Brakes

 

The brake system is diagonally split into two circuits (three on cars with ABS). Each brake circuit actuates the brakes of one front wheel and the diagonally opposite rear wheel. The handbrake is selfadjusting and acts on the rear wheels.

The brake lines are protected against corrosion and are run in ventilated passages inside the car. A warning lamp in the facia lights up when the handbrake is applied, and also if one of the brake circuits should fail or if the brake fluid level should drop below the minimum. The hydraulic fluid reservoir is common to the brake system and clutch, and the warning lamp thus has a twin function. In the event of hydraulic fluid leakage, the clutch function will be lost first, which serves as an added warning to the driver.

The brake-pad friction material is asbestos-free. Saab was one of the first manufacturers to introduce this non-polluting friction material. This was principally due to the favourable design of the Saab brake system - with disc brakes all round, floating calipers, and brake discs with large effective cooling areas. This design contributes towards keeping the brake fluid cool.

 

5.Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.

 

1) What are the aims of the brake system in a car?

2) Into how many circuits is the brake system split?

3) How is the brake system split?

4) How does each brake circuit actuate the brakes?

5) On what wheels does the handbrake act?

6) How are the brake lines run inside a car?

7) What happens in case of hydraulic fluid leakage?

8) What is the modern design of the Saab brake system?

 

6. Запишите и выучите слова:

 

brakes — тормоза       

force the fluid — подавать жидкость

performance - работа   

under pressure - под давлением

safety — безопасность

brakes are applied — тормоза срабатывают 

depend — зависет

slow – замедлять

braking effort - тормозное усилие

divide - разделять        

push down on the brake pedal - нажать на тормозную педаль

namely - именно

drum brakes — барабанные тормоза

band brake — ленточный тормоз

disk brakes - дисковые тормоза     

shoe brake — колодочный тормоз

hydraulic assisted brakes — тормоза с гидравлическим приводом

brake shoes — колодки тормоза

brake fluid — тормозная жидкость

brake pedal - тормозная педаль     

master cylinder - главный цилиндр

 

 

7. Соедините начало и конец предложений.

 

1. Brakes are used for…                             a. disc brakes and drum brakes.

2. Brakes are one of the…                          b. the driver pushes down on the pedal

3. Вrakes may be of 2 types:...                    c. the brake pedal

4. Brakes are applied by                              d. stopping the car

5. Brakes are applied when                         e. the most important mecha­nism of  the car

                                                                                                                                                                                        

8. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Troubles in Braking System

The basic troubles of the braking system are as follows:

1. poor braking action;

2. sticking brake shoes which would not return to the initial posi­tion after a brake pedal is released;

3. non-uniform braking of the left and the right wheels on a com­mon axle;

4. leakage of brake fluid and air leakage in the hydraulic brake;

5. poor air tightness of the pneumatic brake control.

What to do:

1. Check the action of the foot and hand brakes and leak proofness of the brake hoses connections, components of the hydraulic and pneumatic controls of the brakes, as well as of the vacuum- power system.

2. Inspect the friction linings, wheel-brake springs, master and wheel cylinders of the hydraulic brake and the air compressor of the pneumatic brake using a test manometer to check it.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ

 

A

adjust - регулировать

apron - фартук (суппорта)

acceleration - разгон

accessories - вспомогательные устройства

axle – ось

            aid — помощь

            all-wheel drive — полный привод

           angle — угол

           anti-lock device — антиблокиро­вочное устройство

           assemble — собирать, монтировать

           assembly — сборка; агрегат; комплект

 

B

bed - станина

body - кузов

bottom dead centre - нижняя мертвая точка

bracket - кронштейн

brake pedal - тормозная педаль

brakes are applied - тормоза срабатывают

            back axle — задний мост

            balanceweight — противовес

            ball bearing cams - кулачки шарико­подшипника

            band brakes — ленточные тормоза

            bearing - подшипник

           blower - компрессор, нагнетатель

           body — кузов

           brakes are applied — тормоза сраба­тывают

           brake free-wheel — тормозная муфта свободного хода, обгонная муфта

           brake pedal - тормозная педаль

           braking effect — тормозное действие

           braking force — тормозное усилие,сила торможения

           bring into contact - соединять

           bring into operation — привести в действие

           bring the shoe into contact—соединить колодку

           by means of — посредством

 

 

 

С

carriage - суппорт

car - легковой автомобиль

car wheels - колеса автомобили

casting - отливка

chassis - шасси

clamp - зажимать

clutch pedal - педаль сцеплении

column - колонна

combustion chamber - камера сгорания

complete - завершать

compression - сжатие

comprise - включать (в себя)

conveniences - удобства

cooling and lubricating systems  -системы охлаждения и смазки

control - управлять

crankshaft - коленчатый мил

cross-rail - поперечина (траверса)

cylinder - цилиндр (двигателя)

centrifugal clutches — сцепление центробежного типа

centrifugal forces — центробежные силы

change gear(box) — коробка передач

chain — цепь

chassis - шасси

clutch - сцепление

 

D

deal (with) - иметь дело (с)

dead stock - передняя бабка

deliver - доставлять

demand - требовать

demands - требования

dependable brakes - надежные тормоза

design - проектирование

designing - проектирование

develop - разрабатывать, совершенствовать

device - устройство

direction - направление

drilling - сверление

drive the motor - приводить (в движение) мотор

driving safety - безопасность вождения(движения)

disconnect - отсоединять

 

E

engine lathe - токарно-винторезный станок

each time - каждый раз

ease of maintenance - легкость техобслуживания

engine - двигатель

engine crankshaft - коленчатый вал двигателя

entire cycle - полный цикл

exhaust - выпуск отработанных газов

exhaust valve - выпускной клапан

 

F

face - торец

facing - торцевое точение

feed - подача

final drive - главная передача

finishing operation - чистовая обточка

four-stroke engine - четырехтактный двигатель

frame - рама

to free - отсоединять

friction device - фрикционное устройство

fuel – топливо

fuel system - топливная система

 

G

grey iron - серый чугун

grinder - шлифовальный станок

grinding - шлифование

guide ways - направляющие

gearbox - коробка передач

gears - шестерни

 

H

handle - рукоятка

hole - отверстие

hydraulic unit - гидравлический агрегат

heater - отопитель

high efficiency - высокий к.п.д.

 

I

in other words - другими словами, иначе   говоря

include - включать (в себя)

inlet valve - впускной клапан

intake stroke - такт впрыска топлива

intake valve - впускной клапан

intend - предназначать

internal combustion engine - двигатель внутреннего сгорания

 

L

length - длина

lever - рычаг

laboratory tests - стендовые испытания

lights - фары

long service life - долгий срок службы

longitudinal direction - продольное направление

lower limit - нижний предел

 

M

machine-tool - станок

manufacture - производить

manufacturing - производство

manufacturing  processes - производственные процессы

mass production (manufacturing) - массовое производство

mount - устанавливать (монтировать)

motion - движение

move - двигаться

multidisk friction clutch - многодисковая фрикционная муфта

mixture - смесь

mixture combustion - горение смеси

 

O

obtain - получать, добиться

offer - предлагать

optimal solutions - оптимальные решения

 

P

push down on the pedal - нажимать на педаль

piston movement - движение поршня

pleasant appearance - приятный внешний

power plant - силовая установка

power stroke - рабочий ход

power train - силовая передача (трансмиссия)

produce - производить

production - производство, продукция

propeller shaft - карданный вал

properly - должным образом

put into mass production - запустить в массовое производство

 

Q

quality (-ies) - качество (-a)

 

R

rapid - быстрый

require - требовать

rotate - вращать(ся)

roughing operation - черновая обточка

requirements - требования

residual gas - остаточный газ

resistant to corrosion - коррозионно-устойчивый

rigid quality control - жесткий контроль

raise pressure - поднять давление

road tests - дорожные испытания

 

S

saddle - салазки

screw cutting - нарезание винтов

set-up - налаживать (станок)

shorten - сокращать

side head - боковой суппорт

single lever - единственный рычаг

sizes - размеры

slide - скользить

silent gearbox - бесшумная коробка передач

smooth acting clutch - плавное сцепление

source of power - источник питания

speed - скорость

speed gearbox - коробка переключения передач

spindle - шпиндель

springs - рессоры

starting - запуск

steering system - система рулевого управления

stopping - остановка

subject to tests - подвергать испытаниям

suit - соответствовать, подходить

support - поддерживать

surface of the table- поверхность paбочего стола

 

T

tailstock - задняя бабка

technology - технология

test - испытывать; испытание

tool - инструмент

top dead centre - верхняя мертвая точка

travel - передвигаться, перемещаться

turning - обточка

turning mill - токарный станок

turret head - револьверная головка

truck - грузовой автомобиль

 

U

units and mechanisms - агрегаты (узлы) и механизмы

upper limit - верхний предел

 

V

vaporized gasoline - парообразный бензин

V-belt - клинообразный приводной ремень

vertical turning mill - вертикальный токарный станок

 

W

wheel head - шлифовальный круг

wheel slide - шлифовальный суппорт

wheel spindle - шпиндель шлифовального крута

work (work piece) - заготовка (деталь)

work out - разрабатывать

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Section 2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 1

 

Welding Technology

 

1.Запишите новые слова, отработайте произношение.

 

Vocabulary

 

weld  - сварной шов, сварка, сваривать(ся)

repair and maintenance  - ремонт оборудования и уход за ним

sheet metal work  - 1) обработка листового металла 2) изделие из

листового металла 3) жестяницкие работы

hobbyist  - человек, увлеченный своим хобби

carpenter  - плотник, столяр

ironworker  - металлург

glazier  - стекольщик

tender  -  1) лицо, присматривающее за кем-л.,

обслуживающее кого-л., что-л. 2) механик,

оператор

supervisor  - контролер

contractor  - подрядчик, контрактор

repair shop  - ремонтная мастерская

stoop  - наклоняться, нагибаться

awkward  - неудобный; затруднительный, неловкий

machine setting  - 1) наладка [настройка] станка

nondestructive testing  - 1) неразрушающие испытания;

2) неразрушающий контроль

boilermakers – котельщики

maintenance personnel – обслуживающий персонал

a skill – мастерство

arc – дуга

mortar – известковый раствор

valuable – ценный

require – требовать, нуждаться

shield – защита

filler – наплавочный материал

brittle and porous – хрупкие и пористые

to melt – таять, плавиться

add – добавлять

 

2.     Прочитайте и переведите текст письменно.

 

Welding Technology

 

Welding is a skill used by many trades: sheet metal workers, ironworkers, diesel mechanics, boilermakers, carpenters, marine construction, steamfitters, glaziers, repair and maintenance personnel in applications ranging from the sculpture home hobbyist to heavy fabrication of bridges, ships and many other projects. A variety of welding processes are used to join units of metal. As a welder, you may work for shipyards, manufacturers, contractors, federal, state, county, and city governments, firms requiring maintenance mechanics, and repair shops.

 

3.     Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

What is Welding?

 

         Welding is nothing more than the art of joining metals together. By comparison, wood is joined by nails, bricks are held together with mortar; metal is joined by welding! What makes welding such a big deal is that the world’s infrastructure depends on it! Everything you touch everyday that is made of metal is most likely welded in one form or another. It is one of the most valuable technologies that played a huge part in the industrial revolution, and is the back bone to the world’s militaries. Welding today is comprised of three main ingredients with are required to join metals together.

 

  - An electrical power source to produce an arc.

  - Some form of shielding to protect the weld from the air.

  - Filler material to fill the weld joint.

 

 The ways these three ingredients work together are:

 

 - First, the weld area needs to be shielded from any air around it. This is important because oxygen and other gasses in the air make welds brittle and porous.

 

 - Second, is the electricity to produce an arc. An electrical arc melts metal in fractions of a second and is hot enough to melt any known metal!

 

 - Finally, the filler metal is added, which is how two pieces of metal become one.

 

   4. Ответьте на вопросы:

 

1.   What kind of process is welding?

2. What are the trades where welding skills are used?

3. Where can welders work?

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 2

 

Welding is a dynamic industry with a big future

 

1.Запишите новые слова, отработайте их произношение и выучите.

 

an inspired idea – вдохновлённый идеей

bronze alloys – бронзовые сплавы

melt  - плавиться

pound – клепать

hammer – молоток

pressure – давление, сжатие

craftsmen – ремесленники, мастера

required – требуемые, необходимые

impact – воздействие

install – устанавливать

maintain  - удерживать

limit – ограничение

accuracy – точность, аккуратность

versatility –многосторонность, гибкость

niche – убежище, пища

nozzle – насадка

influence – влияние

direct current – постоянный ток

non-consumable – не потребляемые

tungsten – вольфрам

 

 

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Welding is a dynamic Industry with a 
BIG FUTURE

 

A clever Bronze-Age worker was thinking outside the box one day 5,500 years ago when he came up with an inspired idea. A great way of making things with the bronze alloys that were being developed then, he reasoned, would be to heat them until they started melting and pound them together with a hammer. By combining heat and pressure in this way, craftsmen could make just about anything that required a strong metal like bronze. 

This was the birth of welding, a process that has had a major impact on metalworking and product engineering ever since. 

Anything made of metal, no matter how big or small, can be welded. Examples are everywhere, from vehicles like cars, trucks and motorcycles to rail cars, ships, aircraft, rockets and space stations. Construction is a huge market, and skyscrapers, bridges and highways would be impossible to build without welding, as would oil and natural-gas pipelines, offshore oil platforms, giant wind turbines and solar panels. Welders help install and maintain boilers, antipollution systems and other large structures, as well as piping for industrial, commercial and residential facilities. Welding is even used by artists to create sculptures and decorative items. 

There is almost no limit to what welding can do, especially since developments in the technology continually improve its accuracy, quality and versatility. Welding is, in fact, an increasingly high-tech skill. Welders are being trained to operate robots and other automated systems that use powerful lasers, electron beams and sometimes explosives to bond metals. The ability to work with computers and program software is consequently vital to the successful operation of these systems. 

Don Howard, a welding specialist at Concurrent Technologies Corp., an engineering firm in Johnstown, Pa., estimates that 20%-25% of U.S. welding is automated and predicts this trend will grow by about 20% in the next few years. 

“A lot of very intelligent people are coming into the welding community,” says Howard. There is money to be made, he notes, but the industry also offers career paths. “Welding is not just about working on a manufacturing line anymore. Once in the industry, people know they can find a niche.” 

“These are good times to be in welding,” says Patricio Mendez, director of the Canadian Center for Welding and Joining at the University of Edmonton in Alberta, Canada. Mendez notes that students who like designing and building with metal and are interested in fields such as materials engineering, robotics, lasers, computer programming and systems integration will find plenty of career opportunities in welding.

Many students are introduced to the process by virtual welding. This simulation program is being developed by the Edison Welding Institute (EWI) of Columbus, Ohio, to teach the basics of welding in classrooms. “The objective is to give students a virtual experience that is very much like the real thing,” says John Coffey, engineering manager at EWI. The system uses sensors that duplicate the look and feel of welding. 

There are more than 80 welding processes. Most involve a skilled worker using a high-heat torch (2,800-plus degrees Fahrenheit), filler material that is usually in wire or stick form (though some welds don’t use fillers) and pressure to permanently bond metal pieces. Welding can also be used to cut and dismantle objects of all sizes as well as for repairs. 

The most common process is Gas Metal Arc Welding, or GMAW. In GMAW, an electrode, which is also the filler, is continuously fed through the nozzle of an arc torch. When the welder activates the torch, several operations take place: The electrode begins feeding through the nozzle, a direct current is generated that creates an arc when it comes in contact with the electrode and shielding gases are released around the nozzle to protect the weld from atmospheric gases that could degrade its quality. The arc, whose movement the welder controls, consumes the electrode, fills in the weld joint and creates the weld. 

Other widely used techniques like Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) are variations of the process. GTAW, for example, is a relatively low-heat method that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode. Its low-heat characteristic reduces distortion in thin metals, such as those used in aerospace. SMAW, also called “stick welding,” uses a flux-coated consumable electrode ("flux" is a chemical cleaning agent that removes oxidation from the metals to be joined) and is primarily used for repair and steel welding. As the electrode burns, the flux disintegrates, which releases a shielding gas that protects the weld from degradation. 

In more advanced welding technologies, lasers are combined with GMAW in a hybrid process to make what one expert calls “scalpel-like cuts” that are up to ½-inch deep, narrow and extremely precise. The GMAW part of the process then deposits the filler and melts it with a secondary heat source. 

The influence of welding is so broad that many of the product designs and building techniques people take for granted would not be possible without it. With demand for skilled welders rising and the technology of welding becoming more advanced, especially where automation is concerned, students have a unique opportunity to learn a career that can be shaped around their interests. 

“There are many aspects to welding,” Mendez says. “When people come in contact with it, they love it.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 3.

 

Welding processes.

 

1. Запишите новые слова, отработайте их произношение, выучите.

 

pressure welding – сварка давлением

heat welding – сварка нагреванием

instead (of) – вместо, взамен

bolting – скрепление болтами

riveting – клепка

to depend (on, upon) – зависеть от

purpose – цель

available – имеющийся в наличии

source – источник

gas welding – газосварка

arc wading – электродуговая сварка

resistance welding – контактная сварка

electron-beam welding – электронно-лучевая сварка

flame – пламя

edge – край

simultaneously – одновременно

filler – наполнитель

rod – прут, стержень

to melt – плавить(ся)

joint – соединение, стык

advantage – преимущество

surface – поверхность

coated – покрытый

flux – флюс

fusible – плавкий

to shield – заслонять, защищать

tip – кончик

gas-tungsten – сварка  оплавлением  вольфрамовым

электродом в среде инертного газа

bare – голый

rate – зд. скорость

gas-metal arc – аргоно-дуговая сварка

considerably – значительно, гораздо

surrounding – окружающий

carbon dioxide – углекислый газ

droplet – капелька

liquid – жидкость, жидкий

beneath –под, ниже, внизу

layer – слой

weld seam – сварной шов

clamp – зажим, зажимать

semi-automatic – полуавтоматический

to create – создавать

submerge – погружать

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите тескт.

 

Welding processes

 

As we have already read at the beginning of this unit, welding is a process when metal parts are joined together by the application of heat, pressure,  or  a  combination  of  both.  The  processed  of  welding  can  be divided  into  two  main  groups: pressure  welding, when  the  weld  is achieved by  pressure and  heat  welding, when  the  weld  is  achieved  by heat. Heat welding is the most common welding process used today.

Nowadays  welding  is  used  instead of  bolting and  riveting in  the construction  of  many  types  of  structures,  including  bridges,  buildings, and ships. It is also a basic process in the manufacture of machinery and in  the  motor  and  aircraft  industries.  It  is  necessary  almost  in  all productions where metals are used. The welding process depends greatly on the properties of the metals, the purpose of their application and the

available equipment. Welding  processes  are  classified  according  to  the sources  of  heat  and  pressure  used. The  welding  processes  widely employed  today  include  gas  welding,  arc  welding, and  resistance  welding. Other  joining  processes  are  laser  welding, and  electron-beam welding.

 

Gas Welding.  Gas  welding  is  a  non-pressure  process  using  heat from a gas flame. The flame is applied directly to the metal, edges to be  joined  and  simultaneously  to a  filler metal in  the  form  of  wire  or  rod, called the welding rod, which is melted to the joint. Gas welding has the  advantage of  using  equipment  that  is  portable  and  does  not  require an electric power source. The surfaces to be welded and the welding rod are coated with  flux, a  fusible material  that  shields the  material  from  air, which would result in a defective weld.

 

Arc Welding. Arc-welding is the most important welding process for  joining  steels.  It  requires  a  continuous  supply  of  either  direct  or alternating  electrical  current.  This  current  is  used  to  create an  electric arc, which generates enough heat to melt metal and create a weld. Arc welding  has  several  advantages  over  other  welding  methods.  Arc welding is faster because the concentration of heat is high. Also, fluxes are  not  necessary  in  certain  methods  of  arc  welding.  The  most  widely used arc-welding processes are shielded metal arc, gas-tungsten arc, gas-metal arc, and submerged arc.

 

Shielded  Metal  Arc Welding.  In shielded  metal-arc  welding,  a metallic  electrode,  which  conducts  electricity,  is  coated  with  flux  and  connected  to  a  source  of  electric  current.  The  metal  to  be  welded  is connected to the other end of the same source of current. An electric arc is  formed  by  touching the  tip of  the  electrode  to  the  metal  and  then drawing  it  away.  The intense  heat  of  the  arc  melts  both  parts  to  be welded and the point of the metal electrode, which supplies filler metal for the  weld. This process is used mainly for  welding steels. There are also other types of welding.

 

Gas-tungsten Arc  Welding.  As  non-consumable  electrodes tungsten or carbon electrodes can be used in gas-tungsten arc welding a tungsten electrode is used in place of the metal electrode used in shielded metal-arc  welding.  A  chemically  inert  gas,  such  as  argon,  helium,  or carbon dioxide is used to shield the metal from oxidation. The heat from the arc formed between the electrode and the metal melts the edges of the metal. Metal for the weld may be added by placing a bare wire in the arc or the point of the weld. This process can be used with nearly all metals and  produces  a  high-quality  weld.  However,  the  rate of  welding  is considerably slower than in other processes.

 

Gas-Metal Arc Welding. In gas-metal welding, a bare electrode is shielded from the air by surrounding it with argon or carbon dioxide gas and  sometimes  by  coating the  electrode  with  flux.  The  electrode  is  fed into the electric arc, and melts off in droplets that enter the liquid metal of the weld seam. Most metals can be joined by this process.

 

Submerged  Arc Welding.  Submerged-arc  welding  is  similar  to gas-metal  arc  welding,  but  in  this  process  no  gas  is  used  to  shield  the weld. Instead of that, the arc and tip of the wire are submerged beneath a layer of  granular,  fusible  material  that  covers  the  weld  seam.  This process is also called electroslag welding. It is very efficient but can be used only with steels.

 

Resistance  Welding.  In  resistance  welding,  heat  is  obtained  from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric current. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded, the parts are subjected to great pressure, and a heavy current is applied for a short period of time. The  point  where  the  two  metals  touch creates  resistance to  the  flow  of current. This resistance causes heat, which melts the metals and creates the weld. Resistance welding is widely employed in many fields of sheet metal  or  wire  manufacturing  and  is  often  used  for  welds  made  by automatic or semi-automatic machines especially in automobile industry.

 

 

3. Соедините словосочетания и их значения.

1) pressure welding                            a) болтовое (клепаное) соединение

2) heat welding                                  b) зависеть от свойств металлов

3) bolting                                           c) плавкий материал

4) welding process                            d) непрерывная подача электрического тока

5) depend  on  the  properties  of

metals                                                e) имеющееся оборудование

6) available equipment                      f) сварка давлением

7) fusible material                             g) дефектный сварной шов

8) defective weld                               h) процесс сварки

9) alternative electrical current          i) источник электрического тока

10) electric power source                   j) тепловая сварка

 

4. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

 

Вольфрамовый  электрод,  инертный  газ,  окисление, высококачественный  сварочный  шов,  скорость  сварки,  углекислый газ,  аргон,  гелий,  жидкий  металл,  слой  плавкого  материала  в  виде гранул, листовой материал, полуавтоматические сварочные станки.

 

 

5. Завершите  каждое  предложение,  используя  слова,  данные ниже. Каждое слово может быть использовано единожды. Дайте перевод этих слов и определите, какой они части речи.

 

Gas, rate, basic, welding,  according  to,  flame, joined  by,  industries, pressure, metals, heat.

 

1. Welding is also a … process in the manufacture of machinery and in

the motor and aircraft ….

2. Welding processes are classified … the sources of … and … used.

3. … welding is a non-pressure process using heat from a gas … .

4. However, the … of welding is considerably slower in gas-tungsten …

than in other processes.

5. Most … can be … this process.

 

6. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. In resistance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to

the flow of an electric current.

2. The heat from the arc melts the edges of the metal.

3. A bare electrode is shielded from the air by surrounding it with argon

or carbon dioxide gas.

4. Submerged-arc welding is similar to gas-metal arc welding.

5. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded.

6. Resistance causes heat which melts the metals and creates the weld.

 

7. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is a weld?

2. How can the heat be supplied for welding?

3. Is pressure employed in solid-phase processes?

4. What does an arc column consist of?

5. How is heat applied during welding?

6. What is the role of inert atmospheres?

7. What can make a joint brittle while welding?

8. What does the weld metal comprise in arc welding?

9. What is the base metal influenced by?

10. How can residual stress in welded structures be controlled?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 4.

 

Information About Different Types of Welding

 

1.Запишите новые слова, отработайте произношение, выучите их.

 

Vocabulary

 

journeyman (person) -  наемный квалифицированный рабочий

apprentice -  ученик

plate working -  обработка листового металла

blueprint  - 1) делать светокопию, копировать чертеж 2)

делать разметку

brazing  - пайка твердым припоем (из меди и цинка)

GTA (gas tungsten arc) welding  - сварка неплавящимся электродом

TIG (ungsten inert gas welding)  - дуговая сварка вольфрамовым электродом в среде инертного газа

SMAW (shielded metal arc welding)  - дуговая сварка покрытым металлическим электродом

SAW (submerged arc welding) - (дуговая) сварка под флюсом

resistance welding  - (контактная) сварка сопротивлением

flux core  - флюсовая сердцевина ( порошковой проволоки )

metal core  - металлический сердечник

shift work  - (по)сменная работа, работа по сменам

ground lead or clamp – провод заземления или зажим

chipped off – откалывать

join – присоединяться

termite welding - термитная сварка

alternating current welding – сварка на переменном токе

resistance welding – контактная сварка сопротивлением

soldering пайка; пайка мягким (легкоплавким) припоем

tinning лужение; облуживание

leading свинцевание

brazing 1) пайка твердым припоем (из меди и цинка) 2)

покрытие медью

sweat паять, запаивать, припаивать (in, on)

gimmick 1) сложное приспособление Syn: gadget 2) а) прием,

трюк, уловка, ухищрение, хитрость

filler metal присадочный металл, присадка

filler rod присадочный пруток; присадочная проволока

heat buildup теплообразование, тепловведение

heat distortion деформация (материала) из-за теплового нагрева

stitch welding прерывистая шовная сварка; точечная сварка

перекрывающимися точками; автоматическая точечная сварка

 

         2.Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Stick Welding

 

Stick Welding is a slang term commonly used for Shielded Metal Arc Welding or “SMAW”. Stick welding is the most basic and common type of welding processes used. It is also the first process learned in any welding school. Stick is the most trouble free of all of the welding processes and is the fundamental basis for all the skills needed to learn how to weld!

Stick welders have four main components.

 

 - A ground lead or clamp.

 - A welding lead or stinger.

 - A constant amperage power source.

 - The electrode or welding rod to weld with.

The process is simple! The ground clamp is attached to the work or metal to be welded. Then the welding lead, or stinger, gets the electrode inserted in it. Finally, the power supply is turned on and only requires the user to strike the metal to ignite it. Once that is done. the arc starts and the electrode begins to burn. This creates a shielding gas and deposits metal into the joint that is being welded. The slag from the electrode needs to be cleaned or chipped off as soon as the weld is finished.

 

3.Прочитайте и переведите предложения, определите какие из них являются верными, а какие ложными.

 

1. Heat welding is the most common welding process used today.

2. The  welding  processes  widely  employed  today  include  gas  welding, laser welding, and resistance welding.

3. Arc welding has no advantages over other welding methods.

4. In  gas-metal  welding,  a  bare  electrode  is  shielded  from  the  air  by surrounding  it  with  argon  or  carbon  dioxide  gas  and  sometimes  by coating the electrode with flux.

5. Submerged-arc  welding  is  also  called  electroslag  welding.  It  is  very efficient but can be used only with steels.

6. The point where the two metals touch creates resistance to the flow of current.

 

4. Поставьте данные предложения в Past Simple Tense:

 

1. Nowadays  welding  is used  instead of  bolting and  riveting in  the construction  of  many  types  of  structures,  including  bridges,  buildings, and ships.

2. The welding process depends greatly on the properties of the metals, the purpose of their application and the available equipment.

3. The point where the two metals touch creates resistance to the flow of current.

4. It requires a continuous supply of either direct or alternating electrical current.

5. There are also other types of welding.

 

5. Ответьте на вопросы:

 

1. How can a process of welding be defined?

2. How can we join metal parts together?

3. Where is welding necessary?

4. What are the two main groups of welding processes?

5. What kinds of welding can be used for joining steels?

6. What are the principles of gas welding?

7. What does arc welding require?

 

 

6. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

1.arc welding                         а. перегреваться

2.to melt                                b. держатель

3.flame                                  с. зажим заземления

4.to overheat                          d. прикреплять надежно

5.electric circuit                     е. зажигать дугу

6.earth clamp                         f. электрод

7.to appear                            g. присадочный металл

8.to attach securely                h. плавиться

9.to strike the arc                   i. глубокое проникновение

10.holder                               j. электрическая цепь

11.electrode rod                     k. наплавляться

12.filler metal                        1. дуговая сварка

13.deep penetration               m. качество поверхности

14.surface quality                  п. появляться

15.to fall onto                        о. пламя

 

    7.  Переведите на русский язык встречающиеся в тексте интернациональные слова:

electric, cable, transformer, electrode, type, position, metal, class.

 

    8. Прочтите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

 

ARC WELDING

 

1. In arc welding the work pieces are not melted by a flame. They are melted by an electric arc. In order to create the arc, a powerful electric current must be provided.

2. The current must be at least 60 A, otherwise the arc will not create enough heat. For thicker work pieces, the current may be 250 A. In order to carry this current, the cables from the transformer should be quite thick or else they will overheat.

3. To supply the necessary current the transformer is used and to complete the electric circuit an earth clamp is used, which is attached to the work piece. Then the current flows around the circuit and the arc appears. It must be securely attached; otherwise an arc will appear between the clamp and the work piece. To strike the arc, the transformer should be switched on first.

4. The electrode holder contains an electrode rod which provides the filler metal to join the work pieces. As the current flows between the electrode and the work piece, the tip of the electrode melts and falls onto the work piece. The electrode must be moved across the joint continuously, if it is moved too quickly neither the electrode nor the work piece will melt.

5. While choosing an electrode type it is necessary to know:

a. Position to which the work piece is to be welded.

b. Type and thickness of metal used. с Type of welding current.

d. Class of work deep penetration, surface quality, etc.

 

        9.Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 1,3 и 4.

 

10.Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы:

 

Вопросы

1.   How arc the work pieces melted in arc welding?

2. How is the arc created?

3. What is the transformer used for?

4. Why must the electrode be moved across the joint continuously?

5. What will happen if the earth clamp is not securely attached?

Ответы

a. For supplying the necessary current.

b. By an electric arc.

с. An arc will appear between the clamp and the work piece.

d. By a powerful electric current.

e. Otherwise neither the electrode nor the work piece will melt.

 

11. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

1. In arc welding the work pieces are melted ...

a) by a flame                   b) by an electric arc                 c) by gas.

 

2. In arc welding the arc is created by...

a) a combustible gas        b) fusion                                c) a powerful electric current.

 

3. If the earth clamp is not securely attached to the work piece, an arc will appear...

a) between the electrode and the work piece

b) between the transformer and the earth clamp

c) between the clamp and the work piece

 

 

12. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

1.non-detachable joining                   а. дуговая сварка

2.to replace                                      b. соответственно

3.arc welding                                    с. в частности

4.laser welding                                  d. стык, соединение

5.application                                     е. за исключением

6.to weld                                           f. неразъемное соединение

7.pulsed laser                                    g. неодинаковые (разные)

8.joint                                               h. сваривать

9.correspondingly                             i. плазменная сварка

10.to permit                                      j. заменять

11.dissimilar                                     k. пульсирующий лазер

12.plasma arc welding                       1. применение

13.particularly                                  m. позволять

14.with the exception                        n. лазерная сварка

 

        13.  Переведите на русский язык встречающиеся в тексте интернациональные слова:

process, metal, mechanical, type, laser, practical, form, industry, physical, plasma, steel, titanium, nickel, aluminum, structure, electronic, intensity.

 

        14. Прочтите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

 

LASER AND PLASMA WELDING

 

1.Welding is a process which provides a non-detachable joining of two like metal pieces by heating them till melting condition or fusion without or with mechanical pressure.

2.Laser welding is quickly becoming a practical welding process. In its present stage of development, the laser can form welds up to about 1/32 inch deep.

3.Pulsed lasers are often used in industry today. The laser's heat input is very small, so the heat-affected zone around a joint is correspondingly small.

The laser's high power intensity permits welds between dissimilar metals of widely varying physical properties.

4. Plasma arc welding is efficient for fusion welding stainless steels, titanium, nickel from 0.001 to 0.030 inch thick. The process is particularly well suited for repairing delicate parts, for joining thin structures, and for welding electronic components. With the exception of aluminum any metal or combination of metals can be welded with plasma arc process.

 

        15. Переведите на  русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 1,3 и 4.

 

16. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

 

   1. Welding is a process which provides...

a) a detachable joining of two unlike metal pieces by heating them till melting condition.

b) a detachable joining of two like metal pieces by heating them till melting condition.

c) a non-detachable joining of two like metal pieces by heating them till melting condition.

 

   2.    The laser's high power intensity permits welds....

a) between similar metals having the same physical properties.

b) between dissimilar metals of widely varying physical properties.

c) between dissimilar metals of similar physical properties.

    

   3. The process of plasma arc welding is efficient for fusion welding....

a) aluminum.

b) combination of aluminum and nickel.

c) stainless steel, titanium, nickel.

 

    4.   Plasma arc welding is particularly suited for....

a) repairing aluminum parts.

b) repairing delicate parts.

c) repairing massive and thick parts.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 5

 

Materials

 

 

Topic 1. General Overview of Materials and their Structure

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите тескт письменно, используя слова после тескта.

 

        The properties of materials are sometimes referred to as structure-sensitive, as compared to structure-insensitive properties. In this case structure-insensitive properties include the traditional physical properties: electrical and thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, and magnetic and optical properties. The structure-sensitive properties include the tensile and yield strength, hardness, and impact, creep, and fatigue resistance. It is recognized that some sources maintain that hardness is not a true mechanical property, because it varies somewhat with the characteristics of the indentor and therefore is a technological test. It is well known that other mechanical properties vary significantly with rate of loading, temperature, geometry of notch in impact testing, and the size and geometry of the test specimen.

      In that sense all mechanical tests of material properties are technological tests.

Furthermore, since reported test values of materials properties are statistical averages, a commercial material frequently has a tolerance band of ±5 percent or more deviation from a given published value.

      In the solid state, materials can be classified as metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Any particular material can be described by its behavior when subjected to external conditions. Thus, when it is loaded under known conditions of direction, magnitude, rate, and environment, the resulting responses are called mechanical properties. There are many possible complex interrelationships among the internal structure of a material and its service performance. Mechanical properties such as yield strength, impact strength, hardness, creep, and fatigue resistance are strongly structure-sensitive, i.e., they depend upon the arrangement of the atoms in the crystal lattice and on any imperfections in that arrangement, whereas the physical properties are less strucure-sensitive. These include electrical, thermal, magnetic, and optical properties and do depend in part upon structure; for example, the resistivity of a metal increases with the amount of cold work. Physical properties depend primarily upon the relative excess or deficiency of the electrons that establish structural bonds and upon their availability and mobility. Between the conductors with high electron mobility and the insulators with no free electrons, precise control of the atomic architecture has created semiconductors that can have a planned modification of their electron mobility. Similarly, advances in solid-state optics have led to the development of the stimulated emission of electromagnetic energy in the microwave spectrum (masers) and in the visible spectrum (lasers).

 

 

Glossary

structure структура

sensitive чувствительный

electrical электрический

thermal тепловой, термический

conductivity проводимость

specific heat удельная теплоемкость

density плотность

tensile растяжимый

yield strength предел текучести

hardness твердость

impact удар

creep ползучесть

fatigue усталость

resistance сопротивление, стойкость

indentor индентор

technological технологический

test испытание

rate скорость

loading нагружение

notch выточка, выемка

specimen образец

statistical статистический

average средний

tolerance допуск

band диапазон

deviation отклонение

solid state твердое состояние

metal металл, металлический

polymer полимер

ceramic керамика

composites композиты

interrelationship взаимосвязь

service performance служебные характеристики

impact strength ударная прочность

arrangement расположение

crystal lattice кристаллическая решетка

imperfections несовершенства

resistivity удельное сопротивление

amount объем, количеств

cold work холодная обработка

relative относительный

excess избыток

deficiency недостаток

electron электрон

structural структурный

bond связь

availability наличие

mobility подвижность

conductor проводник

insulator изолятор

semiconductor полупроводник

solid-state твердотельный

optics оптика

stimulated вынужденный

emission излучение

microwave микроволновой

maser мазер

visible видимый

laser лазер

 

 

Topic 2. Physical Properties of Materials

 

     In studying the general structure of materials, one may consider three groupings: first, atomic structure, electronic configuration, bonding forces, and the arrangement of the aggregations of atoms; second, the physical aspect of materials, including properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, specific heat, and magnetism; and third, their macroscopic properties, such as their mechanical behavior under load, which can be explained in terms of impurities and imperfections in the lattice structure and the procedures used to modify that behavior.

     In the selection of materials for industrial applications, many engineers normally refer to their average macroscopic properties, as determined by engineering tests, and are seldom concerned with microscopic considerations. Others, because of their specialty or the nature of their positions, have to deal with microscopic properties.

     The average properties of materials are those involving matter in bulk with its flaws, variations in composition, and variations in density that are caused by

manufacturing fluctuations. Microscopic properties pertain to atoms, molecules, and their interactions. These aspects of materials are studied for their direct applicability to industrial problems and also so that possible properties in the development of new materials can be estimated.

      In order not to become confused by apparently contradictory concepts when

dealing with the relationships between the microscopic aspects of matter and the

average properties of materials, it is wise to consider the principles that account for the nature of matter at the different levels of our awareness. These levels are the commonplace, the extremely small, and the extremely large. The commonplace level deals with the average properties already mentioned, and the principles involved are those set forth by classical physics. The realm of the extremely small is largely explained by means of quantum mechanics, whereas that of the extremely large is dealt with by relativity.

    Relativity is concerned with very large masses, such as planets or stars, and

large velocities that may approach the velocity of light. It is also applicable to

smaller masses, ranging down to subatomic particles, when they move at high

velocities. Relativity has a definite place in the tool boxes of nuclear engineers and

electrical engineers who deal with particle accelerators. For production engineers,

relativity is of only academic interest and is mentioned here for the sake of

completeness.

 

Glossary

 bonding связывающий

 force сила

 arrangement расположение

 aggregation скопление, концентрация

 conductivity проводимость

 specific удельный, специфичный

 heat тепло

 magnetism магнетизм

 impurities примеси

 imperfections несовершенства

 lattice решетка

 macroscopic макроскопический

 microscopic микроскопический

 matter вещество; материал

 bulk объём, объемный

 flaw трещина, щель

 variation изменение

 density плотность

 manufacturing изготовление

 fluctuation флуктуация

 to pertain to принадлежать, относиться

 applicability приложимость

 contradictory противоречивый

 concept концепция

 relationship отношение, зависимость

 average средний

 property свойство

 awareness знание, осведомленность

 commonplace общеизвестный факт

 realm область, сфера

 quantum квантовый

 mechanics механика

 relativity теория относительности

 velocity скорость

 light свет, легкий

 subatomic субатомный

 tool box инструментарий

 accelerator ускоритель

 

 

Topic 3. Mechanical Properties of Materials

 

   Designers and engineers are usually more interested in the behavior of

materials under load or when in a magnetic field than in why they behave as they do.

Yet the better one understands the nature of materials and the reasons for their

physical and mechanical properties the more quickly and wisely will he/she be able to choose the proper material for a given design. Generally, a material property is the measured magnitude of its response to a standard test performed according to a standard procedure in a given environment. In engineering materials the loads are mechanical or physical in nature and the properties are recorded in handbooks or, for new materials, are made available by the supplier. Frequently such information is tabulated for room-temperature conditions only, so when the actual service conditions are at subfreezing or elevated temperatures, more information is needed.

All materials have properties that designers must use to their best advantage.

The following terms describe these properties:

Ductility is a softness present in some materials, such as copper and

aluminum, that permits them to be formed by stretching (drawing) or hammering without breaking. Wire is made of ductile materials that can be drawn through a die.

Brittleness is a characteristic of metals that will not stretch without breaking,

such as cast irons and hardened steels.

Malleability is the ability of a metal to be rolled or hammered without

breaking.

Hardness is the ability of a metal to resist being dented when it receives a

blow.

Toughness is the property of being resistant to cracking and breaking while

remaining malleable.

Elasticity is the ability of a metal to return to its original shape after being

bent or stretched.

 

load нагрузка

design конструкция

magnitude величина

environment внешние условия

handbook справочник

available доступный

supplier поставщик

 subfreezing ниже точки замерзания

 elevated повышенный

 ductility ковкость, тягучесть

 softness мягкость

 stretching растяжение

 drawing вытяжка

 hammering ковка

 breaking разрыв, обрыв

 wire проволока, провод

 die матрица

 brittleness хрупкость

 brittle хрупкий, ломкий

 cast iron чугун

 harden упрочнять

 steel сталь

 malleability ковкость, пластичность

 rolled катаный

 hardness твердость

 dent зуб, зубец

 dented зубчатый

 toughness ударная вязкость

 resistant стойкий

 cracking разрушение, растрескивание

 malleable ковкий, тягучий

 elasticity упругость

 shape форма

 bent изогнутый, гнутый

 stretched растянутый

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 6

 

Metals

 

1. Прочитайте слова, отработайте их произношение, выучите их.

 

Lattice -  решетка

metalloid  - металлоид, полу-металл

nonmetal  - неметалл

boron -  бор

polonium  - полоний

copper  - медь

iron -  железо

lead  - свинец

conductance  - проводимость

valence band  - валентная область (зона)

ductile  - эластичный

malleable -  ковкий

alkali -  щелочь

hydrochloric acid -  хлористоводородная кислота

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

   In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms ions and

has metallic bonds, and metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions in a cloud of electrons. The metals are one of the three groups of elements as distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along with the metalloids and nonmetals. On the periodic table, a diagonal line drawn from boron (B) to polonium (Po) separates the metals from the nonmetals. Elements on this line are metalloids, sometimes called semimetals.

Elements to the lower left are metals. Elements to the upper right are nonmetals.

Some well-known metals are aluminum, copper, gold, iron, lead, silver, titanium,

uranium, and zinc.

A more modern definition of metals is that they have overlapping conductance

and valence bands in their electronic structure. This definition opens up the category for metallic polymers and other organic metals, which have been made by researchers and employed in high-tech devices.

Aluminum is a metallic chemical element. It is ductile, malleable, and an excellent

conductor of heat and electricity. The pure metal is soft. It becomes strong and hard when alloyed. Although it is chemically very reactive, aluminum resists corrosion. It is rapidly attacked by alkalies and by hydrochloric acid.

Important alloys of aluminum include duralumin, aluminum bronze, and aluminum- magnesium. They are used extensively in aircraft and other industries.

 

3. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова. При необходимости просмотрите текст данного раздела еще раз.

 

1. The,  greatly,  welding,  of,  process,  the  properties,  depends  on,  the

metals.

2. An, and, drawing, of, the tip, electric, by, arc, touching, is formed, the

electrode, it, to, the metal, then, away.

3. Electroslag, only, efficient, steels, welding, be, is, very, but, can, with,

used.

4. The, between, the arc, heat, from, the edges, the metal, formed, of, the

electrode, and, melts, the metal.

 

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

METALS

1. Mankind has used metals for centuries in gradually increasing quantities but only now they are employed in really great quantities.

2.         Today we know more than seventy metals, the majority of which are used in industry.

3.  Of all the metals iron is the most important one. Absolutely pure iron is never prepared except for laboratory purposes. The irons and steels in use today are really alloys of iron, carbon and other substances. They can be made elastic, tough, hard, or comparatively soft.

4. Mechanical properties of metals are the result of their atomic structure. They include hardness, ductility and malleability which are of special importance in engineering.

5.  Ductility is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking.

Malleability is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed by compression without rupture.

6.  These properties are similar to each other but not the same. Most metals increase these properties at higher temperatures.

7.  The strength of a metal is the property of resistance to external loads and stresses.

8.  These mechanical properties are of great importance in industrial purposes because all parts and units made of iron and steel must meet up-to-date demands.

 

       5. Соотнесите вопросы и ответы на них.

 

Вопросы

1.    What is the most important metal?

2. What mechanical properties of metals do you know?

3. What is strength?

4. What is ductility?

5. What is malleability?

 

Ответы

a. The capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking.

b. Iron.

c. The capacity of a metal to be deformed by compression without rupture.

d. The property of a metal to resist to external loads.

e. Hardness, ductility and malleability.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 7.

 

Important Properties for Manufacturing

 

 

One of the most important aspects in manufacturing is to choose the right material for a particular application. The properties, cost and availability of the material have to be considered.

When referring to metals in manufacturing, five properties are of importance:

Ductility  пластичность

durability прочность

elasticity упругость

hardness твёрдость

malleability ковкость

 

1. Выберите одно из вышеуказанных свойств, и озоглавте каждый абзац. И напишите на месте пропусков полное название химических элементов.

 

…………….……………………………………………………………...

The metals are easy to form and stretch without breaking or fracturing and keep their new shape. Metals like Cu ……………….., Sn …………...….., Au ……..…….….. and Ag ………..….….. all have this property and are often used to make, e.g. wire and tubing.

The same is true for soft low-carbon steels but high-carbon steels and cast iron soon fracture when stretched, as they are too brittle.

 

…………….……………………………………………………………...

The metals can be stretched to some point, but go back to their original shape as soon as the stress is removed. Among metals, some steel alloys show this property, e.g. a high-carbon steel called spring steel. Other hard steels, e.g. tool steel and cast iron, can be stretched very little or not at all.

…………….……………………………………………………………...

 

The metals can withstand friction. This characteristic makes them suitable for moving parts of machines and cutting edges of tools, e.g. steel alloys with a high C ……..…….….. content.

 

 

…………….……………………………………………………………...

These metals are easy to form without fracturing, and keep their new shape. Forming is done by, e.g. rolling or pressing, often with the application of heat. Au, Ag, Pb ……..…….….., Cu and low-carbon steel alloys belong to this group and are made into containers, wheels and, of course,jewelry.

 

№	Символ	Русский	Латинский	Английский
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114	H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt	Водород Гелий Литий Бериллий Бор Углерод Азот Кислород Фтор Неон Натрий Магний Алюминий Кремний Фосфор Сера Хлор Аргон Калий Кальций Скандий Титан Ванадий Хром Марганец Железо Кобальт Никель Медь Цинк Галлий Германий Мышьяк Селен Бром Криптон Рубидий Стронций Иттрий Цирконий Ниобий Молибден Технеций Рутений Родий Палладий Серебро Кадмий Индий Олово Сурьма Теллур Иод Ксенон Цезий Барий Лантан Церий Празеодим Неодим Прометий Самарий Европий Гадолиний Тербий Диспрозий Гольмий Эрбий Тулий Иттербий Лютеций Гафний Тантал Вольфрам Рений Осмий Иридий Платина Золото Ртуть Таллий Свинец Висмут Полоний Астат Радон Франций Радий Актиний Торий Протактиний Уран Нептуний Плутоний Америций Кюрий Берклий Калифорний Эйнштейний Фермий Менделевий Нобелий Лоуренсий Резерфордий Дубний Сиборгий Борий Хассий Мейтнерий	Hydrogenium Helium Lithium Beryllium Borum Carboneum Nitrogenium Oxygenium Fluorum Neon Natrium Magnesium Aluminium Silicium Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorum Argon Kalium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganum Ferrum Cobaltum Niccolum Cuprum Zincum Gallium Germanium Arsenicum Selenium Bromum Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdaenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Argentum Cadmium Indium Stannum Stibium Tellurium Jodum Xenon Caesium Barium  Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Wolfram Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Aurum Hydrargyrum Thallium Plumbum Bismuthum Polonium Astatium Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium	Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium

Unit 8.

 

Alloys.

 

1. Прочитайте слова, отработайте их произношение, выучите.

 

alloy  - сплав

property -  свойство

homogeneous  - однородный

heterogeneous  - неоднородный

tiny  - маленький

compound  - соединение

carbon  - углерод

hardening agent -  отверждающий реагент

brittle  - хрупкий

advent of furnaces  - появление печей

Damascus steel  - булатная сталь

tensile   - растяжение

stainless steel  - нержавеющая сталь

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Alloy is a substance with metallic properties that consists of a metal fused with

one or more metals or nonmetals. Alloys may be a homogeneous solid solution, a heterogeneous mixture of tiny crystals, a true chemical compound, or a mixture of these. Alloys are used more extensively than pure metals because they can be engineered to have specific properties.

New alloys are being engineered for use in new technology, including materials

for the space program.

Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron and carbon. Carbon acts as a

hardening agent. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but is also more brittle.

Currently there are several classes of steels in which carbon is replaced with other

alloying materials. A more recent definition is that steels are iron-based alloys that can be plastically formed.

There are different types of steels. Chromium steel finds wide use in automobile

and airplane parts on account of its hardness, strength, and elasticity, as does the chromium- vanadium variety. In a modern sense, alloy steels have been made since the advent of furnaces capable of melting iron, into which other metals may be thrown and mixed.

Also there exist Carbon steel and Damascus steel, which was famous in ancient times for its flexibility.

Nickel steel is the most widely used of the alloys. It is nonmagnetic and has the

tensile properties of high-carbon steel without the brittleness.

Stainless steels and surgical stainless steels contain a minimum of 10.5% chromium, often combined with nickel, to resist corrosion. Some stainless steels are nonmagnetic.

There are tool steels, H S L A Steel (High Strength, Low Alloy) and ferrous super

alloys.

 

3.Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

1.ferrous metals                       а. проводимость

2.cast iron                               b. углеродистая сталь

3.carbon content                      с. износостойкость

4.alloy steel                             d прочность.

5.carbon steel                         e. обрабатываемость (на станке)

6.strength                                f. жесткость.

7.hardness                               g_. железо

8.ductility                                h. сплав

9.machinability                       i. черные металлы

10.resistance to wear                j.чугун

11.conductivity                        k. содержание углерода

12.iron                                    1. ковкость

13.silicon                                m. легированная сталь

14.alloy                                   n. кремний

15.rust-resistant                       о. нержавеющий

 

4. Переведите данные слова на русский язык:

 

metal, element, industry, steel, material, industrial, electronic, magnetic, type, chemical, mechanical, rocket, automobile.

 

5. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

 

1. Alloys consist of....

a) steel and cast iron

b) iron and stainless steel

c) simple metal and some other element

 

2. Carbon steel contains....

 

3.  Alloy steels include....

a) steel and cast iron

b) iron, carbon, an alloying element

c) only iron and carbon

 

4. The most important properties of steel are....

a) electrical conductivity, resistance to wear, magnetic properties

b) strength, ductility, machinability

 

      6.Изучитe таблицу.

 

A detailed comparison of properties of metals and non-metals is given in table:

Property	Metals	Non-metals
State of matter	These are usually solid, except mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature. Gallium and Caesium melt below 30. So if room temperature is around 30, they may also be in liquid state	These exist in all the three states. Bromine is the only liquid.
Density	They usually have high density, except for sodium, potassium, calcium etc.	Their densities are usually low.
Melting point	They usually have a high melting point except mercury, cesium, gallium, tin, lead.	Their melting points are low.
Boiling point	Their boiling points are usually high.	Their boiling points are low.
Hardness	They are usually hard, except mercury, sodium, calcium, potassium, lead etc.	They are usually not hard. But the exception is the non-metal diamond, the hardest substance.
Malleability	They can be beaten into thin sheets.	They are generally brittle.
Ductility	They can be drawn into thin wires, except sodium, potassium, calcium etc.	They cannot be drawn into thin wires.
Conduction of heat	They are good conductors of heat.	They are poor conductors of heat.
Conduction of electricity	They are good conductors of electricity.	They are non-conductors, except for carbon in the form of graphite and the gas carbon.
Lustre	Newly cut metals have high lustre. Some get tarnished immediately.	Usually not lustrous, except iodine and diamond - the most lustrous of all the substances.
Alloy formation	They form alloys.	Generally, they do not form alloys. However carbon, phosphorus, sulphur etc. can be present in some alloys.
Tenacity	These usually have high tensile strength except sodium, potassium, calcium, lead etc.	These have low tensile strength.
Brittleness	They are hard but not brittle, except zinc at room temperature.	They are generally brittle.
Electronic configuration	They usually have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their valence shell. The greater the number of shells and lesser the number of valence electrons, the greater is the reactivity of the metal.	They usually have 4, 5, 6 or 7 electrons in the valence shell. If it has 8 electrons, it is called a noble gas. Lesser the number of shells and greater the number of valence electrons, greater is the reactivity of the non-metal.
Ionization	They always ionize by losing electrons:	They always ionize by gaining electrons:
Charge of ions	Positively charged.	Negatively charged.
Type of valency	Metals always exhibit electrovalency.	Non-metal exhibit both electrovalency or covalency.
Deposition during electrolysis	They are always deposited at the cathode.	They are always deposited at the anode.
Redox reaction	These lose electrons and hence get oxidized.	These gain electrons and hence get reduced.
Redox agents	They are reducing agents.	They are oxidizing agents.
Nature of oxides	They generally form basic oxides, some of which are also amphoteric, such as aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide etc.	They generally form acidic oxides. Some oxides are neutral, such as nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide water etc.
Hydrides	They usually do not form hydrides except those of sodium, potassium and calcium.	They do form hydrides, e.g. NH3, PH3, HCl, HBr, HI, H2S, H2O etc.
Atomicity	These are always monatomic.	These can be mono, di, tri, or polyatomic.
Solubility	They do not dissolve in solvents except by chemical action.	They dissolve in solvents and can be re-obtained by evaporation. Example: Sulphur in carbon disulphide.
Action with chlorine	They produce chlorides, which are electrovalent.	They produce chlorides, which are covalent.
Action with dilute acids	On reaction with dilute acids they give respective salt and hydrogen.	They do not react with dilute acids.

 

7. Впишите названия химических элементов, перепишите и переведите текст.

Steel produced at the time the Titanic was built generally had a higher percentage of S (………………….) and P (………………….) than would be allowed today, resulting in steel that fractured easily. Samples of Titanic fragments were tested to determine the steel’s chemical make-up, tensile strength, microstructure and grain size, as well as its responses to low temperatures. As the metallurgists had suspected, the steel was full of large MnS (………………….) impurities that

created weak areas and caused the metal to be brittle.

Under extreme conditions, such as the unusually cold, 28 F water temperatures of the North Atlantic at the time of the disaster, the steel became fragile and, subjected to the violent impact, immediately fractured.

 

Percentage – процент, доля.

Fracture – вызывать переломы, трещены.

Samples – образцы

Determine – определять

tensile strength – прочность на разрыв

brittle – хрупкость

subjected - подвергаемая

 

       8. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы:

Вопросы

1. By what properties are metals distinguished from nonmetals?

2. What common metals are produced in great quantities?

3. What metals are called light?

4. What properties do nonmetals have?

5. What is done to protect metals from corrosion?

Ответы

a.    Iron, copper and zinc.

b.    They are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity

с.     They are coated by some organic coatings.

d.    High conductivity for heat and electricity.

e.    Aluminum, beryllium and titanium.

 

9.Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

There are some different groups of metals, such as:

1.Light metals:....                    A) iron, copper, zinc.

2.Common metals:....              B) silver, gold, platinum.

3.Precious metals:...                C) aluminum, beryllium, titanium.

 

Nonmetals are ....                    A) carbon, silicon, sulphur.

B) aluminium, beryllium, titanium.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 9.

 

The Steel-Making Process

 

1. Откройте скобки, употребив глагол в Passive Voice.Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

There is no single substance (call) …… steel: there are dozens of different types of steel – of different compositions and with different properties. “Ordinary” steel can(describe) .…… as an alloy of iron containing a small but fixed amount (up to 1.5 %) of carbon. (The many special steels which are available have several other metals (mix) ….…… in as well. The properties of steel depend not only on its composition but also on any heat treatment  (give) …….…to it after manufacture. Pig iron, with its high proportion of impurities, is too brittle for most purposes, and the bulk of what (convert) ……in blast furnaces  ( produce) ……….…… into steel.

The steelmaking process requires that, after most of the carbon and practically all of the other impurities (Si, S, P) (remove )……….…… by oxidizing, the right amount of each of the required elements ……….…… (add). Of the main steelmaking processes (use) …….…… today, the one by which most steel is manufactured is the basic oxygen process. This method is fast and over 300 t of steel can (produce) ………….…… in as little as 40 min. A converter, which is a huge steel, pear- (shape)……….…… container, called vessel, of up to 300 t capacity, is mounted so that it can (move)…….…… either way for charging and tapping.

It is charged with (melt) ……….…… pig iron from the blast furnace, along with up to about half of its mass of scrap iron or steel. A water(cool)……….…… tube, called lance, can (dissolve )………….…… vertically into the vessel, delivering a high powered jet of pure oxygen, thus burning the carbon ( lower)……….…… in the iron.

The impurities (oxidize)………….…… rapidly, (C to CO2 and S to SO2) and escape as gases.

 

 

2. Переведите термины.

 

pig iron crude iron

blast furnace the oven in which ore is melted to gain metal

ore a mineral from which a metal can be extracted

pear-shaped having a round shape becoming gradually narrower at the end

to tap to remove by using a device for controlling the flow of a liquid

scrap iron metal objects that have been used

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 10.

 

Alternative Types of Welding

 

1. Выпишите новые слова, отработайте их произношение, выучите.

 

cold welding холодная сварка (в вакууме)

friction welding сварка трением

laser welding лазерная сварка

diffusion bonding диффузное соединение

ultrasonic welding ультразвуковая сварка

explosive welding сварка взрывом

butt стык

anvil наковальня

honeycomb пористый

fin ребро, пластина

finished готовый; обработанный

integrated circuitry интегральная схемотехника

fuse плавить, расплавлять

pneumatic tooling пневматический инструмент

punch presses пресс-штамп

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Alternative Types of Welding

 

Cold welding

Cold welding, the joining of materials without the use of heat, can be accomplished simply by pressing them together. Surfaces have to be well prepared, and pressure sufficient to produce 35 to 90 percent deformation at the joint is necessary, depending on the material. Lapped joints in sheets and cold-butt welding of wires constitute the major applications of this technique. Pressure can be applied by punch presses, rolling stands, or pneumatic tooling. Pressures of 1,400,000 to 2,800,000 kilopascals (200,000 to 400,000 pounds per square inch) are needed to produce a joint in aluminum; almost all other metals need higher pressures.

 

Friction welding

In friction welding two work pieces are brought together under load with one part rapidly revolving. Frictional heat is developed at the interface until the material becomes plastic, at which time the rotation is stopped and the load is increased to consolidate the joint. A strong joint results with the plastic deformation, and in this sense the process may be considered a variation of pressure welding. The process is self-regulating, for, as the temperature at the joint rises, the friction coefficient is reduced and overheating cannot occur. The machines are almost like lathes in appearance.

Speed, force, and time are the main variables. The process has been

automated for the production of axle casings in the automotive industry.

 

Laser welding

Laser welding is accomplished when the light energy emitted from a laser source focused upon a workpiece to fuse materials together. The limited availability of lasers of sufficient power for most welding purposes has so far restricted its use in this area. Another difficulty is that the speed and the thickness that can be welded are controlled not so much by power but by the thermal conductivity of the metals and by the avoidance of metal vaporization at the surface. Particular applications of the process with very thin materials up to 0.5 mm (0.02 inch) have, however, been very successful. The process is useful in the joining of miniaturized electrical circuitry.

 

Diffusion bonding

This type of bonding relies on the effect of applied pressure at an elevated temperature for an appreciable period of time. Generally, the pressure applied must be less than that necessary to cause 5 percent deformation so that the process can be applied to finished machine parts. The process has been used most extensively in the aerospace industries for joining materials and shapes that otherwise could not be made—for example, multiple-finned channels and honeycomb construction. Steel can be diffusion bonded at above 1,000° C (1,800° F) in a few minutes.

 

Ultrasonic welding

Ultrasonic joining is achieved by clamping the two pieces to be welded between an anvil and a vibrating probe or sonotrode. The vibration raises the temperature at the interface and produces the weld. The main variables are the clamping force, power input, and welding time. A weld can be made in 0.005 second on thin wires and up to 1 second with material 1.3 mm (0.05 inch) thick. Spot welds and continuous seam welds are made with good reliability. Applications include extensive use on lead bonding to integrated circuitry, transistor canning, and aluminum can bodies.

 

Explosive welding

Explosive welding takes place when two plates are impacted together under an explosive force at high velocity. The lower plate is laid on a firm surface, such as a heavier steel plate. The upper plate is placed carefully at an angle of approximately 5° to the lower plate with a sheet of explosive material on top. The charge is detonated from the hinge of the two plates, and a weld takes place in microseconds by very rapid plastic deformation of the material at the interface. A completed weld has the appearance of waves at the joint caused by a jetting action of metal between the plates.

3. Заполните пропуски недостающими словами (типы сварки).

1. …welding is successfully used in manufacture of small elements of

electric circuits.

2. Heat is not used in … welding.

3. … is widely used in aerospace industries.

4. Vibration is used in …welding.

5. Plastic deformation is the basic principle in … welding.

6. … welding is impossible without pressure and high temperature.

7. In … welding one of the parts being welded revolves.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 11

 

Operations

 

 

1.     Запишите новые слова.

metal chiseling - рубка металла

bending - гибка

filing - опиловка

straightening - рихтовка

boring - расточка

drilling – сверление

lapping - притирка

riveting – клепка

tinning - лужение

scraping - шабрение

soft soldering - пайка мягким

soldering – пайка, припоем

 

2.     Прочтите текст и ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.

–    What operations do you know?

–                                 What operations can you perform?

–                                 What is your favorite operation?

 

OPERATIONS

Metal chiseling. This operation may be manual or mechanized. Hand chiseling is hard work and takes up much time. If can be made easier when mechanized with the aid of a pneumatic hammer.

Straightening. This operation is being performed when bench workers receive bent or twisted blanks of metal. The elimination of these defects .of the blanks are called straightening. Metal can be straightened either mechani­cally (with the aid of straightening rolls, presses or other devices) or manually, by using hand hammers.

Bending operations are applied when making many articles from sheet, flat and round steel. Work pieces are bent to a definite radius or to a rounded up angle.

Filing is the process of removing a layer of metal from a work piece with cutting tool called a file.

Drilling is an operation of making holes in a solid piece of material by means of cutting tool known as a drill.

Boring is the operation of increasing the diameter of an existing hole with a drill.

By riveting we understand the operation of fastening two or more parts with rivets. Rivets are cylindrical metal rods, with heads. They are employed for fastening parts, metal plates, bars, which are not to be subjected to disassembly.

Lapping is a refined process which is applied in facing up external and internal surfaces of parts, cylindrical, flat, formed, requiring great precision and extremely fine quality of face finish. It is performed with a special tool, called a lap. It is one of the most accurate methods.

By scraping is understood the operation of accurately finishing the surface of a work piece by removing a very thin layer of metal with a cutting tool called a scraper.

Tinning is a protective coating of tin or solder applied to the surface of metals.

Soldering is the process of permanently joining two parts with special alloys, known as solders.

 

3.     Переведите следующие словосочетания.

to take up much time; with the aid of; by means of.

 

4.Назовите операцию и инструмент, с помощью которого она выполняется:

 

Например, chiseling — chisel

Filing, spanner, hammer, bending, straightening, tightening, sharpening, screwdriver, oilstones, screwing, rivets, lapping, riveting.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 12

 

Welding skills

 

1. Запишите слова, отработайте их произношение и выучите.

 

 

journeyman (person) наемный квалифицированный рабочий

apprentice ученик

plate working обработка листового металла

blueprint 1) делать светокопию, копировать чертеж 2)

делать разметку

brazing пайка твердым припоем (из меди и цинка)

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Job Related Skills, Interests and Values

• using and maintaining tools, material handling equipment and welding

equipment;

• reading and interpreting blueprints;

• acquiring thorough knowledge of arc, gas and resistance welding

theory ;

• laying out, cutting and forming metals to specifications;

• preparing the work sute;

 

• fitting sub-assemblies and assemblies together and preparing assemblies for welding ;

• welding using shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas

tungsten arc welding, flux core or metal core arc welding, submerged

arc welding and plasma arc welding processes;

• carrying out special processes such as welding studs and brazing;

• ensuring quality of product/process before, during and after welding;

 

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

YOU MIGHT LIKE WELDING IF YOU:

• Want lots of job opportunities.
• Want good, competitive wages.
• Like to be physically active.
• Like to be challenged.
• Want your work to be diversified.
• Need to feel a sense of accomplishment.
• Want to travel in the U.S. or abroad.
• Take pride in your workmanship.

SKILLS NEEDED TO BECOME A WELDER:

• Manual dexterity.
• Good eyesight.
• Good eye-hand coordination.
• The ability to concentrate on detailed work for prolonged periods of time.
• The ability to stoop, bend, climb, and work in awkward positions.
• Patience.

TRIDENT'S PROGRAM OFFERS:

The latest welding technology as well as traditional welding skills training and a good foundation in basic welding theory, metallurgy, and blueprint reading. Safety is stressed throughout the program.

Trident's Welding program is designed to provide comprehensive welding education to new students as well as experienced welders wanting to expand their skills and/or knowledge.

EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS AND WAGE POTENTIAL:

Close to half-million people hold jobs as welders, cutters, or welding machine operators. Approximately three fourth of them are in manufacturing and service industries. If other trades, such as boilermakers, ironworkers, and pipefitters are included, then the total climbs to about 2 million or 10% of our national workforce. In an industry valued at more than $5.5 billion, the need to replace aging, skilled welders is acute. According to Dave Manning, president of the Hobart Institute of Welding Technology, "The need for skilled welders will become more of a problem in the next three to five years, as 50% of the welders in North America retire."

Welders will be needed in manufacturing for industries such as transportation equipment, industrial machinery,  fabricated metal products. They will be found at construction sites, in repair shops and personnel supply agencies.

According to Freddy Torres, coordinator for the American Welding Society's Schools Excelling through National Skills Education, a welder's average weekly earnings were $742 in the summer of 2000. The average annual earnings for a welder is between $30,000 and $46,000 per year.

Skill explained

Welders are craftsmen and women who need hands-on skills to do a professional job. Different welding processes are required with different materials. In order to meet the quality requirements, welders must be able to understand welding drawings, standards and markings, apply the required welding processes and understand the characteristics of the materials. Knowledge of welding work safety is also required.

The skill covers the welding of components, structures, plates, pipes and pressure vessels.

Standard reference terms and definitions for welding processes, welding positions and weld testing shall be to International Standard Organisation (ISO) and American Welding Society (AWS) standards. Where a conflict arises, the ISO standards shall have precedence. If no ISO standard is applicable then the relevant AWS standard shall be used.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 13.

Underwater Welding Career Information

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

What is an Underwater Welder?

An underwater welder is someone who performs vital work related to various industrial applications, including building offshore oil platforms, repairing ships, and maintaining underwater pipelines. Underwater welders must have advanced skills in both diving and welding, including various specialized underwater welding techniques.

What Does an Underwater Welder Do?

Underwater welders are highly trained in both professional diving and welding in order to perform welding tasks in an underwater environment. They work with specialized welding equipment that is designed for safe use underwater without high risk of electric shock.

Although trained in various techniques, underwater welders perform tasks that can essentially be grouped into two classifications:

Wet welding:

·                                 Means that the welding process involves being directly exposed to wet or fully submerged conditions

·                                 Uses a special waterproof electrode that was invented in 1946

·                                 Requires the welding power supply to be connected to the welding equipment through cables and hoses

·                                 When performed at significant depths, requires a highly experienced underwater welder with specialized knowledge of ambient pressure and its effects on welds

·                                 Most commonly uses shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) techniques

Dry welding:

·                                 Takes place underwater but is performed in a dry environment, usually called a hyperbaric chamber (an enclosed container that is submerged under water)

·                                 Involves working within the hyperbaric chamber, which (similar to submarines) is pressurized to withstand underwater conditions

·                                 Is performed by sealing the hyperbaric chamber around the structure that requires welding work

·                                 Is usually restricted to maximum operational depths of 400 meters

·                                 Can theoretically involve most welding processes but most commonly uses gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)

Some of the duties that underwater welders take on can include:

·                     Repairing ships

·                     Maintaining oil platforms

·                     Inspecting, repairing, and maintaining underwater pipelines

·                     Salvaging shipwrecked vessels

·                     New construction projects, such as bridges

·                     Building, repairing, and maintaining telecommunications equipment beneath the floor of the ocean

In addition, underwater welders are often responsible for taking on a variety of tasks prior to actually performing any welding.

 Some of these duties can include:

·                                 Inspecting, photographing, and creating maps of the work environment

·                                 Researching and documenting all aspects of the prospective job

·                                 Testing equipment and explosive materials

·                                 Conducting experiments to ensure project viability and safety

Project length and working hours can vary greatly, depending on the scope of the project. Therefore, a job can range from just a few hours to days, months, or even years. However, it is important to note that, although the main purpose is the actual underwater welding task, the vast majority of time and effort is often spent on training, preparation, and safety precautions.

In addition, for safety reasons, underwater welders work with a team of trained professionals who remain on standby above the water and keep in constant contact in order to provide immediate assistance if, at any time, the welder ends up in danger.

What are the Pros and Cons of Becoming an Underwater Welder?

Many regulations exist to keep underwater welding as safe as possible, effectively controlling any chance of danger. Nevertheless, some risk will always be involved when you are diving and working with electric-powered equipment beneath the water. However, when it comes right down to it, the level of risk is relatively low the majority of the time. And, for most underwater welders, their love of the job far outweighs any risks.

That being said, it is important to understand the pros and cons of the job.

Pros

·                                 There's no denying that a little bit of risk comes with a whole lot of excitement and a powerful sense of adventure.

·                                 Working underwater, especially in offshore environments, is fascinating. The ocean always has been (and always will be) a constant source of undeniable mystery and awe.

·                                 The technologies and equipment related to underwater welding are constantly being updated, and continuous learning can create a strong feeling of satisfaction.

·                                 The continuous innovation in the field allows for more sophisticated and advanced engineering ideas to be brought to life. Witnessing this progress can be exhilarating.

·                                 The prospect of a six-figure salary can be extremely enticing.

·                                 You can have the opportunity to do extensive traveling—seeing new places, meeting new people, and gaining amazing experiences.

Cons

·                                 Even when following strict precautions, there is risk of electric shock.

·                                 Because of the need to work with a combination of hydrogen and oxygen, there is a risk of pockets of gas forming (due to the high-pressure depth) and causing an explosion.

·                                 There are dangers related to any type of diving. They include risk of drowning due to equipment failure, ear/nose/sinus/lung damage due to pressure, decompression sickness, and more.

·                                 The training to become an underwater welder can be intense and may require a significant amount of time and money to be invested.

·                                 You are apt to spend significantly more time and energy preparing for a project and ensuring safety precautions are met than actually performing underwater welding.

·                                 You may need to continuously travel in order to obtain steady work, which can be draining because it may mean not seeing family and friends very often.

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Who can be a welder-diver?

2. What sorts of basic and supplementary skills must a welder-diver possess?

3. How can certified surface welders become welder-divers?

4. What is more important: receiving the welder-diver qualifications or

maintaining them?

5. Why do commercial divers pass an annual dive physical?

6. Do welder-divers have any future career opportunities?

7. Do you think surface welding equipment can be used underwater?

 

3. Перескажите текст своими словами на русском языке.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 14.

 

The workshop

 

1. Прочитайте диалоги по ролям, переведите их устно, выпишите выделенные слова, и выучите их.

 

1.

Paul: This is a workshop, isn't it?

Olga: I think it is.

Paul: And where is the workbench?

Olga: Well, it's in the middle of the room.

Paul: Where's the toolbox? Is it on the bench?

Olga: No,  it isn't.  It's under the bench.

Paul: And where are the nails? Are they on the bench or in

the box?

Olga: They are in the box.

Paul: I see. And where's the hammer?

Olga: It seems to me, it's on the shelf above the table.

Paul: Well, give me the hammer, please.

Olga: Here you are.

Paul: Thanks.

 

2.

Mike: Look here. What are these?

Andrew: These are screws.

Mike: And where are the nuts? Are they on the workbench?

Andrew: Yes, they are. Oh, no, I'm sorry. They are on the shelf under the bench.

Mike: Are they big or small?

Andrew: They are rather small.

Mike: How long are they?

Andrew: I think they are approximately 20 mm long.

Mike: How wide are they?

Andrew: I believe they are 4 mm wide.

Mike: O.K. Give me some, please.

Andrew: Here you are.

Mike: Thank you.

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст, ответьте на вопросы.

 

This is a workshop. Two students are here. They are Sveta and Oleg. They are electricians. A toolboard is in the middle of the workshop. Many tools are on the toolboard. They are chisels, screwdrivers, a pair of pliers, a set of spanners, etc.

 

 A safety-notice is above the tool-board. A bench is on the left and a

shelf is on the right. There are many nails, nuts and screws on the shelf. They are large and small. A hammer is not on the shelf, it is on the bench. A switch is between the bench and the shelf. Sveta is to the right of the bench. Oleg is on the other side of the workshop just opposite the toolboard.

 

1. This is a workshop, isn't it?

2.  What are the names of the students?

3. What are Oleg and Sveta?

4. Where is the toolboard?

5.  Where are the tools?

6. What are they?

7.  Is the bench on the right or on the left?

8. The hammer is not on the shelf, is it?
9.Where are the students?

 

3. Выпишите новые слова, отработайте их произношение5 и выучите.

 

rig какое-л. приспособление, устройство, механизм Syn: apparatus , device

hose шланг

spark искра

igniter воспламенитель

wrench гаечный ключ

outfit агрегат; оборудование, принадлежности, набор

(приборов, инструментов)

pressure gauge манометр

leak течь, протечка; утечка

orifice отверстие

single-stage (regulator) однокамерный

flashback обратный удар пламени (проникающий в шланг

сварочной горелки)

ductile гибкий, ковкий, поддающийся обработке

threaded с резьбой, нарезной

pin цапфа

shoulder буртик; поясок

debris осколки, обломки; обрезки; лом

shrinkage усадочная деформация

solute растворенное вещество, раствор

 

4.Составьте пять предложений, используя новую лексику.

 

 

 

Unit 15.

 

Welding's Vital Part in Major American Historical Events

 

Part 1.

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

ASME, founded as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, is a professional association that, in its own words, "promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe" via "continuing education, training and professional development, codes and standards, research, conferences and publications, government relations, and other forms of outreach." ASME is thus an engineering society, a standards organization, a research and development organization, a lobbying organization, a provider of training and education, and a nonprofit organization. Founded as an engineering society focused on mechanical engineering in North America, ASME is today multidisciplinary and global.

 

ASME is one of the oldest standards-developing organizations in the world. It produces approximately 600 codes and standards, covering many technical areas, such as boiler components, elevators, measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits, cranes, hand tools, fasteners, and machine tools. Some ASME standards have been translated into other languages other than English, such Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish.

 

·                    A Standard can be defined as a set of technical definitions and guidelines that function as instructions for designers, manufacturers, operators, or users of equipment.

·                    A standard becomes a Code when it has been adopted by one or more governmental bodies and is enforceable by law, or when it has been incorporated into a business contract.

 

 

The ASME Code

           In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the welding of pressure vessels came on the scene. Welding made possible a quantum jump in pressure attainable because the process eliminated the low structural efficiency of the riveted joint. Welding was widely utilized by industry as it strove to increase operating efficiencies by the use of higher pressures and temperatures, all of which meant thick-walled vessels. But

before this occurred, a code for fabrication was born from the aftermath of catastrophe.

On April 27, 1865, the steamboat Sultana blew up while transporting 2200 passengers on the Mississippi River. The cause of the catastrophe was the sudden explosion of three of the steamboat's four boilers, and up to 1500 people were killed as a result. Most of the passengers were Union soldiers homeward bound after surviving Confederate prison camps. In another disaster on March 10, 1905, a fire tube boiler in a shoe factory in Brockton, Mass., exploded, killing 58, injuring 117 and causing damages valued at $250,000. These two incidents, and the many others between them, proved there was a need to bring safety to boiler operation. So, a voluntary code of construction went into effect in 1915 - the ASME Boiler Code.

As welding began to be used, a need for nondestructively examining those welds emerged. In the 1920s, inspectors tested welds by tapping them with hammers, then listening to the sound through stethoscopes. A dead sound indicated a defective weld. By 1931, the revised Boiler Code accepted welded vessels judged safe by radiographic testing. By this time, magnetic particle testing was used to detect surface cracks that had been missed by radiographic inspection. In his history of the ASME Code, A. M. Greene, Jr., referred to the late 1920s and early 1930s as "the great years." It was during this period that fusion welding received widespread acceptance. Nowadays, thousands of individuals who make their living in welding live and breathe the ASME Code every minute of the working day.

As far as welding interests are concerned, probably the most important part of the ASME Code is "Section IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications." This section relates to the qualification of welders and welding operators, and the procedures they must follow to comply with the code. Under procedure qualifications, each process is listed, and the essential and nonessential variables of each are spelled out. Welding performance qualifications are also included.

In the early years of the ASME Code, fabricators were known to spend their own research dollars to develop a process so it could be used in Code construction work. Eventually, however, a code case would have to be submitted to the appropriate ASME Code committee, but first a procedure qualification had to be developed. The code authorities expected the quality of the weld metal and the heat-affected zone to be equal to that of the base metal.

In 1977, Leonard Zick, chairman of the main committee of the ASME Code, said, "It's more than a code; the related groups make up a safety system. Our main objective is to provide requirements for new construction of pressure-related items that, when followed, will provide safety to those who use them and those who might be affected by their use. "And, since the use of the code item might be for any type of process or for any discipline involving energy, the committee's activities do not play one against the other. We want all code items to be safe, period."

2. Перескажите текст своими словами на русском языке.

3. Задайте 5 вопросов к тексту.

Part 2.

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

LNG Tankers
         A triumph of the code was the huge aluminum spheres built by General Dynamics in Charleston, S.C. They were built to criteria established by the U.S. Coast Guard and were based on Section VIII, Division 1, of the ASME Code.

At about 2 a.m. on October 2, 1976, the first welded aluminum sphere for a liquefied natural gas tanker was rolled out of a building in Charleston, then moved over to a special stand for final hydropneumatic testing. It soon passed the test with flying colors. The sphere itself weighed 850 tons and measured 120 ft (36 m) in diameter. Each sphere consisted of more than 100 precisely machined plates, "orange peel" in shape. The plates were gas metal arc welded together using 7036 lb (3166 kg) of filler metal. Total length of the welds on each sphere was 48.6 miles. Completed spheres were barged along the coast and delivered onto steel tankers under construction at General Dynamics' shipyard in Quincy, Mass. This type of LNG tanker was based on the Moss-Rosenberg design from Norway.

Meanwhile, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. was building LNG tankers in Virginia. Based on the Technigaz design, the tankers featured a waffled membrane of stainless steel for containing the gas. Avondale Shipyards, Inc., New Orleans, La., was building still other LNG tankers based on the Conch design, which featured prismatic tanks of aluminum.

At General Dynamics' facility in Charleston, 80% of the metalworking manhours were spent welding. Much of the filler metal deposited in Charleston was 5183 aluminum. The vertical joints were welded using special equipment from Switzerland in which the operator rode in a custom-designed chair alongside the welding arc. At this distance, he was able to monitor the weld and observe the oscillation of the 1Z16-in. (1.5-mm) diameter filler metal. Actual welding was controlled remotely. About 30 weld passes were required for each joint.

The thicker 11Z2-in. (3.8-cm) joints were welded by Big MIG equipment, operating with a 1Z8-in. (3-mm) diameter wire at 500 A. The equipment was capable of completing the joint in four passes.

The massive equatorial ring was welded outdoors. In this setup, nine heavily machined, curved aluminum extrusions had to be welded together. To do it, 88 GMA weld passes were made from the outside and 60 more from the inside.

One engineer on site at the time had just transferred from one of the company's aerospace divisions, a division known for extremely high weld quality on sensitive material. "As far as quality is concerned," he noted, "there's really not that much difference (between Charleston and the aerospace division). I do think that the weld quality achievement here in Charleston is as high, if not higher, than it is in aerospace, but then 5083-0 is a very forgiving aluminum alloy."

6. Выделите главную мысль в каждом обзаце.

Part 3.

7.Прочитайте текст.  Выпишите главные мысли из текста и письменно переведите их.

High-Rise Construction

     About 30 years ago, steel construction went into orbit. The 100-story John Hancock Center in Chicago and the 110-story twin towers of New York's World Trade Center were under construction. Above ground, the World Trade Center required some 176,000 tons of fabricated structural steel. The Sears Tower came later. Bethlehem Steel Corp. had received orders for 200,000 tons of rolled steel products for the South Mall complex in Albany, N.Y. Allied Structural Steel Co. was reported to have used multiple-electrode gas metal arc welding in the fabrication of the First National Bank of Chicago Building.

In a progress report on the erection of the critical corner pieces for the first 22 floors of the 1107-ft (332-m) high John Hancock Center, an Allied Structural Steel spokesman said various welding processes were being used in that portion of the high-rise building. More than 12,000 tons of structural steel were used in that section. Webs and flanges for each interior H column were made up of A36 steel plate with thicknesses up to 61Z2 in. (16.5 cm). The long fillet welds at the web-to-flange contact faces were made using the submerged arc process, while the box sections were being welded by CO2-shielded E70T-1 flux cored electrodes. On the box sections, welding operators were averaging deposition rates of 90 lb (40.5 kg) per day. A total of 310,000 lb (139,500 kg) of weld metal was consumed in shop fabrication for this building, while 165,000 lb (74,250 kg) of weld metal was consumed during field erection.

Weld metal consumption in shop fabrication for the U.S. Steel Building in Pittsburgh, Pa., reached 609,000 lb (274,050 kg).

During this same period, Kaiser Steel Corp. had used the consumable guide version of electroslag welding to deposit 24,000 welds in the Bank of America world headquarters building in San Francisco. At the time, this building was regarded as the tallest earthquake-proof structure ever erected on the West Coast.

In terms of welding, one of the most intensive structures built during this period was NASA's Vertical Assembly Building on Merritt Island, Fla. Shop-welded sections for this giant structure consumed 830,000 lb (373,500 kg) of weld metal.

For the World Trade Center, Leslie E. Robertson, a partner in charge of the New York office of Skilling, Helle, Christiansen, Robertson, said a computer was used to produce the drawing lists, beam schedules, column details and all schedules for exterior wall panels. Millions of IBM cards were then sent to every fabricator. These cards gave fabricators the width, length, thickness and grade of steel of every plate and section in all of the columns and panels. "In addition," he said, "the fabricators are given all of the requirements of every weld needed to make up the columns and panels. Many of these cards are used as equatable to the production of drawings. They are sent directly from the designer to the fabricators. Draftsmen never become involved."

Elsewhere in New York City, Leo Plofker, a partner in one of the city's leading design engineering firms, extensively used welding in design. Among Plofker's achievements are the Pan-Am Building and the all-welded, 52-story office building known as 140 Broadway.

"Our decision to make extensive use of welding is strictly based on economics," he said. "Welded design results in savings in steel. Field welding can cause some problems, but they are not too serious as long as you maintain control over the welders and you insist that qualified personnel be employed to perform nondestructive testing of the welds."

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 16.

 

Health,  Safety and Accident prevention.

 

1.Запишите новые слова, выучите их.

 

irritation раздражение

respiratory tract дыхательные пути

susceptibility чувствительность; восприимчивость

fever жар, лихорадка; какое-л. заболевание, основным

симптомом которого является очень высокая

температура

tickling першение (в горле)

chest tightness стесненное дыхание

flu грипп

coughing кашель

limb конечность (человека или животного)

siderosis сидероз

pneumonia воспаление легких, пневмония

pulmonary oedema отек легких

asphyxiation удушье

exposure подвергание какому-л. воздействию; выставление,

оставление на солнце, под дождем и т. п.

cancer рак

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Control of welding fume

Exposure to fume

For many gas and arc welding processes, the fume concentration in the immediate vicinity of the weld is well above its exposure limit. The amount of fume generated is determined primarily by welding process, consumable and welding procedure. However, the following aspects are likely to influence the degree to which the welder is exposed to fume:

• welding position
• location and type of workplace
• exposure duration

Thus, welders using the same process may be exposed to different levels of fume. The risks for each job should, therefore, be assessed individually.

Welding position

The welding position (flat, vertical, horizontal or overhead) and proximity of the welder to the fume plume affect exposure. As the welder naturally bends over the workpiece, the flat position induces the highest level of fume in the breathing zone. The welder should adopt a working position which ensures that his head is away from the plume.

Location and type of workplace

Welding in a large workshop, or outdoors, prevents build-up of fume and gases. However, in a small workshop, fume will not be readily dispersed and the welder may be subjected to a higher than average exposure. Working in confined spaces, in particular, requires an efficient, monitored, ventilation system so exposure is controlled and there is no depletion of oxygen in the working atmosphere.

Control of welding fume

If welding fume cannot be eliminated, control measures should be adopted as follows:

• choice or modification of the welding process
• improvement in working practices
• ventilation
• use of respiratory protection equipment (RPE)

RPE should not be considered until the effectiveness of all other techniques has been explored.

Choice or modification of the welding process

Process choice is usually made on the basis of weld quality, economics and equipment availability. Nevertheless, if other processes can be used, it should be borne in mind that some processes, such as submerged-arc and TIG, generates significantly less particulate fume than MMA, MIG and FCAW. Consumable manufacturers also supply information on fume composition which can be used in selecting welding rods for a particular job.

Improvement in working practices

A substantial improvement can often be made by placing the workpiece so the welder can avoid the plume which rises above the weld.

In large scale fabrications, the welding sequence should be organised to minimise the work carried out in enclosed or confined spaces.

Safe practice and accident avoidance

• adopt position and techniques to keep head out of welding plume
• avoid welding in enclosed and confined spaces

 

 

 

Safe practice and accident avoidance

• check that the equipment is working correctly and is regularly maintained, for example, cleaning and replacing filters according to manufacturer's recommendations
• place the extraction hood or nozzle to capture the fume without disturbing the gas shield
• when welding large structures, reposition the hood at appropriate intervals to ensure fume continues to be effectively extracted

3. Напишите правила основные правила техники безопасности.

 

4. Запишите и выучите новые слова.

 

bare spot оголенный участок

wire feeder механизм подачи (электродной или присадочной)

проволоки

ground connection 1) заземление, замыкание на землю 2) соединение на

корпус

power switch переключатель мощности

rupture а) пробой (изоляции) б) излом, разрушение, разрыв

confined space замкнутый объём, замкнутое пространство

exhaust hood вытяжной шкаф; вытяжной колпак

 

5. Прочитайте  текст.

 

Safety and Scheduled Maintenance Protect Your Welding Assets

        

Q: What can I do to avoid electrical shocks?

A: Wet working conditions must be avoided, because water is an excellent conductor and electricity will always follow the path of least resistance. Even

a person's perspiration can lower the body's resistance to electrical shock. Poor connections and bare spots on cables further increase the possibility of electrical shock, and therefore, daily inspection of these items is recommended. Equipment operators should also routinely inspect for proper ground connections.

 

Q: How can I inspect and maintain my wire feeder?

A: Periodically inspect the electrode wire drive rolls. If dirty, remove the drive rolls and clean with a wire brush. Deformed drive rolls should be replaced. Drive rolls should be changed, adjusted or cleaned only when the wire feeder is shut off. In addition, check the inlet and outlet guides and replace if they are deformed from wire wear. Remember that when power is applied to a wire feeder, fingers should be kept away from the drive roll area.

 

Q: What are some important electrode safety considerations?

A: Welding power sources for use with MIG and TIG welding normally are equipped with devices that permit on/off control of the welding power output.

If so, the electrode becomes electrically hot when the power source switch is ON and the welding gun switch is closed. Never touch the electrode wire or any conducting object in contact with the electrode circuit, unless the welding power source is off. Welding power sources used for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW or Stick welding) may not be equipped with welding power output on/off control devices. With such equipment, the electrode is electrically hot when the power switch is turned ON.

        

Q: How should I store my gas cylinders?

A: Cylinders should be securely fastened at all times. Chains are usually used

to secure a cylinder to a wall or cylinder cart. When moving or storing a cylinder, a threaded protector cap must be fastened to the top of the cylinder. This protects the valve system should it be bumped or dropped. Cylinders should not be stored or used in a horizontal position. This is because some cylinders contain a liquid which would leak out or be forced out if the cylinder was laid in a flat position. Also, welding guns and other cables should not be hung on or near cylinders. A gun could cause an arc against the cylinder wall or valve assembly, possibly resulting in a weakened cylinder or even a rupture.

 

Q: How can I tell if my regulator is faulty?

A: The following symptoms indicate a faulty regulator: Leaks - if gas leaks externally. Excessive сreep - if delivery pressure continues to rise with the downstream valve closed.

Faulty gauge - if gauge pointer does not move off the stop pin when pressurized, nor returns to the stop pin after pressure release. Do not attempt to repair a faulty regulator. It should be sent to your designated repair center, where special techniques and tools are used by trained personnel.

 

Q: What are some tips for a safe welding environment?

A: The area surrounding the welder will be subjected to light, heat, smoke, sparks and fumes. Permanent booths or portable partitions can be used to contain light rays in one area. The heat and sparks given off are capable of setting flammable materials on fire. Therefore, welding should not be done in areas containing flammable gases, vapors, liquids or dusty locations where explosions are a possibility. Metals with plating, coatings or paint that come near the region of the arc may give off smoke and fumes during welding. These fumes may pose a health hazard to the lungs, therefore an exhaust hood or booth should be used to remove fumes from the area. When welding in confined spaces, such as inside tanks, large containers or even compartments of a ship, toxic fumes may gather. Also, in an enclosed room, breathable oxygen can be replaced by shielding gases used for welding or purging. Care must be taken to ensure enough clean air for breathing. In many companies, it is routine to provide welders with air masks or selfcontained breathing equipment.

 

Q: How should an operator dress for optimum safety?

A: Gloves and clothing should be flame-resistant. Clothing made from a dark-colored, tightly woven material is best suited for welding. Gauntlet-type leather gloves should be worn to protect the hands and wrists. Shirt collars and shirt cuffs should be buttoned, and open front pockets are not advisable as they may catch sparks. Also, operators should never store matches or lighters in their pockets. Pants cuffs are not recommended, as they will also catch sparks. Tennis shoes do not qualify as adequate foot protection. Hightop leather shoes or boots are absolutely necessary.

 

Q: Is there a daily maintenance schedule I should follow?

A: Below is a general engine drive routine daily maintenance schedule, but it

should be modified according to a company's specific conditions. By following a regimen of appropriate and thorough maintenance and safety, a welder from Miller Electric can run dependably for decades. Designed to withstand rough use, these machines use high quality components and are tested for durability.

 

7.Выпишите из текста главные мысли.

 

 

    8.Запишите новые слова. Отработайте их чтение.

safety engineering - техника безопасности

accident - несчастный случай

safety rules - правила техники

lack - нехватка, отсутствие безопасности

training workshop - учебный цех (мастерская)

to ensure – обеспечивать

 

    9.Замените русское слово на английское. Используйте новые слова.

This was несчастный случай.

All people should keep технику безопасности.

Do you know правила техники?

We work in мастерской.

I обеспечиваю safety engineering.

 

    10.Прочтите текст.

SAFETY ENGINEERING

Accidents to people in industrial enterprises are called industrial traumatism (injury). They occur when workers have not acquired the requisite for skill and lack the necessary experience in handling tools and equipment. Accidents are also caused through neglect of safety rules and regulations in the factories and training workshops.

The purpose of safety engineering is to prevent acci­dents and to create such conditions of work in industry which will ensure maximum productivity of labour.

When taking up new duties or when first going to work at any industrial enterprise each worker is obliged to acquaint him thoroughly with, and to master the safety instructions.

 

11.Ответьте письменно на вопросы

–     How are the accidents to people in industrial enterprises called?

–           When do the accidents to people occur?

–     What must one do to prevent accidents?

–     What is the purpose of safety engineering?

–     What is a worker obliged to do when taking up new duties?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 17.

 

The History of Welding

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

With all the power and precision machinery involved in production welding, you might think of welding as a relatively new process. In reality, welding has been around for thousands of years. Early examples of welding have been found in locations ranging from Ireland to India, with some dating back to the Bronze Age. Naturally, these civilizations lacked the vast array of tools and machinery that welders have access to now. How did they manage to weld?

The process they used is known as forge welding. To start the process, blacksmiths would heat the metal until it was bright red in color (but still not at its melting point). The blacksmiths would then place the two pieces, slightly overlapping, on an anvil and pound them together. Forge welding has multiple limitations. Only relatively s­oft metals can be forge welded, and the process is very labor intensive. In places without electricity, however, the process is still used.

Forge welding was the only game in town until the 19th century. With the onset of the industrial revolution, however, numerous discoveries pushed welding forward fast. Research on electricity yielded electrodes and electric arcs. Rudimentary torches were developed by mid-century as well. Both discoveries would play heavily into the welding methods of the next century.

By the late 1800s, many of the pieces were in place to make welding a driving force in manufacturing. Still, the methods of this era weren't perfect. Oxidation (the process of metals bonding to the oxygen particles in the atmosphere) occurred during the welding process and made welds porous and brittle. Such welds posed a grave risk to workers. During the period from 1895 to 1905, for instance, poorly made boilers exploded daily, causing thousands of deaths in the process. Clearly there was an urgent need for better welding methods. Over the next few sections, we'll learn more about those new and improved methods, starting with a closer look at the tools of the trade.

WELDING AT SEA AND IN SPACE

Diver welders routinely repair ships and oil rigs, typically using arc welding (negating the use of a flame). Space welding sits at the other end of the spectrum. The vacuum of space creates an ideal environme­nt for welding, since there are no gases to interact with the welding site. Space welding makes massive undertakings like the International Space Station possible.

 

2. Выпишите все незнакомые вам слова из текста и выучите их.

 

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

History of Welding

Middle Ages

Welding can trace its historic development back to ancient times. The earliest examples come from the Bronze Age. Small gold circular boxes were made by pressure welding lap joints together. It is estimated that these boxes were made more than 2000 years ago. During the Iron Age the Egyptians and people in the eastern Mediterranean area learned to weld pieces of iron together. Many tools were found which were made approximately 1000 B.C.

During the Middle Ages, the art of blacksmithing was developed and many items of iron were produced which were welded by hammering. It was not until the 19th century that welding, as we know it today was invented.

1800

Edmund Davy of England is credited with the discovery of acetylene in 1836. The production of an arc between two carbon electrodes using a battery is credited to Sir Humphry Davy in 1800. In the mid-nineteenth century, the electric generator was invented and arc lighting became popular. During the late 1800s, gas welding and cutting was developed. Arc welding with the carbon arc and metal arc was developed and resistance welding became a practical joining process.

1880

Auguste De Meritens, working in the Cabot Laboratory in France, used the heat of an arc for joining lead plates for storage batteries in the year 1881. It was his pupil, a Russian, Nikolai N. Benardos, working in the French laboratory, who was granted a patent for welding. He, with a fellow Russian, Stanislaus Olszewski, secured a British patent in 1885 and an American patent in 1887. The patents show an early electrode holder. This was the beginning of carbon arc welding. Bernardos' efforts were restricted to carbon arc welding, although he was able to weld iron as well as lead. Carbon arc welding became popular during the late 1890s and early 1900s.

1890

In 1890, C.L. Coffin of Detroit was awarded the first U.S. patent for an arc welding process using a metal electrode. This was the first record of the metal melted from the electrode carried across the arc to deposit filler metal in the joint to make a weld. About the same time, N.G. Slavianoff, a Russian, presented the same idea of transferring metal across an arc, but to cast metal in a mold.

1900

Approximately 1900, Strohmenger introduced a coated metal electrode in Great Britain. There was a thin coating of clay or lime, but it provided a more stable arc. Oscar Kjellberg of Sweden invented a covered or coated electrode during the period of 1907 to 1914. Stick electrodes were produced by dipping short lengths of bare iron wire in thick mixtures of carbonates and silicates, and allowing the coating to dry.

Meanwhile, resistance welding processes were developed, including spot welding, seam welding, projection welding and flash butt welding. Elihu Thompson originated resistance welding. His patents were dated 1885-1900. In 1903, a German named Goldschmidt invented thermite welding that was first used to weld railroad rails.

Gas welding and cutting were perfected during this period as well. The production of oxygen and later the liquefying of air, along with the introduction of a blow pipe or torch in 1887, helped the development of both welding and cutting. Before 1900, hydrogen and coal gas were used with oxygen. However, in about 1900 a torch suitable for use with low-pressure acetylene was developed.

World War I brought a tremendous demand for armament production and welding was pressed into service. Many companies sprang up in America and in Europe to manufacture welding machines and electrodes to meet the requirements.

1919

Immediately after the war in 1919, twenty members of the Wartime Welding Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation under the leadership of Comfort Avery Adams, founded the American Welding Society as a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of welding and allied processes.

Alternating current was invented in 1919 by C.J. Holslag; however it did not become popular until the 1930s when the heavy-coated electrode found widespread use.

1920

In 1920, automatic welding was introduced. It utilized bare electrode wire operated on direct current and utilized arc voltage as the basis of regulating the feed rate. Automatic welding was invented by P.O. Nobel of the General Electric Company. It was used to build up worn motor shafts and worn crane wheels. It was also used by the automobile industry to produce rear axle housings.

During the 1920s, various types of welding electrodes were developed. There was considerable controversy during the 1920s about the advantage of the heavy-coated rods versus light-coated rods. The heavy-coated electrodes, which were made by extruding, were developed by Langstroth and Wunder of the A.O. Smith Company and were used by that company in 1927. In 1929, Lincoln Electric Company produced extruded electrode rods that were sold to the public. By 1930, covered electrodes were widely used. Welding codes appeared which required higher-quality weld metal, which increased the use of covered electrodes.

During the 1920s there was considerable research in shielding the arc and weld area by externally applied gases. The atmosphere of oxygen and nitrogen in contact with the molten weld metal caused brittle and sometime porous welds. Research work was done utilizing gas shielding techniques. Alexander and Langmuir did work in chambers using hydrogen as a welding atmosphere. They utilized two electrodes starting with carbon electrodes but later changing to tungsten electrodes. The hydrogen was changed to atomic hydrogen in the arc. It was then blown out of the arc forming an intensely hot flame of atomic hydrogen during to the molecular form and liberating heat. This arc produced half again as much heat as an oxyacetylene flame. This became the atomic hydrogen welding process. Atomic hydrogen never became popular but was used during the 1930s and 1940s for special applications of welding and later on for welding of tool steels.

H.M. Hobart and P.K. Devers were doing similar work but using atmospheres of argon and helium. In their patents applied for in 1926, arc welding utilizing gas supplied around the arc was a forerunner of the gas tungsten arc welding process. They also showed welding with a concentric nozzle and with the electrode being fed as a wire through the nozzle. This was the forerunner of the gas metal arc welding process. These processes were developed much later.

1930

Stud welding was developed in 1930 at the New York Navy Yard, specifically for attaching wood decking over a metal surface. Stud welding became popular in the shipbuilding and construction industries.

The automatic process that became popular was the submerged arc welding process. This "under powder" or smothered arc welding process was developed by the National Tube Company for a pipe mill at McKeesport, Pennsylvania. It was designed to make the longitudinal seams in the pipe. The process was patented by Robinoff in 1930 and was later sold to Linde Air Products Company, where it was renamed Unionmelt® welding. Submerged arc welding was used during the defense buildup in 1938 in shipyards and in ordnance factories. It is one of the most productive welding processes and remains popular today.

1940

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) had its beginnings from an idea by C.L. Coffin to weld in a nonoxidizing gas atmosphere, which he patented in 1890. The concept was further refined in the late 1920s by H.M.Hobart, who used helium for shielding, and P.K. Devers, who used argon. This process was ideal for welding magnesium and also for welding stainless and aluminum. It was perfected in 1941, patented by Meredith, and named Heliarc® welding. It was later licensed to Linde Air Products, where the water-cooled torch was developed. The gas tungsten arc welding process has become one of the most important.

The gas shielded metal arc welding (GMAW) process was successfully developed at Battelle Memorial Institute in 1948 under the sponsorship of the Air Reduction Company. This development utilized the gas shielded arc similar to the gas tungsten arc, but replaced the tungsten electrode with a continuously fed electrode wire. One of the basic changes that made the process more usable was the small-diameter electrode wires and the constant-voltage poser source. This principle had been patented earlier by H.E. Kennedy. The initial introduction of GMAW was for welding nonferrous metals. The high deposition rate led users to try the process on steel. The cost of inert gas was relatively high and the cost savings were not immediately available.

1950

In 1953, Lyubavskii and Novoshilov announced the use of welding with consumable electrodes in an atmosphere of CO2 gas. The CO2 welding process immediately gained favor since it utilized equipment developed for inert gas metal arc welding, but could now be used for economically welding steels. The CO2 arc is a hot arc and the larger electrode wires required fairly high currents. The process became widely used with the introduction of smaller-diameter electrode wires and refined power supplies. This development was the short-circuit arc variation which was known as Micro-wire®, short-arc, and dip transfer welding, all of which appeared late in 1958 and early in 1959. This variation allowed all-position welding on thin materials and soon became the most popular of the gas metal arc welding process variations.

1960

Another variation was the use of inert gas with small amounts of oxygen that provided the spray-type arc transfer. It became popular in the early 1960s. A recent variation is the use of pulsed current. The current is switched from a high to a low value at a rate of once or twice the line frequency.

Soon after the introduction of CO2 welding, a variation utilizing a special electrode wire was developed. This wire, described as an inside-outside electrode, was tubular in cross section with the fluxing agents on the inside. The process was called Dualshield®, which indicated that external shielding gas was utilized, as well as the gas produced by the flux in the core of the wire, for arc shielding. This process, invented by Bernard, was announced in 1954, but was patented in 1957, when the National Cylinder Gas Company reintroduced it.

In 1959, an inside-outside electrode was produced which did not require external gas shielding. The absence of shielding gas gave the process popularity for noncritical work. This process was named Innershield®.

The electroslag welding process was announced by the Soviets at the Brussels World Fair in Belgium in 1958. It had been used in the Soviet Union since 1951, but was based on work done in the United States by R.K. Hopkins, who was granted patents in 1940. The Hopkins process was never used to a very great degree for joining. The process was perfected and equipment was developed at the Paton Institute Laboratory in Kiev, Ukraine, and also at the Welding Research Laboratory in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. The first production use in the U.S. was at the Electromotive Division of General Motors Corporation in Chicago, where it was called the Electro-molding process. It was announced in December 1959 for the fabrication of welded diesel engine blocks. The process and its variation, using a consumable guide tube, is used for welding thicker materials.

The Arcos Corporation introduced another vertical welding method, called Electrogas, in 1961. It utilized equipment developed for electroslag welding, but employed a flux-cored electrode wire and an externally supplied gas shield. It is an open arc process since a slag bath is not involved. A newer development uses self-shielding electrode wires and a variation uses solid wire but with gas shielding. These methods allow the welding of thinner materials than can be welded with the electroslag process.

Gage invented plasma arc welding in 1957. This process uses a constricted arc or an arc through an orifice, which creates an arc plasma that has a higher temperature than the tungsten arc. It is also used for metal spraying and for cutting.

The electron beam welding process, which uses a focused beam of electrons as a heat source in a vacuum chamber, was developed in France. J.A. Stohr of the French Atomic Energy Commission mad the first public disclosure of the process on November 23, 1957. In the United States, the automotive and aircraft engine industries are the major users of electron beam welding.

Most Recent

Friction welding, which uses rotational speed and upset pressure to provide friction heat, was developed in the Soviet Union. It is a specialized process and has applications only where a sufficient volume of similar parts is to be welded because of the initial expense for equipment and tooling. This process is called inertia welding.

Laser welding is one of the newest processes. The laser was originally developed at the Bell Telephone Laboratories as a communications device. Because of the tremendous concentration of energy in a small space, it proved to be a powerful heat source. It has been used for cutting metals and nonmetals. Continuous pulse equipment is available. The laser is finding welding applications in automotive metalworking operations.

4. Составьте конспект текста из упражнения 3.

 

 

Unit 18.

 

Welding
Fun Facts

 

1.Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

1. NASCAR — Long before the rubber hits the road, roughly 950 man-hours are spent on welding and fabrication for each race car. Hundreds of parts are hand-cut, welded and machined, from the chassis and suspension to the drivetrain.

         2. In 1961, General Motors installed the first industrial robot in history, the Unimate. Featuring a motorized arm that weighed more than two tons, the Unimate performed spot welds by following step-by-step commands stored on a magnetic drum.

         3. Which famous comedian has a large antique car and motorcycle collection and employs welders regularly? 
Jay Leno! His large collection includes models from the early 1900s to modern vehicles.

         4. Explosion welding is a powerful welding process that can accomplish what many other welding methods can’t—it can join nearly every kind of metal together, even the most highly dissimilar ones.

         5. Welding in space was first attempted in 1969 by Russian cosmonauts. Today, advances in welding technology have made it essential for projects like the construction of the International Space Station.

         6. President Roosevelt, in a letter to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, boasted about the discovery of new welding techniques that enabled America to build ships with a speed unequaled in the history of shipbuilding.

         7. The first car made with an entirely plastic body was assembled using ultrasonic welding. Even though plastic cars did not catch on, ultrasonic welding did. Ultrasonic plastic welding is an example of a friction welding process, which creates energy through high-intensity acoustic sounds that cause plastic pieces to vibrate together and form a bond. 

         8. Did you know that if two pieces of metal touch in space, they become permanently stuck together? This may sound unbelievable, but it is true. Two pieces of metal without any coating on them will form into one piece in the vacuum of space. This doesn’t happen on Earth because the atmosphere puts a layer of oxidized material between the surfaces.

         9. More than 50% of U.S. products require welding. Do you know which of the following products rely on welding?

Race cars

Bridges

Ships

Computers

Medical devices

Oil rigs

Farm equipment

Cell phones

Scooters

MP3 players

Answer: All of them 

         10. What is a “fume plume”? 
         It is the visible column of fume that rises directly from the spot of welding or cutting.

         11. The current record for the world’s deepest underwater dry weld, which is carried out in a chamber sealed around the structure to be welded, was set by Global Industries in 1990, at 1,075 ft. deep. But that is only half as deep as the world’s record wet weld, set by the U.S. Navy in 2005, at 2,000 ft. deep. Wet welding is performed underwater, directly exposed to the watery environment.

         12. The earliest recorded welds occured in 3,500 B.C., the Bronze-Age. Pictures of welders and their ancient tools have been discovered in long-sealed Egyptian tombs!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit19.

 

Machine – tools

 

    1.Запишите новые слова и составьте с ними свои предложения.

shape - форма

casting - отливка

rolling - прокат

welding - сварка

piercing - прохождение

trimming - обрезка (заделка отверстия краев)

spinning - выдавливание (на токарно-давильном станке)

drawing - черчение; зд. вытягивание

chuck - зажим; патрон, держатель

carriage - каретка

milling - фрезерование

surface - поверхность

grinding - дробление (измельчение), шлифовка

convenient - удобный

to equip - снаряжать, оборудовать

shaping - придание формы

thread - резьба; нарезка

bending – сгибание

headstock - передняя бабка

tailstock - задняя бабка

lathe - токарный станок

drilling – сверление

cutting – резание

high-speed – скоростной

efficient – эффективный

forging – ковка

boring - бурение, сверление

steel - сталь

 

    2.Прочтите тексты

MACHINE-TOOLS

Metal undergoes a number of processes before it is formed into the required shape: casting, rolling, welding, piercing, trimming, spinning, bending, drawing, etc.

The machines which perform all these kinds of works are called machine-tools. The most common machine-tool found in almost any workshop is the lathe. The main parts of it are: the headstock, the chuck, the tailstock, the carriage.

The automatic lathe is a perfection of the ordinary lathe. Its tools are changed automatically. A worker skilled in the use of a lathe is called a turner.

There are many other machine-tools that work on plane surfaces, for example, milling machines, planning and shaping machines. Circular holes are drilled by a drilling machine or bored by a boring machine or a boring mill. Thread milling machines are used in the production of different machine elements. Gear cutting machines include gear milling machines. All these machines use cutting tools made of high-speed steel.

LATHES

There are three types of lathes produced by our machine-tool manufacturing works: heavy, medium and light types. The type of a lathe depends upon the size of diameter of work pieces.

A most convenient and efficient machine is the model combination lathe for turning, milling, drilling, grinding, slotting, and tool-sharpening jobs. It can be used both in stationary and mobile repair shops, on ships, etc.

DRILLING MACHINES

The most drilling machines are equipped with mechanisms, permitting not only drilling, countersinking and reaming, but also cutting female threads with the help of taps. Both universal and special-purpose type radial "drills are built.

 

    3.Ответьте письменно на вопросы

–     What processes does metal undergo before it is formed into the required shape?

–           How are the machines which perform this work called?

–           What is the most common machine-tool in any workshop?

–          What are the main parts of a lathe?

–           What is the automatic lathe?

–           How do we call a worker, skilled in the use of a lathe?

–          What machine-tools that works on plane surfaces, do you know?

–          What do the drilling machines drill?

–           Where are the threads milling machines used?

–           What are the main types of lathes?

–           What is the most convenient and efficient machine?

–     What are the most drilling machines equipped with

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ

 

A

according to - согласно, в соответствии

across - поперек

alloy - сплав

alloy steel - легированная сталь

alloying element - легирующий элемент

aluminum – алюминий

appear - появляться

application - применение, употребление

arc welding - дуговая сварка

at least - по крайней мере

attach - присоединять

attach securely - надежно прикреплять

 

B

beryllium - бериллий

bismuth - висмут

both... and - как... так и…

braking - поломка

branches of industry - отрасли промышленности

brittle – хрупкий

butt welding - стыковая сварка

 

C

capacity - способность

carbon steel - углеродистая сталь

cast iron - чугун

choose - выбирать

coat - покрывать

coating (film) - покрытие (пленка)

combustible gas - горючий газ

complete - завершать

component - компонент, деталь 

compression – сжатие

comprise - включать в себя, охватывать

consist (of) - состоять (из)

contain - содержать (в себе)

content - содержание

continuously - непрерывно, без остановки

copper – медь

correspondingly - соответственно

corrosion resistant barrier - коррозионно-стойкий барьер

corrosive environment - коррозионная окружающая среда

create - создавать

current – ток

 

D

ductility - ковкость

deep - глубокий

 

E

earth clamp - зажим заземления

effect – действие

either... or - или ... или

elastic - упругий, эластичный

electrical conductivity – электропроводность

electric arc - электрическая дуга

electric circuit - электрическая цепь

electric current - электрический ток

electric resistance welding - электрическая контактная сварка

electrode rod - электрод

employ - использовать

enough - достаточно

 

F

flame - пламя

frame - рама

ferrous metals - черные металлы

filler metal - присадочный металл

flow - проходить, течь

fusion - плавка

fusion state - расплавленное состояние    

fusion welding - сварка плавлением

 

G

gas welding - газовая сварка  

gold – золото

 

H

hammer welding - кузнечная сварка

hard(-ness) - жесткий (жесткость)

heat conductivity - теплопроводность

heat-affected zone -мша термического воздействия

holder - держатель

 

I

in addition to - в добавление к, помимо

important - важный, значительный

inch - дюйм

include - включать

increase - увеличивать

in order to - для того чтобы

iron – железо

 

J

join - соединять

joint - стык, соединение

 

L

load - нагрузка

luster – блеск

 

M

machinability - обрабатываемость (на carbon углерод станке)

majority - большинство

malleability - вязкость

meet up-to-date demands (requirements) - отвечать современным требованиям

melt - плавиться

melting condition - режим плавления

 

N

neither... nor - ни ... ни

non-detachable joining - неразъемное coединение

 

O

otherwise - в противном случае

overheat - перегреваться

oxygen - кислород

 

P

palladium - палладий

particularly - в частности

permit - позволять, давать возможность

platinum - платина

poor conductor - плохой проводник

power hammer - механический молот

precious metals - драгоценные металлы

prepare - готовить

present stage of development - современная стадия развития

pressure - давление

property - свойство

protect - защищать

provide - обеспечивать, снабжать

pulsed laser - пульсирующий лазер

purpose – цель

 

Q

quantity – количество

 

 

R

rails - рельсы

repair - ремонтировать

replace - заменять

resist - сопротивляться

resistance - сопротивление

resistance to wear – износостойкость

rocket engineering - ракетная техника

rupture - разрыв

rust - ржавчина

rust-resistant - нержавеющий

 

S

same (the) - точно такой же

semimetal - полуметалл

silicon - кремний

silver - серебро

similar - похожий

soft(-ness) - мягкий (мягкость)        

solid state - твердое состояние

source - источник

spot welding - точечная сварка

stainless steel - нержавеющая сталь

strength - прочность

stress - напряжение

strike the arc - зажигать дугу

substance - вещество

sulphur - сера

suit - подходить, соответствовать

supply - доставлять, подавать

switch off - выключать

switch on - включать

 

T

tension - растяжение

thermit welding - термитная сварка

thick - толстый

thickness - толщина

thin - тонкий

tip - наконечник

titanium - титан

tough(-ness) - твердый (твердость)

 

U

undergo - подвергать

 

 

W

weld - сваривать

work piece – деталь

 

Z

zinc – цинк

 

 

 

 

 

 

Section 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 1

 

Food.

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст, используя слова после текста.

 

I usually have four meals a day. In the morning I have breakfast. At school I have lunch. At home I have dinner and in the evening I have supper. Besides, I like to eat an apple or a banana, or to drink a glass of juice between meals, if I'm thirsty. Yesterday I got up at 7 o'clock, washed, cleaned teeth and dressed. Then I had breakfast. I had mashed potatoes with meat, a cheese sandwich and a cup of tea for breakfast. At school we had a pie and a glass of orange juice. I'm always hungry when I come home after school.

 

Yesterday my mother cooked cabbage soup' roast chicken and rice, made pudding and tea. It was so tasty' I ate everything with pleasure. For supper we had pancakes with jam and sour cream. These are my favourite things.

 

My mother thinks that one apple a day keeps the doctor away. That’s why she buys fruit and vegetables every day. Yesterday she bought oranges and kiwi. I have a sweet tooth and my parents often buy me ice-cream, sweets, chocolate, cakes, cookies and other tasty things. I like them very much.

 

Vocabulary

 

be hungry  - быть голодным 

be thirsty  - хотеть пить

besides  - кроме того, помимо

between  - между

different  - различный

favourite   - любимый

have a sweet tooth – быть сластёной

have breakfast  - завтракать

have dinner  - обедать

have lunch  - завтракать(второй завтрак)

have supper  - ужинать

mashed potatoes – пюре картофельное

meal – принятие пищи, еда

pancake  - блин, оладья

roast  - жареный

sour cream  - сметана

tasty – вкусный

 

2. Вставьте пропущенные слова.

 

1. I usually have .... a day.

2. ...I  like  to eat an apple or a banana  or to drink a glass of juice ... meals, if I'm ... .

3. I'm always ... when I come home after school.

4. For supper we had ... with jam and ….  .

 

3. Согласитесь или исправьте неверные утверждения.

 

1. In the morning I have supper.

2. I had mashed potatoes with meat, a hamburger and a cup of tea for breakfast.

3. Yesterday my mother cooked cabbage soup, roast chicken and rice and made pudding and tea.

4. My mother thinks that a potato a day keeps the driver away.

 

4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

 

1.     Я обычно кушаю три раза в день.

2.     Кроме того, я люблю съесть яблоко, банан или выпить стакан сока, если я хочу пить.

3.     В колледже нам давали стакан апельсинового сока и пирожное.

4.     Я сластёна.

5.     Кушай по яблоку в день и доктор не понадобится.

 

5. Ответьте на вопросы.

 

1. How many meals a day do you have?

2. Where and when do you have breakfast (lunch, dinner, supper)?

3. What did you have for breakfast (lunch, dinner, supper) yesterday?

4. What do you like to eat when you are hungry?

5. What do you like to drink when you are thirsty?

6. Do you like fruit and vegetables? Why?

7. Do you have a sweet tooth? What do you like to eat?

 

6. Укажите соответствие.

 

 

1)  1. sweets                               a. pastry

     2.cake                                    b. ice-cream

                                                   c. dessert

                                                   d. candy

 

2)  1. dish                                   a. style of cooking

     2.cuisine                                b. snack

                                                   c. meal

                                                   d. course

 

3)  1. entree                                a. main dish

      2. side dish                            b. garnish

                                                    c. spice

                                                    d. salad

 

4)  1. snack                                  a. nourishing food

      2.substantial meal                 b. tasteful food

                                                    c. delicious meal

                                                    d. light meal (quick)

 

5)  1.cabbage                               a. fruit

     2. veal                                     b. vegetable

                                                    c. meat

                                                    d. fish

 

6)  1. hard-boiled eggs                a. breakfast

      2.fish in aspic                        b. dessert

                                                    c. dinner

                                                    d. side dish

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 2

 

My meals

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

It goes without saying that I prefer to have meals at home. At the weekend I like to get up late and have a good breakfast of scrambled eggs, or pancakes, or something like that. But on weekdays I'm always short of time in the morning. So I just have a cup of strong tea or coffee and a couple of sandwiches.

 

As I spend a lot of time at school (usually eight or nine hours) it's necessary to have a snack at midday just to keep me going. That's why I have to go to the school canteen to have lunch. Our school canteen leaves much to be desired. It has become a tradition with our canteen to serve chops and watery mashed potatoes every day with a glass of cocoa or stewed fruit.

 

But I enjoy my evening meal at home. My mother is a wonderful cook and her dinners are always delicious and various.

 

To begin with, we usually have some salad — tomato and cucumber salad or mixed salad (I like it very much). For the first course we have some soup — noodle, mushroom or cabbage soup, or maybe some fish soup for a change. For the main course we have meat, chicken or fish dishes, for example, steak or fried fish with spaghetti or potatoes (boiled or fried). We also have a lot of vegetables — green peas, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers. I prefer meat to fish but my mother makes me eat fish from time to time. She says it's good for my brains.

 

For dessert we have some fruit, fruit juice or just a cup of tea with a slice of cake.

On Sundays we sometimes go to McDonald's. I like everything there: cheeseburgers, hamburgers and Big Macs, apple pies and fruit cocktails. But unfortunately we can't afford to go there very often, because it's rather expensive for a family and besides, they say it's not very healthy to eat at McDonald's.

 

Vocabulary

 

it goes without saying  - и без слов понятно

scrambled eggs   - яичница  болтунья

short of time  -  мало времени ( нехватка времени)

couple  - пара

sandwich  - бутерброд

to have a snack  - закусить, перекусить

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы письменно.

 

1 How many meals a day do you usually have?

2. What do you usually have for breakfast?

3. Where do you have lunch (dinner)?

4. How many courses does your lunch (dinner) usually consist of?

5. What is your favourite dish?

6. What vegetables do you like?

7. What do you usually have for dessert?

8. How often do you eat out?

9. Have you ever eaten at McDonald's?

10. Some people say that eating at a restaurant is a waste of money. Do you agree?

11. Can you cook?

 

3. Вставьте артикль a/ an , где необходимо, или напишите no change, где артикль не нужен.

 

1 Joanna eats apple every morning. ...an apple ...

2 Peter doesn't like milk in his tea.  NO CHANGE..

3 Katie rarely has biscuit with her coffee………………………………………...

4 George normally eats meat for dinner. …………………………………………

5 Brian usually has omelette for lunch. …………………………………………..

6 Margaret never drinks beer. …………………………………………………….

7 Robin occasionally puts butter on his potatoes………………………………….

 

4. Джеин пытается похудеть, поэтому каждый день записывает своё меню. Вставьте артикль a / an , только в  малокалорийных продуктах.

 

Breakfast – cornflakes, pork chop, juice, porridge, milk, salad, cheese, cup of black coffee, cake, mashed potatoes.

Lunch – soup, chicken broth, ham, vegetable salad, boiled beef, mineral water, beer, cauliflower, cabbage, bread, dry bread.

Dinner – lobster, fish, potatoes, omelette, turkey, glass of milk, meat salad, fruit salad. tea, veal, steak, green peas, fried pork, spaghetti.

 

5. Обсуди своё меню на обед со своим другом.

 

a. if you are going to dine alone

b. if you invite your group-mates for this dinner.

 

6. Укажите правильный ответ.

 

1. After а hard working day I came home and was as hungry as a ….. .

a. wolf b. hunter c. lion d. bird

 

2.We wanted to have a snack and went to the cafe but unfortunately it was ….. .

a. full b. free c. packed d. crowded

 

3. Peter doesn`t like juice, he prefers steward fruit for ……. .

a. dinner b. breakfast c. lunch d. supper

 

4. You should know that soup is eaten with a …… .

a. knife b. napkin c. fork d. spoon

 

5.……….. is a green, red or yellow fruit, which is very useful for our health.

a. apple b. orange c. pine apple d. strawberry

 

6. During the party in the restaurant we were served by polite …… .

a. servants b.waitresses c. managers d. maids

 

7. During the whole summer bees produce very useful …….. .

a. sugar b. honey c. sweets d.cakes

 

8. They say hunger is the best …… .

a. friend b. sauce c. food d. Snack

 

7. Запишите и выучите новые слова и выражения.

 

1. Milk, Milk Products and Dishes

baked milk -  топленое молоко

yoghurt кефир (по-славянски)

whipped cream взбитые сливки

baked pudding of curds запеканка из творога

 

2. Eggs and Egg Dishes

a soft-boiled egg яйцо всмятку

a hard-boiled egg яйцо вкрутую

a well-boiled egg яйцо (в мешочек)

scrambled eggs яичница-болтунья

eggs up Br.E, sun-like eggs Am.E яичница-глазунья

bacon and eggs яичница с беконом

sausage and eggs яичница с колбасой

ham and eggs яичница с ветчиной

a cheese omelette омлет с сыром

an onion omelette омлет с луком

a tomato omelette омлет с помидорами

eggs stuffed caviar яйца, фаршированные икрой

an egg salad салат из яиц

 

3. Rolls and Buns

brown bread Br.E, black bread Am.E. чёрный хлеб

rye bread ржаной хлеб

whole meal bread пеклеванный хлеб

white bread белый хлеб

wheat [wi:t] bread пшеничный хлеб

a roll [roul] булочка

a bun сдоба, сдобная булочка

a cream bun булочка с кремом

a pie пирог

a patty пирожок

a tart открытый пирог с фруктами, ягодами или

вареньем; фруктовое пирожное; торт

a Swiss roll бисквитный рулет

a beef-roll, a meat-loaf рулет с мясом

a jam puff слоеный пирожок с повидлом

an Easter cake кулич

pastry ['peistri] кондитерские изделия;печенье; пирожные, торты и т.д.

a cake пряник, кекс

a honey-cake медовый пряник

a dumpling пончик

a pastry-cake, a fancy-cake пирожное

a shortcake песочное пирожное

a sponge-cake бисквитное пирожное

a cup-cake пирожное (корзиночка)

a layer-cake слоеное пирожное

an almond-cake миндальное пирожное

eclair эклер

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 3

 

Lunch

 

1. Прочитайте диалог, соблюдая интонацию. Переведите.

 

 

Frank: In English a meal that you eat in the middle of the day is named as lunch.

Jane: Everyone knows that. And how do you call your lunch if it is for business purposes?

Frank: You may have a business lunch, may be in a restaurant where people have lunch together and discuss business matters.

Jane: I know that sometimes people just have a packed lunch, or, in other words, some cold food, such as sandwiches, fruit, coffee, etc. You can have a packed lunch. It may be also called dry rations. Do you know that, Frank?

Frank: Yes, I do.

Jane: Usually one hour off is given to a person for lunch!

Frank: In other words, a lunch may be a light and quick meal in a cafe or in some other place. So you go out for lunch, you may, for example, go to a restaurant to eat. 

Jane: Are there any fixed word combinations to describe  situations with the word lunch?

Frank: Yes, there are. They are known as collocations.

Jane: Can you give an example?  

Frank: Some of them are as follows

- you have/eat lunch every day.

- You may think in advance what you may have for lunch.

- People go out for lunch at a certain time

Some people like to take smb out to lunch.

 Jane: Well, now I know quite well all the expressions with the word “lunch”.

 

Vocabulary

 

dry rations  - сухой паёк

one hour off is given – отводить час времени на обед

quick and light meal – лёгкий перекус

 

2. Прочитайте текст, выберите подходящее слово в скобках.

 

Salty fillings

 

The British Sandwich Association was (dramatical / critical / indecisive) of the findings.

 

"Sandwiches (involve / take / consist ) the assembly of ingredients," said Jim Winship, director of the organization.

"The fact is that the salt is already in the ingredients – e.g. bacon or ham – so if consumers (sell / choose / give) a sandwich containing these they are bound to have a higher salt content."

 

But he stressed that on average, the sandwiches surveyed had 2 g of salt – or a third of the (given / offered / recommended ) daily intake – and that these levels were not unreasonable.

 

Cash admitted that, given a sandwich was often the main (point / thing / constituent ) of one of three meals in the day, containing a third of the recommended daily intake of salt was not necessarily a problem.

 

"But it (does / is / has) often combined with other things," says Jo Butten, the group's nutritionist. "Once you have had a packet of crisps with your sandwich and finished off with some biscuits, you may well have gone over your (limit / point / taste)".

 

3. Запишите и выучите новые слова.

 

to cook готовить (пищу)

to boil кипятить; кипеть; отваривать

to fry жарить (на масле)

to roast жарить (мясо, дичь, птицу)

to grill жарить (на гриле)

to spit жарить (на вертеле)

to stew тушить

to tin, to can консервировать

to smoke коптить (рыбу и т.д.)

to salt солить

to dry сушить

to bake печь, выпекать

to taste пробовать (на вкус)

to wash up мыть посуду

 

scant скудный, ограниченный, малый

sandwich бутерброд

to care for нравиться

fried eggs яичница

substantial плотный (о еде)

curd pancakes сырники

patty пирожок

omelette омлет

gem пресная сдобная булочка

hard-smoked сырокопченая (колбаса)

soft caviar черная икра;

fresh caviar зернистая икра

cold-smoked холодного копчения

hot-smoked горячего копчения

varied разнообразный

bacon and eggs яичница с беконом

mashed potatoes картофельное пюре

fried mushrooms жареные грибы

baked beans запеченные бобы

black pudding ['pudiŋ] кровяная колбаса

hash browns поджаренное, мелко нарезанное

мясо с овощами

toasts тосты, поджаренные хлебцы

to prefer предпочитать

croissant [krui'sam] Fr. рожок, сдобная булочка

 

3. Ответьте на вопросы письменно.

 

 l. What do "you have for breakfast on week-days? Is your breakfast scant or substantial?

 2. What do you have for breakfast on your days out?

 3. What does Kate recommend her guests for breakfast?

 4. What does British breakfast consist of? Is it scant or substantial?

 5. Tell us about continental breakfast.

 6. Tell us about a good Russian breakfast.

 

4. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами (см. приведенные ниже слова).

 

1. This morning my breakfast is ... because I have very little time. 2. Sometimes I eat ..., bread and butter and drink a cup of ... or ... . 3. On my days out my breakfast is ... . 4.I prefer ... tea. 5. We serve our guests ... . 6. Do you like ... sandwiches? 7.1 don't care for ... tea. I prefer it ... . 8.1 don't eat ... bread. I like ... bread. 9. Peter eats ... apples. He doesn't care for ... apples.

 

scant, ham and cheese, fried eggs, strong freshly-made, substantial, coffee, cocoa, weak, strong, fresh, stale, sour,sweet, quickly.

 

5. Переведите следующие словосочетания.

 

Приготовленный завтрак, копченая колбаса, яичница-болтунья, жареное мясо, кипяченое молоко, отварное мясо, сушеная черная смородина, поданная еда, выпечные пироги, копченая осетрина, соленая осетрина.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 4

 

Tastes differ

 

1. Прочитайте , переведите и перескажите текст. Ответьте на вопрос письменно.

 

Tastes differ. It concerns food in the first place. A Frenchman will eat a fried frog with pleasure but a Russian would choose something different. Pigs are not eaten in Moslem countries though Europeans are fond of pork. A sandwich of raw meat is a delicacy for a German while in other countries it is not served. One may give many other facts to illustrate the above saying. What explanations can you give to these customs?

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы по образцу.

 

Образец: Have you had any vegetables? (fruit)- I haven't had any vegetables. I have just had some fruit.

 

1. Has he had any beans? (peas)

2. Have they had any coffee? (tea)

3. Have you had any apples? (peaches)

4. Have I had any cabbage? (lettuce)

5. Have you had any beer? (wine)

6. Has he had any lamb? (beef)

7. Have they had any tea? (milk)

8. Has she had any meat? (vegetables)

9. Have you had any chicken? (steak)

 

3. Согласитесь или опровергните следующие утверждения.

 

l. Sandwich is a hot meal which we eat at dinner for the first course.

2. We have lunch in the evening before going to bed.

3. Englishmen usually do not have porridge in the morning.

4. Doctors usually recommend people to have heavy supper.

5.  If you want to reduce your weight (to become slim) you must eat a lot of bread.

6. Tarts and cakes and fruit are usually served at the beginning of a meal.

 

4. Прочитайте текст, ответьте письменно на вопросы после него.

 

National food

 

English language has a number of “national '' expressions. Many of them are to do with food.

 

A Scotch egg, for example, is a hard-boiled egg in sausage meat, eaten cold or hot. Scotch broth is a thick soup with beef and barley. Irish stew is made from meat, onion and potatoes. Welsh rarebit pronounced “rabbit” is melted cheese on hot toast. A Spanish omelette is an omelette containing tomatoes, onions, and potatoes. Russian salad is a salad of cold, cooked vegetables made with Russian dressing which has a sharp taste. Russian tea is tea with lemon instead of milk.

 

1. What English expressions about food do you know?

2. What is Irish stew?

4. What is the most popular meal in the USA?

5. Can you cook any national dish?  Could you give the recipe?

 

5. Прочитайте письмо о китайской еде. Выполните просьбу китайского друга.

 

Dear friend,

 

You asked me to tell you what we eat and drink here in China. Well, for breakfast I usually have green tea and rice porridge.

For lunch I have rice and vegetables and more tea, and for dinner I have rice again, usually with some pork or chicken, I usually drink tea-again! And we finish the meal with some soup. 0n special occasions we have duck or fish for dinner – I like duck, but I don't like fish very much-and in the summer we often eat fruit, like mangoes or peaches or melons. I love mangoes! At Chine’s New Year we have my favourite meal dumplings?!

Please write and tell me about food in your country,

 

Song Lin.

 

6. Переведите на русский язык.

 

l. What can I do for you? 2. Breakfast for two, please. 3.What would you like for breakfast? 4. Here is the menu. Make your choice, please. 5. Today we've got a big choice of milk products and dishes. 6. Would you like ice-cream or whipped cream? 7. Strawberry jam is delicious. 8. I'd rather have curd pancakes and a meat patty. 9. How much do I pay?-Five roubles. 10.1 don't care for boiled milk. 11. Will you bring us something substantial to your taste? 12. I'm very much in a hurry. 13. I'll serve you in no time. 14. Would you like cranberry jam? - With great pleasure. 15. Can I have an open curd tart for tea? 16. What's the bill?

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 5

 

English food

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Сделайте краткий конспект текста. Составьте план для пересказа.

 

English food is full of dishes that have strange names and wonderful flavours. Though the current national dish is currently considered to be Chicken Tikka Masala, there is much famous, more traditional fare to be enjoyed. All through the day, you can tickle your taste buds with things like bubble and squeak, kedgeree, a Cornish pasty, or a Devon scone. The food is complimented by the pleasant teas, ales, and ciders specific to the nation of England as well. Whether you prefer Edwardian culinary delights, Victorian tasty treats, or more contemporary fare, you can explore the local cuisine all over the countryside and in the city as well.

Start your day off with a Full English breakfast, a substantial start to the day. Traditional components to this traditional hearty breakfast are fried eggs, fried toast, mushrooms, grilled tomatoes, bangers (links of pork sausage fried up in a skillet, sometimes exploding with a bang), rashers of bacon, and baked beans. Some add black (blood) pudding or white pudding to the plate. Add a pot of tea to the table and you have a spread worthy of lingering at the table on a lazy weekend. If you are more inclined to a simpler, but still filling meal to jumpstart the day, traditional English porridge will hit the spot. Devilled kidneys on toast were once the breakfast food of choice. Brunches often include kedgeree, a curried rice, haddock, and egg concoction.

         If you can think about lunch after that filling breakfast, you might try a traditional sandwich like roast beef and horseradish or egg and watercress. Cornish pasties are pastries filled with savoury meat and potatoes are crimped closed and cooked to make them portable pies, perfect for a picnic lunch. Fish and chips are also a traditional take-away English food. Grab some from a fish and chips stand and keep on going, or sit back and relax while you enjoy this deliciously fried treat. Hang out at a pub for steak and ale pie, Ploughman's, or smoked salmon.

         Afternoon tea is perhaps the most famous eating tradition in England. People around the world associate the nation with this repast. It starts with crustless, dainty sandwiches, moves to cakes and scones, and is rounded off by petit fours. All along the way you drink delicious English teas. English food for afternoon tea is rich and indulgent, even though it was originally invented as an afternoon pick-me-up. No matter the time of day, traditional English delights can please your palate.

Unit 6

 

A Brief Introduction to British food.

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Mealtimes:

In many European countries it is normal to have a long break in the middle of the day when all members of the family return to their houses to eat together. This is not very common in Britain because normally it is a long way from the place of work or school to the home. Consequently the British people tend to have a big breakfast before they go to work and the meal at midday is not spent with the members of the family but with workmates or schoolmates. Lunch is normally eaten between 12.30 pm and 1.30pm. Most people finish work at five thirty. It often takes at least an hour to get home from the school or workplace so people tend to eat their evening meal or "dinner" between 6.30pm and 8pm.

On Sundays people don't have to work so they take the opportunity eat together with their family. Sunday lunch is usually the best meal of the week and many of the meals which are considered typically British are eaten for Sunday lunch. For example, roast beef and yorkshire pudding.

This is a typical British family eating together on Sunday.
After lunch the father will smoke his pipe and read the newspaper sitting on his favourite armchair 
while his wife washes the dishes. The children will play traditional English games such
as hopscotch, skipping or doctors and nurses.

Although everyone in Britain understands that "breakfast" is the first meal of the day. There is a lot of confusion about the words for other meals such as "dinner, lunch, tea, high tea , elevenses, brunch, supper" and if you ask a British person what these words mean, most of them will give you a different answer according to what part of the country they are from or from what social class they are from. Another example of this is the pronunciation of the word "scones" ( a type of cake eaten with Devonshire clotted cream, strawberry jam and cups of tea, known as a "cream tea")

Breakfast.

Generally speaking the British breakfast is much bigger than in most other countries. Many people like to have a fried breakfast which can consist of fried bacon and eggs with fried bread and possibly fried tomatoes or black pudding. Of course not everybody wants to eat a lot early in the morning and many people prefer to just eat toast and marmalade with tea or coffee. Cereals are also very popular. The most common is cornflakes. They are made with different grains such as corn, wheat, oats etc. If you go to a Britsh supermarket you will see that there are many types of cereals available. In Scotland many people eat "porridge" or boiled oats. Porridge is very heavy but in the winter it will keep you warm on your way to school.

Lunch

If you go to Britain to study English and you stay with a family you will almost certainly be given a "packed lunch" to eat for your midday meal. Some factories and schools have canteens where you can eat but the packed lunch is the most common thing to eat. A packed lunch normally consist of some sandwiches, a packet of crisps, an apple and a can of something to drink, for example, coca-cola. The contents are kept in a plastic container and you take it with you when you go to school or work. The quality of the packed lunch can vary from terrible to very good, it all depends on who makes it.

Dinner

Things are changing and most British people eat meals from many different countries for example spagetti or curry. In fact you could even say that the British don't eat much British food. However the most typical thing to eat for dinner is "meat and two veg". This consists of a piece of meat accompanied by two different boiled vegetables. This is covered with "gravy" which is a sauce made with the juice that was obtained when the meat was cooked. One of the vegetables is almost always potatoes. The British eat a lot of potatoes.

Vocabulary:

 

meal — еда 
cereal — овсянка, кукурузные хлопья 
to prepare — готовить 
to consist — состоять 
light — легкий 
lamb — баранина

to tend – иметь тенденцию, склонность

according to – в соответствии с

fried – жареный

possibly – возможно

strawberry – клубника

cornflakes – кукурузные хлопья

available – всевозможные

canteens – столовые

crisps – чипсы

The contents – содержимое

quality – качество

to depend – зависеть от

curry – блюдо, приправленное карри

accompanied – сопровождаемый

gravy – соус, подливка мясная

obtained – полученный

 

2. ответьте письменно на вопросы.

1. How many meals a day do English people have? 
2. What did they use to eat for breakfast? 
3. What do they usually eat nowadays? 
4. Is lunch a large meal? 
5. Where do English people eat lunch? 
6. What dishes are served for dinner? 
7. What is the most important meal of the week? 
8. Is British afternoon tea still popular? 

 

3. Прочитайте информацию, переведите, и сделайте заметки в тетради.

 

Glossary of typical English food.

Baked Beans

Baked beans are beans cooked in a tomato sauce. They come in cans and are normally eaten on toast. The British are very fond of baked beans.

Bangers and Mash. This is mashed potatoes with sausages.

Black Pudding. A thick sausage made with blood and fat.

Yorkshire pudding. A batter made with flour, eggs and milk and cooked in the oven. This is most often eaten with roast beef for Sunday lunch. (Batter is the same mixture that is used to make pancakes)

A Ploughman's Lunch. This is a very popular thing to eat if you go to eat in a "pub" at midday. It normally consists of a bread roll with a piece of cheese and a pickled onion. By the way there are many very good pickles that you can buy at the supermarket for example "branston pickle". Branston Pickle is not sold in any other countries but it is the perfect companion to cheese. (I always buy a jar when I go to England) British cheeses are very good. The most famous is Cheddar. Most of the cheeses are named after the region from where they come from eg. Red Leicester, Cheshire etc. There is a very good British blue cheese called Stilton although it can be rather expensive.

Haggis. This is only normally eaten in Scotland. It is sheep's intestine stuffed with meat and vegetables.

The Fish and Chip shop. You will almost certainly go to a fish and chip shop when you visit Britain. It is a shop which cooks fried potatoes called chips. They are usually accompanied by fish, pies, mushy peas, etc. The chips used to be wrapped in newspaper but now white paper is used. They often ask if you want salt and vinegar to be sprinkled over your chips. Be careful because sometimes they give you too much!

Pie. A pie is some food surrounded by pastry (pastry is a mixture of flour and butter). It is normally baked in the oven. The content of the pie can be sweet or savory. Typical examples of pies are "steak and kidney pie" or "apple pie". There are variations of the pie such as Cornish pasties. Pasties were originally invented so that working men could take their food to work with them. Someone told me that miners in the Cornish tin mines invented the Cornish pasties. I suppose that if you work in a mine it is too much trouble to come to the surface to have lunch.

Bread and Butter. When the British eat bread they almost always cover it with butter or margarine. It is very common to see a plate of bread and butter on table when you eat. You can use it to soak up the gravy or juices left on your plate.

British Bread. British bread is very good and if you go to the baker there are many different types of bread to choose from. However, although the bread is very good, the most popular type of bread in Britain is sliced white bread. This is sold in plastic packets and is not half as good as the bread which you must cut yourself.

Baked beans – тушёная фасоль

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 7

Russian cuisine

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст, используя слова после текста.

There have always been two types of Russian cuisine - on the one hand, the aristocratic, rich style, and on the other hand – a peasant, simple, everyday style. Russian people loved chicken (turkey emerged at the beginning of the 17th century). Veal was not eaten. Russian kitchens only boiled, steamed or simmered food. Food was never heated in fat (butter).  

 

During the times of the Rus, many different kinds of bread, cakes and pirogs were baked and filled with things which were in the house, farm, garden, field, or forest: chicken, vegetables, peas and beans, fruit, berries or mushrooms. The rivers were full of fish, so

Pirogs filled with all types of fish were very common. Chicken pirogs were eaten on public holidays. Meat was eaten boiled and on special occasions at the end of the meal like blessed food. There was no shortage of soup, especially vegetable soup: borsch, stchi – a soup made from marinated cabbage. Other, favourite was the famous Russian kasha. So there is a Russian saying : “ Stchi and kasha is all we ever get to eat''.

 

The cuisine of the aristocracy preferred the blinse cakes (pancakes) or towers, which were invented by Russian gourmands and comprised blinses of all manner - of different fillings piled up on top of each other. In the times of Catherine 11 it became fashionable to serve French and Russian meals at receptions, followed by delicious desserts and exotic fruits. The evening meal at the tsarist court comprised 80 courses for each person. There were hot broths, marinated chicken, rabbit, tortoise, sausages, pirogues, salads, oysters, bitter oranges, pastry, blinses, sweets.

 

It is of upmost importance for the Russian hospitality to set a rich table. Blinses are still very popular both by themselves or filled with meat, fish, caviar, and sour cream. Originally, they symbolized the sun.

 

These traditions still exist. They have survived – at family dinners, friendly parties at the

kitchen, even in the kitchens of the communal apartments food , where every housewife, and sometimes houseman cooked his or her own special dish. To this very day, the greatest praise which can be said to a cook is that it “tastes as if it were homemade”.      And foreigners can’t believe their eyes: “What? You can do all that at home?”

 

Vocabulary:

 

cuisine  - кухня

peasant –крестьянская

veal – говядина

fill – наполнять, начинать

pea – горох

berry – ягода

mushrooms – грибы

blessed food – благословенная еда

delicious – вкусный

exist – существовать

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

 

1. What were the two types of Russian cuisine?

2.  How did the Russian cooked the food?

3. Veal wasn't eaten, was it?

4. Was food heated in fat (butter)?

5. What did Russian people use to fill cakes, blinses, pirogs?

6. What soups did Russian people cook?

7. What did the cuisine of Russian aristocracy Tasty treat prefer?

8. What dishes were served at the tsarist receptions?

9. It's a Russian tradition to set a rich table, isn't it?

10. What Russian dishes are still popular?

11. What did Russian blinses symbolize?

12. What is the greatest praise which can be said to a Russian cook?

 

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Составьте план для пересказа текста.

 

Russian Cuisine

Russian cuisine is rich and varied. In Russia there is a large variety of milk products: a sort of dry, granulated cream cheese called "tvorog", thick sour cream called "smetana", and several types of sour milk products of the yoghourt type. Smetana can be used with almost anything: a dollop of it in the soup, a spoonful eaten with meat dish, or strawberries and apples sliced up small and eaten mixed with smetana. It is also used on pancakes. Smetana is an almost universal flavouring sauce, or if you like, it can be drunk by the glassful with or without sugar. Smetana is made from cream. It contains 2,5% of protein, 20 - 40% of fats, lactic acid. One hundred grams contain 203 kilo-calory.

Kefir is a pleasant, useful beverage made from cow's milk, yeast and lactic acid bacteria. It's a dietary product. Ryazhenka is a sour milk product made from baked milk, very pleasant to taste.

 

There is a big choice of appetizers, soups, hot and dessert dishes. You can recommend your guests soft, pressed and red caviar. Its vitamin content is especially high. Then, of course, salmon, hot and cold smoked sturgeon, pikeperch in aspic or stuffed, herring, red herring, Baltic salt-sprats; fried, smoked, marinated smelt and the like.

 

As for cold meat dishes our guests can taste ham, lean cold boiled pork with spices (buzhenina), jellied tongue, meat jelly and horse-radish sauce and various salads beginning with salad "Stolychnii" up to Russian salad. For a change you can taste frozen apples. They are delicious. Russian blini with caviar and mushrooms in thick sour cream

sauce are popular hot appetizers.

 

How about soups? There are plenty of them. Fresh cabbage meat shchee, shchee "Petrovskie" (cooked from soodak fish and fresh cabbage), Moscow borshch, kidney and cucumber soup (rassolnik), meat and fish sawlyanka, ookha (special fisherman's soup), mushroom soup and soups in season - okroshka and cold beetroot soup are very popular with our guests. For the hot dish guests can order pike-perch in white wine or fried, sturgeon of all kind - boiled, steamed or on a spit, fried burbot or carp in thick sour-cream sauce or meat dishes to their taste: beef-Stroganoff and mashed potatoes,

roast veal, special pot-roast stuffed cabbage-rolls (golubtsy), Siberian pelmeni, suckling with buckwheat "kasha", stewed rabbit and hare and so on. Now a few words about buckwheat "kasha" which may be eaten with meat like potatoes as well as a cereal with butter or milk. It's very popular in our country because it's a very useful product.

It's recommended for stout people, for people suffering from diabetes. Buckwheat kasha purifies our organism and makes us stronger.

 

There is a large variety of poultry and game dishes: roast chicken, roast duck and goose stuffed with apples and sauerkraut, roast partridge, hazel-grouse, wood-grouse, wood-cock, black-cock, pheasant and quail. They are juicy and tender dishes.

 

How about dessert? For dessert you can have baked apples, fruit and berry kissels (made from fruit or berry juice and potato flour), compot (made from dried stewed fruit mixed), dessert fruits: aromatic melons from Middle Asia, watermelons from the Volga, juicy grapes, pears, apricots, peaches, tangerines, oranges. And at last Goorievskaya kasha. This dessert dish was made in honour of the victory over Napoleon in the war of 1812. Taste it!

 

These dishes are served at the Russian restaurants "Sadko", "Troyka", "Okolitsa" and at many other fashionable restaurants in our city.

 

Russian cuisine is famous for its Russian pies which were baked in Russia in good old times and remain popular nowadays. They are: kulebiaka (a Russian pie with meat or cabbage filling), rastegay (a pie with special fish filling), open curd tarts (vatrushJa), honey-cakes, twists of bread (krendeli), boubliki (thick ring-shaped rolls), baranki (ring-shaped rolls), sooshki (small ring-shaped crackers), Russian Easter cakes and various fancy-cakes.

 

As for drinks we should recommend fruit and berry beverages: morse, kvas and zbiten (an old Russian beverage made from kvas, cognac or vodka, honey, tea and spices). Welcome to our restaurants!

 

Vocabulary:

 

granulated раздробленный, превращенный в зерно

dollop большая доза, большой кусок

flavouring [fleivəriŋ] ароматный, приятный на вкус

to contain [kən'tein] содержать

content [kontənt] содержание, содержимое (веществ в продукте)

protein [prouti:n] белок

lactic acid молочная кислота

bacterium [bak'tiəriəm] (pl. bacteria) бактерия

sour milk кисломолочный

smelt корюшка

and the like и тому подобное

frozen apples мочёные яблоки

burbot [‘bə:bət] налим

special pot- roast фирменное жаркое в горшочке

stuffed cabbage-rolls голубцы

suckling (-pig) поросенок

buckwheat "kasha" [kα:∫ə] гречневая каша

rabbit кролик

hare заяц

as well as так же, как и

to suffer (from) страдать, болеть

diabetes диабет

to purify [pjuri'fai] очищать

partridge куропатка

hazel-grouse [heizlgraus] рябчик

wood-grouse тетерев-глухарь

wood-cock вальдшнеп

black-cock глухарь

pheasant [feznt] фазан

quail перепел

baked apples печеные яблоки

Goorievskaya kasha гурьевская каша

honour ['onə] честь;

in honour в честь

nowadays в наши дни

filling начинка

 

4. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную форму. Переведите.

 

 1. Thick sour cream is a universal flavouring sauce.

 2. Kefir is a dietary product.

 3. There is a big choice of Russian appetizers.

 4. Russian soups are very popular with our guests.

 5. Real Russian meat, fish and poultry dishes are very good.

 6. Zbiten is an old Russian beverage.

 7. Thick sour cream is made from cream.

 8. Ryazhenka is made from baked milk.

 9. Much fish was sold in our market-place yesterday.

 10. Juicy pears and melons were served for dessert.

 11. Much food will be eaten on the holidays.

 12. These beverages will be made from berries and sugar.

 

5. Прочитайте текст, составьте план пересказа.

 

Russian Food and Cuisine.

 

Every country in the world has its own cuisine.

We have certain associations when we speak about French, Italian or Mexican cuisine.

They all have something characteristic about themselves. What associations do have when we speak about Russian food and Russian cuisine. One can state that Russian food is what Russian people usually eat. However, considering how large a country Russia is and how many cultures there are in Russia, it is difficult to say that Russians in Moscow and in a small village have the same meals. Life in cities is quick-paced, city dwellers are always rushing somewhere. That’s why the fast food is becoming more and more popular in cities.

Yet, traditional Russian food is much tastier and healthier that the fast food.

To understand our national cuisine, one should remember that Russia is a northern country in the most part and that our winters are rather long and sometimes very cold.

That means that the food should be such as to give us enough energy.

Among most popular components of Russian dishes are: potato, eggs, butter, bread, and meat. Very popular are milk products like sour cream, and curds; as well as fresh fruit and vegetables. Russian cuisine enjoys quite a number of authentic national dishes for every part of a meal, be it appetizers, soups, main courses, desserts, or beverages.

Appetizers are usually served before main courses.

We often start our meals with various salads.

I would say that medley (vinegret) is probably loved by everybody in Russia.

To cook medley, we mix boiled potato, carrot, and beet as well as salted cucumbers chopped in more or less equal cube-like pieces and add oil.

For many festive occasions, we cook so called “seledka pod shuboi”, or herring under coat. To make it, one has to boil potato, carrot, and beet; then grate all these ingredients and place them on a plate in layers covering a layer of chopped herring and finally dress it with mayonnaise. This salad is an extremely popular New Year dish.

There is probably no family in Russia not including this salad into its New Year or birthday menu.

Let’s now turn to the Russian soups, which are an essential part of afternoon meals.

The classical Russian soup is borsch, or red-beet soup made of beet, meat, potato, and mostly served with sour cream, although some might prefer mayonnaise.

Very characteristic of Russian cuisine is okroshka, or cold soup made of cold kvass with different vegetables, chopped boiled eggs and spices.

Among other kinds of soup I would like to mention ukha, or fish-soup, mushroom soup, chicken soup. After soups come main courses as a rule.

Main courses are eaten at afternoon and evening meals. Usually they include meat and/or vegetables with garnishes. For the meat part, we can have cutlets or chops, fried fish or sausages. For garnishes, we might have potato or kashas, of which there are many kinds to choose from: buckwheat, rice and other. Very often pelmeny, or ravioli are mentioned among Russia-originated dishes. Strictly speaking, it is not. Yet, these small squares of pasta containing minced meat and spices are very popular in Russia.

Although you can find dozens of pelmeny brands in the shops, we prefer legendary home-made pelmeny. Sometimes, instead of meat we use potato or curds and call this pelmeny-like dish vareniks.

After all these tasty things, it’s time for Russian desserts. Pancakes are always welcome as a dessert and are usually served with jam, honey or sour cream.

Pastries with berries, apples, and other fruit are also part of Russian food tradition.

Among traditional Russian beverages, to my mind, mors, kissel and kvass are most typical. Kissel is made of sweetened fruit puree and mors, which is a kind of berry drink, is made of cranberries, black-currants, or other berries. Kvass is an original Russian beverage made of stale bread and is probably most popular among traditional beverages.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 8

National food

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Ukrainian Cuisine

 

If you happen to come to Ukraine you should taste a real Ukrainian borshch. It is sour-sweet, aromatic, tasty and nourishing. It is served with local fancy-dumplings called pampoushki and ga- loushki. The main thing in cooking borshch is in the following: you should put vegetables in a definite order. And secondly. Borshch will be tastier if beetroot is stewed, carrots and onions - fried. The word "borshch" originates from old-slavonik "borshch" - beetroot which is the main ingredient of this dish. Now borshch is cooked in all regions of our country with local variants. Don't fail to taste chicken cutlets Kiev style and Ukrainian vareniki (cottage cheese or cherry dumplings). A great variety of local buns, cakes and dishes of all kind are recommended to the guests in Ukraine.

 

Vocabulary:

 

nourishing ['nΛri∫iŋ] питательный, сытный

local ['loukl] местный

dumplings клецки, вареники, пампушки, галушки

to originate происходить

to fail потерпеть неудачу, не суметь что-л. сделать;

don’t fail to taste... не забудьте попробовать..., непременно попробуйте...

ingredient [in'gri:diənt] составная часть, ингредиент

region край, область

variant вариант

 

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы.

 

British Cuisine

 

Some people criticize English food. They say it's unimaginable, boring, tasteless, it's chips with everything and totally overcooked vegetables. The basic ingredients, when fresh, are so full of flavour that British haven't had to invent sauces to disguise their

natural taste. What can compare with fresh pees or new potatoes just boiled and served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in wine or cream and spices, when with just one or two herbs it is absolutely delicious? If you ask foreigners to name some typically English dishes, they will probably say "Fish and chips" then stop. It is disappointing, but true that, there is no tradition in England of eating in restaurants, because the food doesn't lend itself to such preparation. English cooking is found at home. So it is difficult to find a good English restaurant with a reasonable prices. In most cities in Britain you'll find Indian, Chinese, French and Italian restaurants. In London you'll also find Indonesian, Mexican, Greek... Cynics will say that this is because English have no "cuisine" themselves, but this is not quite the true.

 

Vocabulary:

 

to criticize — критиковать

tasteless — безвкусный

overcooked — переваренный

ingredient — ингредиент, составная часть

to invent — изобретать

sauces — соус

to disguise — скрыть

spice — специя, пряность

herb — трава

delicious — очень вкусный

disappointing — обидно

to lend — одалживать

cuisine — кухня

 

1. What do foreigners say when they criticize English food?

2. Do English people use a lot of sauces?

3. From a foreigner's point of view, what are typically English dishes?

4. Do all English eat in restaurants?

5. What kind of restaurants can you find in Britain?

6. Is it the true that English have no cuisine?

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выпишите главные мысли из текста.

Caucasian Cuisine

 

Caucasian cuisine is rich in various appetizers, soups, hot and cold dishes. A great variety of green vegetables is used in making appetizers. They are: egg-plants, tomatoes, string-beans, cabbage, sauerkraut, cauliflower, beets, potatoes, garlic, brown onions, spinach and also greens, spices, mushrooms, eggs and walnuts. The latter are used in making sauces to dishes of all kind. What appetizers can guests taste? Here are some of them.

1) Egg-plants stuffed with wal nuts, garlic, brown.onion, cut small kinza, celery, parsley, dried cinnamon, clove, winy vinegar, cayenne, salt.

2) Baked egg-plants with walnuts and pomegranate.

3) Fried egg-plants and tomato sauce.

4) Salted egg-plants and walnuts.

5) Grilled mushrooms and walnut sauce.

6) Stewed tomatoes and walnuts.

7) String-bean salad.

8) Spinach, garlic and thick sour-cream etc.

There are soups to any taste but most popular are spicy soup khartcho, tender chihirtma and thick chanahy.

As for meat dishes you can taste meat-boiled, roast, stewed, grilled and on a spit. For example:

1) boiled beef in tomato sauce with greens;

2) roast beef and string-beans with greens;

3) beef fillet stewed in walnut and tomato sauce;

4) pork fillet stewed with quince;

5) boiled mutton in garlic sauce;

6) liver in pomegranate sauce;

7) pilaf.

Meat on a spit shashlyk is served everywhere in Georgia. It is suckling, lamb, beef, chicken and even kidneys.

The poultry dishes are also very popular in Caucasian cookery:

1) oiled chicken in garlic sauce;

2) roast or boiled chicken in walnut sauce (bazha).

The sauce is made from minced walnuts, garlic, cut

small kinza, salt and vinegar. The chicken is roasted or boiled, then cut in pieces, put on a dish and poured with this sauce.

3) chakhohbily of chicken;

4) chicken "Tabaka";

5) satsivy of poultry.

How about fish and fish dishes? The guests can taste:

1) fried fish in tomato sauce;

2) boiled fish in garlic sauce;

3) satsivy of fish.

There are many egg-dishes:

1) cheese-sulguny and eggs;

2) tomatoes and eggs;

3) string-beans and eggs;

4) walnuts, pomegranate and eggs and some others.

Let us add a few words about baked items. We all know kha- chapouri - pies with cheese and egg filling. But not everybody knows that khachapouri can be baked with potatoes, kidney-beans or top beets. Then go pies with raisins and walnuts, honey pies and sweet, delicious gozinaky (shelled chopped walnuts boiling with honey). Gozinaky is a traditional New-Year dish. For tea you can have a great variety of jams: apricot, sweet cherries, water-melon, fig, quince and even green tomato jams.

 

Vocabulary:

 

Caucasian [ko:'keiziən] кавказский

string-bean фасоль

spinach шпинат

walnut [wo:lnat] грецкий орех

the latter последний (из перечисленных)

khartcho харчо

chihirtma чихиртма

chanahy чанахи

quince айва

pilaf [pilafl (pilau, pilaw [pi'lau]) пилав, плов

top beets ботва свеклы

gozinaky козинаки

fig инжир, винная ягода

to pour [рo:] лить, поливать

chakhohbily чахохбили

satsivy сациви

khachapouri хачапури

kidney-bean тропическая американская фасоль

4. Объясните значение пословиц:

1. The glutton digs his grave with his teeth.

2. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.

3. You can't eat a cake and have it.

4. The appetite comes with eating.

5. Man does not live by bread alone.

6. Too many cooks spoil the broth.

7. First catch your hare then cook him.

8. You cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs.

9. Enough is as good as a feast.

10. Hunger is the best sauce.

11. Dog does not eat dog.

5. Прочитайте, переведите и прокомментируйте цитаты.

'Tell me what you eat and I will tell you who you are.'

                                                              Anthelme Brillat-Savarin

 

'Man is the only animal that can remain on friendly terms with the victims he intends to eat until he eats them.'

                                                               Samuel Butler

 

'A gourmet is just a glutton with brains.'

                                                              Philip W. Haberman Jr.

 

'Where the guests at a gathering are well-acquainted, they eat 20 percent more than they otherwise would.'

                                                              Edgar Watson Hawe

'The whole of nature, as has been said, is a conjugation of the verb to eat in the active and passive.'      

                                                             William Ralph Inge

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 9

Meals and cooking.

1. Прочитайте текст. Выпишите из текста все выделенные слова и словосочетания. Переведите их.

Living in Russia one cannot but stick to a Russian diet. Keeping this diet for an Englishman is fatal. The Russians have meals four times a day and their cuisine is quite intricate.

 

Every person starts his or her day with breakfast. Poor English­men are sentenced to either a continental or an English breakfast. From the Russian point of view, when one has it continental it ac­tually means that one has no breakfast at all, because it means drinking a cup of coffee and eating a bun. A month of continental breakfasts for some Russians would mean starving. The English breakfast is a bit better, as it consists of one or two fried eggs, grilled sausages, bacon, tomatoes and mushrooms. The English have tea with milk and toast with butter and marmalade. As a choice one may have corn flakes with milk and sugar or porridge.

 

In Russia people may have anything for breakfast. Some good-humoured individuals even prefer soup, but, of course, sandwiches and coffee are very popular. One can easily understand that in Great Britain by one o'clock people are very much ready for lunch. Lunch is the biggest meal of the day. That would be music for a Russian's ears until he or she learns what lunch really consists of. It may be a meat or fish course with soft drinks followed by a sweet course.

 

         The heart of a Russian person fills with joy when the hands of the clock approach three o'clock. His or her dinner includes three courses. A Russian will have a starter (salad, herring, cheese, etc.), soup, steaks, chops, or fish fillets with garnish, a lot of bread, of course, and something to drink. The more the better. At four or five the Russians may have a bite: waffles, cakes with juice, tea, cocoa, or something of the kind.

 

In Great Britain they have dinner at five or six. Soup may be served then, but one should not be misled by the word "soup". British soup is just thin paste and a portion is three times smaller than in Russia. A lot of British prefer to eat out. "Fish and Chips" shops are very popular with their take-away food. The more sophisticated public goes to Chinese, Italian, seafood or other restaurants and ex­periments with shrimp, inedible vegetables and hot drinks.

 

Supper in Russia means one more big meal at seven. The table groans with food again. In England it is just a small snack — a glass of milk with biscuits at ten.

 

Most Russians have never counted calories and they are deeply convinced that their food is healthy. Some housewives may admit that it takes some time to prepare all the stuff, including pickles, home-made preserves and traditional Russian pies and pancakes. But they don't seem to mind too much and boil, fry, roast, grill, broil, bake and make. Paraphrasing a famous proverb one can say:

* What is one man's meat is another man's poison — Что русскому хорошо, то немцу — смерть (поcл.).

2. Отработайте произношение следующих слов.

To cement, outsider, mourning, unduly, to stroll, luncheon, rusk, hostess, embarrassed, to inquire, roll, to plaster, miracu­lously, lamb, cutlet, spinach, stewed, pear, resourceful, pow­dered, macaroni, to sizzle, delicious, chef, succulent, bur­gundy, champagne, to persevere, to pour, pathetic, glutton­ously, to devour, voluptuously, solemn, ecstatic, fervour, lousy, meringue.

 

3.Прочитайте и переведите слова и словосочетания. Составьте с каждым из них по предложению.

 

To make someone thinner; juicy and delicious; food making people fat easily; to drink; to cut into two parts; to put some­thing on one's plate; to put butter on top; to like sweet things; to use hands when eating; to eat noisily; to eat fast, swallowing large quantities.

 

4. Заполните таблицу следующими словами, в соответствии с их переводом.

 

to swallow, to crunch, to champ, to hog, to munch, to gobble (up), to nibble at something, to gnaw, to gulp, to chew, to devour, to bolt, to bite.

 

Пожирать (3)	Глотать (3)	Жевать (3)	Грызть (2)	откусывать (2)

 

 

5. Допишите список продуктов питания.

6. Изучите таблицу калорийности продуктов и напишите:

a)    меню для человека, который хочет сбросить вес;

b)    меню для человека, который хочет набрать вес.

 

 

7. Прочитайте диалог по ролям.

         Dietary Breakfast

 

        Waiter to his guest: Good morning, Sir! What would you like for breakfast?

         Guest I'd like something light. I'm on a diet.

         W: I see. First of all, I can recommend you porridge, a soft-boiled egg, fresh cottage cheese and middling tea.

         G.: Thank you. Will you bring me porridge, one soft-boiled egg, cottage cheese and middling tea.

         W.: Very good, Sir.

Unit 10

The places where people go to eat

1. Соедините названия мест для приёма пищи и их значения.

1. snack bar          A. originally a British public house licen­sed to serve beer and

                                other alcoholic beverages. Сustomers get their drinks from the

                                 counter and either stand there or sit at the tables. Some light  

                                snacks like pies and sandwiches are served.

 

2. café/cafeteria     B. a counter where food and drink may be bought and eaten

                                (e.g. in a  on railway sta­tion a train)

                                           

3. pizzeria            C. small restaurant mainly concentrating on cakes, sandwiches,

                           coffee and tea. Choice of food is often very limited.

 

                                          

4. refectory           D. a place where guests normally come fairly late and stay until the

                                   small hours. Always with dancing and often also with floor shows.

                            Food is some ­ times  available.     

                                                    .

     

5. buffet                 E. a place where students or workers have their lunch, usually

                                      connected  with a school, office or factory.

 

6. night club             F. a nice place where meals are served to customers.

 

7. canteen               G. a modest restaurant where customers collect their food on trays at

                             counters and carry it to tables. Choice of dishes is based on

                             convenience and speed, with food like hamburgers, sausages and 

                              sandwiches.

 

8. pub                      H. a restaurant specializing in pizzas, and other Italian-type food.

 

9. restaurant             I. a university cafe

2. Какого типа рестораны вы бы посоветовали следующим людям:

1. A young couple who want food and some entertainment late at night.

2. A man who wants a meal in a place where he can meet some local people.

3. Someone wanting a quick, cheap meal.

4. Someone at a railway station.

5. Someone who wants non-English food.

6. A student staying at the university all day.

7. A factory worker at lunch-time.

8. A family who wants to celebrate some special occasion.

3. Определите основную мысль текста, запишите (5-6 предложений).

To travel through the whole of England is to realize what a rich and varied country it is. From one county to the next you could be on a different island, this being particularly true of the East and West coasts, the North of England and the South. The food from place to place varies, too. The thick clotted cream of Cornwall and Devonshire does not travel far from where it was made, any more than the succulent Cumberland sausage leaves Cumbria. The wildfowl of the Fens do not mingle with the fat Aylesbury ducklings and Lincolnshire stuffed chine also stays at home. The English are rightly proud of their heritage and today, amongst the welter of take-always and fast food places, they are even more determined to keep it alive. Traditions sometimes connected with food are not lost either.

 

         The Reverend Sydney Smith (1771—1845), the witty, food-loving canon of St. Paul's wrote: 'I am convinced that charac­ter, talents, virtues and qualities are powerfully affected by beef, mutton, pie crust and rich soup.'

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст, используя слова после текста.

Dinner at a Restaurant

Yesterday was my day out. My friend Nick and I had dinner at the restaurant.  At   one   o’clock we   were   at   the   "Metropol".   The waiter showed  us  in  and  we  took  a  table  by  the  window.   The waiter brought us the menu and recommended some appetizers and dishes.  For  a  snack  we  had  soft  caviar, jellied  tongue  and  mixed green  salads.   The   snacks   looked   very appetizing.   Then   Nick   had chicken rice soup. I ordered beef-tea and a meat patty. For the main course we had fried pike-perch and new potatoes.  Our dinner was delicious.  For a drink we ordered special lemon beverage and for dessert pears, oranges and ice-cream. The waiter served us very well. We paid the bill, thanked the waiter and left the restaurant-hall. We had a hearty meal. I think the meals at the "Metropol" are very good. Then we went to the bar for coffee and cigarettes. Some guests ordered rich sweets, nuts and cocktails.

to show in провести (в помещение)

appetizer [æpitaizə] закуска Syn. hors-d'oeuvre [o:'də:vr] Fr., snack

jellied tongue [tΛŋ] заливной язык

beef-tea крепкий бульон из говядины

for the main course на второе

for afters на десерт

new potatoes молодой картофель

hearty [hα:ti] обильный, здоровый (о пище)

 

cigarette  [siga'ret]   сигарета,  папироса

Have a cigarette! Закуривайте!

nuts  орехи

starter закуска

side-dish гарнир

How much do I owe [ou] you? Сколько с меня? (Сколько я вам должен?)

helping порция

squash [skwo∫] (фруктовый) сок

5. Запишите и выучите новые слова.

Salads  (Салаты)

crab salad салат из крабов

fish salad рыбный салат

vegetable salad овощной салат

Russian salad винегрет

tomato and cucumber salad салат из помидоров и огурцов

mixed green salad салат из свежих овощей

to dress a salad with sour cream or mayonnaise заправить салат сметаной или майонезом

 

Meat Dishes  (Мясные закуски)

pâtè [pα:’tei] Fr./pasty [pæsti] Eng. паштет

cold pork буженина

boiled tongue  отварной язык

meat-jelly and horse-radish sauce мясной студень с хреном

entrecôte [α:ŋtrə'kout] антрекот

beef steak/steak бифштекс

languette [læŋ'gwet] with mashed potatoes лангет с картофельным пюре

shnitzel шницель

quenelles [kə'nelz] кнели

croquette [krou'ket] Fr. крокеты

fillet [‘filit] филе

goulash [gula:∫, 'gudæ∫] гуляш

cutlet/rissole [‘risoul] котлета (рубленая)

steamed rissoles  паровые котлеты

chop отбивная котлета (натуральная)

mutton chop (lamb) [læm] баранья отбивная (молодая)

veal chop телячья отбивная

pork chop свиная отбивная

scallop ['skoləp] эскалоп

meat balls биточки

kidney pie запеканка из телячьих почек

liver in sour cream sauce печень в сметанном соусе

boiled tongue and green peas отварной язык с зеленым горошком

hot-pot тушеное мясо с картофелем в горшочке

hamburger гамбургер (котлета или рубленый бифштекс в булочке)

 

Poultry [poultri]  (Птица)

cold-roast chicken холодная жареная курица или цыпленок

cold-roast goose [gus] холодный жареный гусь

cold-roast duck холодная жареная утка

roast chicken жареный цыпленок или кура

roast duck and apples жаренная утка с яйцами

roast goose and sauerkraut жареный гусь с квашеной капустой

roast turkey and mixed vegetables жареная индейка со сложным гарниром

 

Fish Snacks  (Рыбные закуски)

pressed caviar паюсная икра

red caviar красная икра

salmon [sæmən] семга, лосось

Siberian [sai’biəriən] salmon кета

white salmon белорыбица

humpback [hΛmpbæk] горбуша

white sturgeon/beluga белуга

aspic [‘æspik] заливное

sturgeon in aspic/sturgeon in jelly/jellied sturgeon заливная осетрина

stuffed pike фаршированная щука

perch in marinade [,mæri'neid]  окунь под маринадом

pike-perch судак

lampreys ['læmpriz] in mustard ['mΛsted] sauce миноги в горчичном coyce

sprats in oil шпроты в масле

sardines in oil сардины в масле

herring and vegetables селедка с овощами

marinaded herring маринованная селедка

marinaded eel маринованный угорь

cod liver [livə] печень трески

oysters [oistəz] устрицы

crabs крабы

lobsters омары

shrimps креветки squids кальмары

fish assorted/assorted fish/fish assorty рыбное ассорти

 

Greens  (Зелень)

parsley [ pa:sli] петрушка

celery [seliri] сельдерей

dill укроп

 

Spices  (Пряности)

pepper перец

vinegar [vinigə] уксус

ground pepper молотый перец

spicy [spaisi] ароматный, пикантный

allspice [o:lspais] душистый перец

cinnamon [sinəmən] корица

cayenne [kei'en] красный перец

clove [klouv] гвоздика

rump steak [rΛmpsteik] ромштекс

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 11

Visit to the Dietician

1. Прочитайте диалог по ролям и переведите его.

Visit to Dietician

 

D r. J о n e s: Good morning, Mrs. Fat. Sit down, please.

Mrs. Fat:    Good morning. Dr. Jones. Do you mind if I sit on the sofa?

D r. J о n e s: No, not at аll. You can take any seat you like. So you would tike to lose weight, wouldn't you?

Mrs. Fat:    Exactly. I've been overweight all my life and now I think it's time I started dieting.

D r. J o n e s: Oh, yes. I see. You know... before I can recom­mend you a particular diet I must team all about your eating habits. How many meals a day do you normally have?

Mrs. Fat:    I usually have only three meals a day. I mean breakfast, lunch and dinner, but unfortunately I very often eat between meals.

D r. J о n e s: What do you have for breakfast?

Mrs. Fat:    A traditional English breakfast. I have a glass of orange juice, a bowl of cereal and bacon and eggs. And then I drink tea.

D r. J о n e s: Do you take milk in your tea?

Mrs. Fat:    I normally drink tea with cream, though I realize that I should have it with skimmed milk.

D r. J о n e s: And what about lunch?

Mrs. Fat:    Well, that depends. On some days I just have a couple of sandwiches for lunch, but sometimes I also have a bowl of soup and cakes or pies to follow.

Dr. Jones: What do you have for dinner and when do you have it?

Mrs. Fat:    I normally have dinner at 8 p.m. I know it's a bit too late, it just happens so. What do I have? You know, I like to have a very substantial din­ner — a starter, like a salad or assorted meat, followed by a main course such as beefsteak or fish and chips and then dessert and tea or coffee.

D r. J о n e s: What do you have for dessert as a rule?

Mrs. Fat:    Ice-cream or cakes, or both.

D r. J о n e s: And what do you eat between meals?

Mrs. Fat:    Peanuts, chocolate, popcorn, crisps and stuff. Sometimes I just like to nibble candies.

D r. J о n e s: In fact, many people do the same and yet they have no problems with excess weight. Let me see... Do you fry one or two eggs with your ba­con in the morning?

Mrs. Fat:    I actually take eight eggs, but I share my break­fast with my toy-poodle dog.

D r. J о n e s: I see. Here is my prescription: Don't change your diet. Change your dog. Replace it with a Labrador. Or keep both dogs and share all your meals with them. And here is the telephone number of a vet, who is a very good dog dietician, just in case your dogs might need a cor­rection of their diet.

2. Объясните значения следующих слов.

 

food, meal, dish, course, overweight, diet, breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper, snack.

 

3. Переведите на английский язык.

 

1. Я завтракаю в восемь часов утра.

2. За завтраком я обычно съедаю бутерброд и выпиваю чашку чая.

3. Мой брат всегда ест яичницу с ветчиной на завтрак.

4. Что ты ешь в обед на второе?

5. Какой десерт нравится твоей маме?

6. Я никогда не перекусываю между завтраком, обедом и ужином.

7. Вы хотели бы похудеть?

8. У тебя нет лишнего веса и тебе не надо садиться на диету.

9. Я терпеть не могу рыбу с картошкой.

10. Мой друг постоянно ест жареный арахис или соленую воздушную кукурузу. Меня это раздражает.

11. — Что такое традиционный английский завтрак? — По-моему, это стакан сока, кукурузные хлопья с молоком, яичница с ветчиной и чай.

12. Я люблю плотно поесть в обед — закуску, суп, второе, десерт и выпить чашечку крепкого кофе.

 

     4.   Что бы вы хотели заказать на завтрак

   Образец: I'd like to have ...

 

omelette                                                                                                                                                  fried eggs                                                                                                                                                   boiled eggs                                                                                                                bacon and eggs                                                                                         pie, patty, fancy-cake jam,                                                                                            marmalade

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 12

Drinks

1. Прочитайте список напитков и переведите. Распределите эти слова в две колонки:

a) полезные напитки

b) вредные напитки

 

Orange juice, milk, skimmed milk, tea, coffee, beer, brandy, cognac, Scotch whisky, Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, apple juice, tomato juice, pineapple juice, gin, rum, vodka, champagne, port, dry sherry, sweet sherry, vermouth, ale, lager.

 

 

 

2. Запишите новые слова, отработайте их произношение. Выучите.

 

Strong (Hard) Drinks  (Крепкие напитки)

alcoholics [,ælkə'holiks]  алкогольные

vodka водка

Armenian [a:'mi:njən] армянский

Georgian грузинский

Moldavian [məl'dæviən] молдавский

Cognac "Five Stars" коньяк «Пять звездочек»

Cognac "Three Stars" коньяк «Три звездочки»

Cognac "O.C" (very  old) коньяк (очень старый)

Cognac "K.C." (old) коньяк (старый)

Ashberry ['æ∫beri] in Cognac рябина на коньяке (рябиновая настойка)

brandy брэнди, коньяк

fruit brandy настойка (общее понятие)

cherry brandy вишневая настойка

rum ром

gin джин

whisky [wiski] виски

liqueur [li'kjuə] ликер

fruit liqueur наливка (алкогольная) Syn. ratafia [rætə'fiə], ratafee [rætə'fi]

Cherry-Ratafia вишневая наливка

Plum-Ratafia наливка сливянка

Ratafia of Cranberries  наливка  клюквенная

fruit cordial [ko:diəl] наливка безалкогольная

 

 

Aperitive Wine

Dubonnet Дюбоне

Cinzano Чинзано

Butón Бутон

Martini [ma:'tini] Мартини

Aperol Апероль

some kinds of dry vermouth некоторые виды сухого вермута

medium sherry ['mi:diəm ∫eri] средний херес

dry Madeira сухое вино мадера

old/vintage выдержанное (вино)

labelled [leibəld] wine марочное вино

 

Grape Wine

a)  Table dry wine    (Столовые сухие вина)

dry white wine белые сухие столовые вина

"Tsinandali"  Georgian No 1  «Цинандали» грузинское № 1

“Gurdgiaani” Georgian No 3 «Гурджаани» грузинское №3

Riesling "Abrau" рислинг «Абрау»

dry red wine  вина сухие столовые красные

"Teliani" Georgian No 2  «Телиани» грузинское № 2

"Mookoozani" Georgian No 4

«Мукузани» грузинское № 4

half-sweet полусладкое

"Alazanskaya Valley"  «Алазанская долина»

b)  Strong grape wine   (Крепленые виноградные вина)

Madeira [mə'diərə] мадера

sherry [∫eri] херес

vermouth [və:məθ] вермут

cahors кагор

portwine портвейн

с) Sweet dessert wine

Muskat [mΛskət] мускат

Varna Варна

Tokai [toukei] токай

Champagne [∫æm'pein] шампанское

sweet сладкое

semi/demi/half sweet полусладкое

dry сухое

semi/half dry полусухое

sparkling игристое

Weak Alcoholic Drinks (Слабые алкогольные напитки)

beer [biə] пиво

light beer светлое пиво

dark beer темное пиво

medovukha медовуха

zbiten сбитень

Soft Drinks  (Non-Alcoholic) (Безалкогольные напитки)

squash фруктовый напиток

orange squash апельсиновый напиток

orangeade оранжад

lemonade [¸lemə'neid] лимонад

soda-water [soudəwo:tə] содовая вода

mineral ['minərəl] water минеральная вода

Pepsi-cola пепси-кола

 

3. Прочитайте и переведите предложения.

 

Alcohol

 

The attitude to alcohol is ambivalent. On the one hand-it’s accepted and welcomed as an integral part of the  British culture. On the other hand, the puritan tradition has led to the widespread view that drinking is smth potentially dangerous which should be restricted.

 

Pubs (public house): The nearest pub is commonly referred as ‘local” & people who go there often know as “regular”. Notable aspect is appeal to the idea of tradition. The most has the old name with old-fashion, rural associations, such as: The Sheep Shear es, The Duke of Cambridge,)

 

People can’t be served in pubs until 18. The pub should have a special children’s certificate allowing children inside on until they are 14.

 

All pubs is looked old, have very small windows helping pubs fell homely.

 

In order to not proper for people to be seen drinking just few pubs have tables outside. Instead many have a garden at the back.

 

Nearly all pubs are owned by a brewery.The landlord is simply employed by brewery as its manager.

The few pubs are privately owned proudly advertise themselves as “free houses”. As result they have the wider line of beers.

 

The notable aspect – the pubs there are no waiter services. You should fetch your drink yourself in the bar.

 

The pubs still have to close at their advertised closing time. The tradition of “closing time” have remained in place.

 

4. Прочитайте и перевдите текст, запишите виды баров.

 

Salad-Bars are equipped with a special counter with an open refrigerating vegetable show.

There are: cut lettuce, cucumbers, tomatoes, radishes, spring onions, olives, hard-boiled eggs, boiled potatoes, carrots, beetroot, brown onions, dill, .parsley, celery, cabbage, sauerkraut and also boiled meat, fish, sausage, cheese, cottage cheese and so on. In separate dishes there are: butter, sour cream, mayonnaise, oil, vinegar, mustard, salt, pepper, granulated sugar, horse-radish sauce. Each visitor puts vegetables, meat, fish or both, dressings and sauces in his salad-dish to his own taste. These bars represent one of the variants of "Swedish Board".

 

Fruit-Bars. It's a new type of bar in our social catering. There are many juices, up to fifteen, electric mixer for milk cocktails, electric coffee-pot, samovar. Customers may have tea, coffee, buns, cakes, pies etc.

 

Milk-Bars. Great attention should be paid to milk-bars. They can recommend a wide choice of milk products and beverages. Customers can taste milk noodles home style, noodle pudding stuffed with apples, Russian blini with butter or thick sour cream, pies, curd items, cheese sticks, butter, cheese and sausage, sandwiches, milk and cream shakes. Many dishes are made in the presence of customers. Milk-bars will be built close to big dairy shops.

 

Express-Bars are arranged at the railway stations, hotels, in the shopping centers. Their aim is to serve the customers as quick as possible. The assortment is the following: sandwiches, baking items, pastry, milk products.

 

Snack-Bars are intended for quick service of customers at the counter. The assortment is minced or plain beefsteak, entrecote, roast chicken, duck or goose, cooling beverages, juices, cocktails, coffee.

 

Beer-Bars sell bottled and unbottled beer, mineral and fruit wa­ter. There are no strong drinks on sale. Cheese, salted, smoked, dried fish, chipped potatoes, biscuits, small dried rings (sooshki), dried crusts, olives, stuffed eggs, shrimps go nicely with beer. You can also have sandwiches, cold and hot snacks.

 

Disco-Bars work in the evening. Their halls should be decorated beautifully. Young people come to these bars to have a good time, to dance, to listen to the music, to see the performance. Disco-bars should be equipped with modern musical apparatus and large screens for demonstrating slides. They should also have a television-set, video tape-recorders, special devices producing light effects. Cooling and mixed drinks, snacks and hot dishes are on the menu. For dessert guests can have strawberry, apricot, peach and nut ice-cream.

Welcome to the bars!

 

5. Запишите и выучите новые слова.

 

a long drink пить, не торопясь (через a long drink пить, не торопясь, через соломинку)

a short drink выпить залпом

at a gulp [gΛlp] залпом

in the near future в ближайшем будущем

each каждый

to equip [i’kwip] оборудовать,  оснащать

refrigerating    холодильный

show показ; витрина

separate [seprit] отдельный

Swedish Board [bo:d] шведский стол

both [bouθ] оба; both ... and  и ... и

social   ['sou∫l]   социальный, общественный

catering [keitəriŋ] обслуживание; питание

electric mixer электромиксер

attention [ə'ten∫n] внимание

to pay attention обращать внимание

milk noodles молочная лапша

noodle pudding лапшевник

shake коктейль

presence [prezəns] присутствие

original cocktails оригинальные коктейли

a) layer [leiə] cocktails слоистые коктейли

knickenbein кникенбайн

champerol чемпероль

pousse-café [puskə'fei] пус-кафе

b) crusta [krΛsta] краста

to improve [im'pru:v] улучшать

to quench утолять

thirst [θə:st] жажда

to use  [ju:z] использовать, пользоваться

straw [stro:] соломинка

 

6. Дополните диаграмму приведёнными ниже словами.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 13

 

The etiquette

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите.

 

The list of Table Don'ts.

 

1. Elbows are never put on the table while one is eating.

2. Don't lift your plate up to your mouth.

3. Don't push back your plate when finished. It remains exac­tly where it is until whoever is waiting on you removes it.

4. Don't lean back and announce, 'I'm through'. The fact that you have put your fork and knife together on the plate shows that you have finished.

5. Don't wait until all plates are served; after a few guests have been served, it is perfectly all right to start eating.

6. Don't let others see what you have in your mouth.

7. Don't make a noise when eating.

8. Put the food in your mouth with your fork, never with your knife.

 

The list of Table Dos.

 

1. Put your napkin on your lap. Do not wear it around your neck.

2. Gravy should be put on the meat, and the condiment, pickles and jelly at the side of whatever they accompany.

3. All juicy or soft fruit or cake is best eaten with a fork and when necessary a spoon or a knife also.

4. When passing your plate for a second helping always leave a knife and a fork on the plate and be sure the handles are far enough on not to topple off.

5. You may use your knife or a piece of dry crust as a pusher to guide and hold each mouthful for the fork to lift.

6. Fish bones are taken between finger and thumb and re­moved between compressed lips.

7. Bread should always be broken into moderate-sized pieces with the fingers before being eaten.

2. Откройте скобки, употребив глагол в нужной форме.

1. Table d`hôte dishes (to be) served for dinner every day. 2. The table (to be) laid beautifully yesterday. The guests (to be) served very well. 3. Soft and red caviar (to be) served for supper party on Sunday evening. 4. Horse radish and salted cucumbers (to be) served for meat jelly tomorrow. 5. Smoked smelt (to be) sold in St. Petersburg in May every year. 6. Many guests (to be) invited for my birthday next Saturday. 7. Fruit (to be) sold in aisle five.

Unit 14

Tools and Equipment

1.Прочитайте слова, найдите в словаре их перевод. Запишите и выучите.

Heat, simmer, boil, stir, cut, mince, chop, rub something into something, soak, bake, beat, mix, strain off the liquid, pour, roll out, melt, whisk, peel, squeeze out, bring to the boil.

2. Запишите и выучите новые слова.

Saucepan - кастрюля

frying pan - сковорода

bowl - чашка

scoop - ковш

whistling kettle – металлический чайник

colander  - дуршлаг

mincing  -  мясорубка

coffee pot - турка

3. Прочитайте текст.

Food Equipment Can Be Dangerous

Modern cooking and food processing equipment has an extraordinary capacity to burn, cut, smash, mangle, and amputate parts of the tender human body. This may sound like a harsh way to begin a chapter, but the intent is not to intimidate you or scare you but to inspire a healthy respect for the importance of proper safety and operating procedures.

Never use a piece of equipment until you are thoroughly familiar with its operation and all its features. You must also learn how to know when a machine is not operating correctly.

When this happens, shut it down immediately and report the malfunction to a supervisor.

Capacity – потенциал

Harsh – суровый

Supervisor – руководитель

4. Найдите в тексте перевод данных предложений и словосочетаний.

1) современное оборудование,

2) части человеческого тела,

3) суровый метод

4) Никогда не пользуйтесь оборудованием, пока вы хорошо не знакомы с его работой и не знаете все его особенности.

 

5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

Your Hands Are Your Best Tools

Machines are intended to be labor saving devices. However, the usefulness of specialized processing equipment often depends on the volume of food it handless. It takes less time for a cook to slice a few pounds of onions by hand than to set up a slicing attachment, pass the onions through it, and break down and clean the equipment. This is why it is important to develop good manual skills.

labor saving devices – устройства экономии труда

6. Задайте три вопроса к тексту.

7. Прочитайте и переведите.

 

TYPES OF COOKTOPS

1. Open elements (burners), either electric coils or gas flames. These tops are

the fastest to heat and can be turned off after short use. However, cooktop

space is limited to one pot per burner.

2. Flattop or hot top (lightweight). Burners covered with steel plate. More cook

space is available. Top supports moderately heavy weights.

3. Heavy-duty flattop. Burners covered with heavy cast steel.

4. Induction cooktops. The top of an induction unit does not become hot. Rather, it works by magnetically agitating the molecules in steel or iron cookware so the cookware becomes hot. As a result, much less energy is used and the kitchen stays cooler, because only the pots and pans and their contents become hot.

    

8. Прочитайте текст, переведите, составьте краткий конспект.

 

Ovens

The oven and the range top are the two workhorses of the traditional kitchen. Ovens are enclosed spaces in which food is heated, usually by hot air or, in some newer kinds of ovens, by microwaves or infrared radiation.

In addition to roasting and baking, ovens can do many of the jobs normally done on the range top. Many foods can be simmered, stewed, braised, or poached in the oven, freeing the range top and the chef’s attention for other tasks.

There are many kinds of ovens beyond those discussed here, but they are often for specialty or high-volume uses. These include conveyor ovens, which carry foods through the oven on a steel conveyor belt; holding ovens or warmers, which are designed to hold many types of foods at serving temperatures for extended periods without drying out or overcooking (this category includes ovens that also cook the food, then automatically switch to holding temperature); and high-volume roll-in ovens, with large doors into which one can roll carts loaded with trays of food.

 

oven - духовка

infrared – инфракрасный

simmered – на медленном огне

stewed – тушёный

 

9. Прочитайте и переведите.

 

Processing Equipment

                              Mixers     

Vertical mixers are important and versatile tools for many kinds of food mixing and processing jobs, both in the bakeshop and in the kitchen.

 

 

Food Cutter

The food cutter or rotation chopper, familiarly known as the buffalo chopper, is a common piece of equipment used for general food chopping. A variety of attachments (described in the next section) makes it a versatile tool.

 

10. Изучите данную информацию.

 

Capacity measures are given in Imperial pints and fractions of pints with small amounts in spoon measures.

Liquid ingredients may also be given in cups. These follow the English measures, i.e. 1 pint equals 2 cups (U.S.A.— 2V2 cups).

All spoon measures refer to the British Standards Institution based on the V2-ounce table-spoon. The American standard measuring spoons are slightly smaller in capacity than the British ones. The proportion, however, is similar in that 3 American tea-spoons equal 1 table-spoon.

All measures are levelled off to the rim of the spoon.

 

Metric Equivalents

 

It is rather difficult to convert from English measures with absolute accuracy, but 1 oz. is equal to approximately 30 grammes, 2 lb. 3 oz. is equal to 1 kilogramme. For liquid measure, 3/4 English pints may be regarded as equal to 1 litre.

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 15

 

The recipes

 

1. Переведите рецепты на русский язык.

 

1. Hot chocolate.

Heat 600 ml (1 pint) milk, add 100g (4 oz) chopped plain or bitter chocolate and stir, when melted, bring to a simmer and whisk for 3 minutes. Sweeten to taste. Pour hot into cups and top with whipped cream.

 

2. Oat cakes.

Sift flour into a bowl and add salt. Rub in fat until texture resembles breadcrumbs. Add currant, lemon juice and rind, then mix to a fairly firm dough with about 4 tablespoons water or milk and water. Divide the dough into 4 pieces and put on to a floured surface. Roll into circles and fry in the oil until brown all over. Drain well and eat hot, sprinkled with sugar.

 

3. Ham baked with chestnuts.

Mash the chestnuts well, add the sugar and either butter or cream and some pepper. Lay the ham on a board and stuff it with as much of this as will hold, then press together and secure. Put into an ovenproof dish. Make a criss-cross pat­tern with a sharp knife on the top of the ham. Mix the breadcrumbs into the rest of the chestnut mixture and press this over the top. Put the ham into a pre-heated oven at 200° С (400° F) for about 1/2 hour or until the top is crisp.

 

2. Соедините названия блюд и их рецепты.

 

  1. RICHMOND MAIDS OF HONOUR

  These little almond cakes are said to have been first made at Richmond Palace when Henry VIII was king. The young girl who first made them gave her recipe to a Mr. Billet, who, after her death, opened a "Maids of Honour" shop in Richmond. The se­cret was kept in the family for many generations. However, a certain Mr. Newen went to work in Mr. Billet's shop and bought the recipe from the owner for a thousand guineas. The present Mr. Newen still makes them by hand at 288 Kew Road, Kew Gar­dens.

 

  2. TOAD-IN-THE-HOLE

  The dish was often served at country hotels, or pubs, in the last century. Toad-in-the-Hole has deteriorated very much over the years. Up until the 1920s it was often made with good steak, chopped into pieces, some­times with some kidneys added, but nowadays it is more often served made with sausages. It can be ex­tremely good eaten piping hot from the oven.

 

  3. TWEED KETTLE

  Salmon from the Tweed river is well known for its flavour and the tradi­tional methods of cooking preserve that delicacy. The pan in which the salmon is cooked is always called a fish kettle.

 

  A. 900g (2 lb.) fresh salmon, middle cut or tail end, salt and pepper, pinch of nut­meg, water, 1 small onion, chopped, 3 tablespoons whi­te wine vinegar, 2 tablespo­ons parsley, chopped. Serves about 6

 

  В. 450g(1 lb.) prepared puff pastry, 225g (8 oz) cheese, 175g (6 oz) wanned butter, 2 egg yolks, 100g (4 oz) sugar, 2 tablespoons brandy, 2 tablespoons breadcrumbs, level, 50g (2 oz) ground almonds, 1 lemon. This amount makes about 24 cakes.

 

  C. 675g (1 1/2 lb.) pork sausages, 225g (8 oz) flour, pinch of salt, 3 eggs, 600 ml (1 pint) milk. Serves 4.

 

3. Вы собрались в тур поход, какую еду вы возьмёте с собой, а какую не возьмёте. Напишите, используя предложения.

 

Why don't we take ...

We can't do without ...

... is a must.

We'll certainly need ...

We are sure to need ...

... will be of use, no doubt.

It could be a good idea to take ...

 

4. Прочитайте и переведите рецепты блюд.

 

Fresh Cabbage Shchee (for four litres)

Beef or pork - one kilo with bone

Fresh cabbage - one kilo

Brown onions - 150 grams

Fresh tomatoes - 2 pieces or one spoonful of tomato paste

Root celery - one piece

Root parsley - one piece

Bay leaf - two pieces

Some dill and spring onions

Salt (to taste)

Water - four litres

The meat is boiled till it's half ready (for an hour or two). Then you put schredded fresh cabbage. Sliced brown onions, carrots, tomatoes, root celery and parsley are fried for twenty - twenty-five minutes in the frying-pan and put in the saucepan. Bay leaf is put at the end of cooking and should be taken away after shchee is ready. Shchee is served with sour cream, cut small spring onions and dill. Cooking-time - about three hours.

 

Sauerkraut Shchee

Sauerkraut is washed and stewed for an hour in the frying-pan. You can use butter or some fat. Meat is boiled in the saucepan. After an hour sauerkraut is simmered with meat. If you like you can put a potato or two ten minutes before putting the sauerkraut. Otherwise the potato(es) will taste badly. Fried vegetables: brown onions, tomatoes or tomato paste, carrots and greens: celery, parsley and bay leaf are put in the saucepan. Everything is simmered for half an hour. Sauerkraut shchee is served with thick sour cream, cut dill and parsley. Cooking-time is about three hours. Sauerkraut shchee is an old Russian dish.

 

Okroshka

(four - five portions) Kvas - 1 litre

New cucumber(s) - 1 of medium size

Spring onions - 100 gr

Hard-boiled eggs - 2

Boiled beef- 100 gr or boiled sausage/sausages

Lean ham - 50 gr

Spring onions and cucumber(s) are washed and sliced. So is boiled beef and ham. Hard-boiled eggs are cut large. All this is put in the kvas, salted to taste. It's better to have kvas sour. If it's sweet you can put a slice of lemon or citric acid at the tip of the knife. In home-made cooking a potato (boiled and cut) is added. Before serving okroshka it's recommended to keep it in a cool place or refrigerator for two hours. Okroshka is served with thick sour cream, cut parsley and dill. If it's too thick you should add some more kvas.

 

Chahohbily of Chicken

Chicken - 1 kg

Brown onions - 4 bulbs

Butter - 2 - 3 spoonfuls

Tomatoes - 800 gr

Kinza - 3 - 5 twigs

Black pepper, salt to taste

The salty chicken is cut and roasted in a sauce-pot. Shredded onions, fresh sliced tomatoes, pepper, cut greens - kinza, parsley, dill are stewed with the chicken. You can add a bay leaf and some all­spice at the end of cooking. Ghahohbily is garnished with greens. Cooking-time is an hour.

 

Chicken "Tabaka"

Chicken "Tabaka" is roasted under press for an hour. Before roasting the chicken is greased with the prepared mass of pounded garlic (2-3 cloves), ground pepper, cut greens and salt. Chicken "Tabaka" is served on a large plate and garnished with chipped potatoes, marinated onions, tomatoes or cucumbers, raw or pickled. Tomato or pomegranate sauce is served separately. Cooking-time is an hour.

Satsivy of Poultry

Chicken-800 gr (or: turkey; duck; goose)

Butter-400 gr

The sauce: (Satsivy)

flour-25 gr

butter - 40 gr

kinza - some twigs

khmeli-suneli - a pinch

ground  clove,  ground  saffron, cinnamon, cayenne, vinegar, salt to taste

two egg yolks

shelled walnuts-250 gr

brown onions - 120 gr

  The prepared poultry is boiled whole till it's half ready. Then the poultry is greased with butter or fat and roasted in the oven. While roasting you should pour it with satsivy sauce and turn it over to get the poultry rosy from all sides. The satsivy sauce is made from the sliced brown onions slightly fried in the frying-pan, the flour diluted with some clear soup, pounded garlic, some vinegar, khmeli-suneli, clove, cinnamon and chopped greens. The poultry is put in this sauce and simmered for ten minutes. The shelled walnuts are chopped with some cayenne, yolk and saffron. The saffron in diluted in the clear soup (one pinch for 25-30 grams of clear soup). All this is added to the poultry but after that satsivy must not be boiled. The dish is sprinkled with nut oil and served cooled.

 

5. Запишите и выучите новые слова и выражения.

 

culinary [kΛlnəri] кулинарный

piece [pi;s] кусок; штука

bay leaf лавровый лист

to shred шинковать

slice ломоть, ломтик

to slice резать ломтиками

frying-pan сковорода

saucepan кастрюля

to simmer кипеть на медленном огне

stew-pan низкая кастрюля; сотейник

a pinch щепотка

peel кожура

to peel чистить (апельсин и т.д.)

citric [sitrik] acid лимонная кислота

to pound толочь

handful горсть, пригоршня

to cut large резать крупно

to cut small резать мелко

refrigerator холодильник

bulb головка (лука и т.п.)

twig веточка

to garnish украшать (только о блюдах)

to grease [gri:z] смазывать

clove [klouv] головка (чеснока и т.п.)

to chip жарить (картофель) стружкой

raw [ro:] сырой

saffron [sæfrən] шафран

yolk [jouk] желток

white белок

to shell чистить (орехи) от скорлупы

to boil whole варить целиком

oven [‘Λvən] духовка

to turn over переворачивать

slightly слегка

to dilute развести (бульоном, водой)

to chop мелко нарезать

to sprinkle сбрызнуть

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 16

 

We can’t live without it

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите тексты. Задайте по 5 вопросов к каждому тексту.

 

MILK

 

One of the most important foods for human beings in general and children in particular is milk. Milk also serves as a basis for other important foods. We have, for instance, butter and many different, kinds of cheese. Then milk itself is prepared in different ways specially for children and people in poor health, all of whom need greater care and attention than people in ordinary good health do.

 

Milk is also used in preparation of cakes, some kinds of bread and sweets. Milk chocolate, for instance, is greatly used by the explorers and others who go far from the places where people generally live, and who must carry the food they need along with them. When milk has been dried, it becomes very light powder which is also used by those who need food that is light in weight. Besides milk powder, condensed milk is also produced and sold in tins. There is generally some sugar in condensed milk.

 

CEREALS

 

A typical grain is wheat which is the staple food in many countries. Wheat grows in the field. Combines are machines which cut the wheat and thresh the grain. Grains are the wheat's seeds. When the grain is separated from the husk, it is stored'-in barns, in silos or in elevators. Then wheat is transported to the flour-mills. There it is ground into flour.

Bread and cakes are made out of this flour. Grain is also used in brewing. It may also be pounded or milled and then sold in the form of grouts. Grouts are used lin garnishes and can make a separate dish—porridge or gruel (kasha).

 

2. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1.     Молоко – один из самых важных продуктов для человека.

2.     Молоко также используется для приготовления тортов, хлебных изделий и сладостей.

3.     Из молоко получают много продуктов питания.

4.     Я люблю пить молоко по вечерам.

5.     Хлеб и хлебобулочные изделия делаются из муки.

 

3. Ответьте на вопросы.

 

1. What food products are made from milk?

2. What animals do we get milk from?

3. What kinds of milk do you know?

4. What dishes can be prepared with milk?

5. What cereal is the staple food in your republic?

6. Where is grain stored?

7. What other cereals do you know?

8. What do we make from flour?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 17

 

What is High Tea?

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите тескт.

The drinking of tea not only became a social event for the upper classes, it altered the time and manner in which they took tea. Afternoon Tea became the bridge between meals because many wouldn't eat their evening meal until maybe 8pm. As such, Afternoon Tea became a ‘mini meal' in itself.

This was all well and good for the upper classes, but the working classes ran to a different schedule and a different budget. Tea was still quite expensive at the time and the working classes could not afford to waste it on anything other than necessities. A wearied factory worker wouldn't arrive home until six in the evening, and when he did, he was famished! Thus, in the industrial areas of the UK (northern England and southern Scotland), the working classes evening meal evolved: high tea.

Family eating high tea - Buy this photograph as a poster

English High Tea usually involved a mug of tea, bread, vegetables, cheese and occasionally meat. Variations on high tea could include the addition of pies, potatoes and crackers.

So while Afternoon Tea was largely a social event for their upper class counterparts, high tea was a necessary meal in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This traditional high tea still exists for some parts of the North and Scotland.

Why is it called ‘high tea'?

A possible explanation why this type of meal was called high tea is the fact that it was eaten at a table. In comparison, Afternoon Tea was taken whilst seating in low, comfortable chairs or sofas. Of course, soon after, the upper classes developed their own variation and also called it ‘high tea'. It was a meal that could be eaten when their servants were away or not available, as it was so easy to prepare. The upper class ‘high tea' involved the amalgamation of Afternoon Tea and high tea, with the addition of pigeon, veal, salmon and fruit.

It is important to add that the Afternoon Tea menu served in the UK today is often refered to as high tea in many other parts of the world. Because of this some hotels, such as The Ritz in London, use the term ‘High tea in London' to advertise their Afternoon Tea because a large proportion of their customers are from overseas.

Some venues do serve a special high tea menu, in addition to Afternoon Tea, which includes additional savoury items such as Welsh Rarebit, English muffins, pies or omelette. 

2. Прочитайте текст. Выпишите предложения, содержащие главные мысли текста. Переведите их.

What is Tea?

Tea is a drink that is produced from the combination of cured leaves of the Camellia Sinensis (tea) plant with hot water. Tea is the second most popular beverage in the world, after water. The Camellia Sinensis plant thrives growing in tropical and sub-tropical climates, hence its origins on the continents of Asia and Africa.

The first recorded consumption in the history of tea was in China, as early as the 10th century BC. Soon, it spread to Korea and Japan. During the 16th century Portuguese exploration of the Far East, tea was traded with the West and as a result, the tea plant spread to the rest of the world. It has been said that Catherine of Braganza, the Portuguese queen consort to King Charles II, introduced the drinking of tea in the UK. 

It wasn't until the 19th century until tea drinking became a common pastime for all the social classes. Now, tea drinking occurs as a daily occurrence not just as a component of afternoon tea or a tea party. In the UK, it has become a ‘national drink' of sorts and an integral part of British culture.

There are (at least) four different types of tea: white tea, green tea, oolong tea and black tea. The type of tea depends on the type of tea processing it undergoes. Tea leaves are prone to wilt and therefore oxidise, if they are not dried quickly. As the chlorophyll breaks down, the tea leaves darken and release tannins; this process is called fermentation in the tea industry. 

Tea as we know it in the UK is more often sold as teabags. Most popular brands of teabags are usually made by blending a variety of different teas together. Tea is renowned for containing numerous antioxidants and less caffeine than coffee. There are also certain teas used in diets and tea for weight loss.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

 

1.                Агабекян, И.П. Английский для инженеров  / И.П. Агабекян, П.И. Коваленко. – Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2007. – 352с. – 3000экз. – ISBN 978-5-222-12171-9.

 

2.                Англо–русский и русско–английский словарь для школьника : Фонетика, грамматика, лексика к разговорным темам. / Сост. А.А. Кадук. – К.: А.С.К., 2005. – 800с. – 80000 экз. – ISBN 966-539-255-7.

 

3.                Андреев, Г.Я. Сборник технических текстов на английском языке / Г.Я. Андреев, Л.Л. Гураль, А.Л. Лев. – М.: «Высш. школа»,2005. – 200с. – 1000экз.– ISBN 968-5-112-32171-9.

 

4.                Бгашев, В.Н. Английский язык для студентов  машиностроительных специальностей  / В.Н. Бгашев, Е.Ю. Долматова. – М.: АСТ, 2007. – 384с. – 3000экз. – ISBN 978-5-271-12432-7.

 

5.                Бриль, Б.М. Работа с техническими текстами на уроках английского языка в средних профессионально технических училищах [Текст]: методические рекомендации для металлообрабатывающих специальностей / Б.М. Брилль, Н.А. Морген. – М.:  «Высш. школа»,2006 - 61с. – 250000экз. - ISBN 978-5-721-41272-3.

 

6.                Бонами, Дэвид. Английский язык для будущих инженеров  / Дэвид Бонами. - М.: АСТ, 2006. – 320с. – 8000экз. – ISBN 5-17-016962-0.

 

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

 

Пояснительная записка …………………………………………………………2

Section 1

Unit 1 Automobile ………………………………………………………………...5

Unit 2 Where does the word “automobile” come from? ………………………….7

Unit 3 London traffic ……………………………………………………………...9

Unit 4 Transport in Britain ……………………………………………………….11

Unit 5 Cars ……………………………………………………………………….13

Unit 6 The automobile life cycle ………………………………………………....15

Unit 7 Transport system of the USA ……………………………………………..17

Unit 8 Trucks ……………………………………………………………………..19

Unit 9 A driving test ……………………………………………………………...22

Unit 10 Inventors and their inventions …………………………………………...25

Unit 11 Some interesting details of heavy commercial vehicles ………………....27

Unit 12 The buses ………………………………………………………………...28

Unit 13 By road …………………………………………………………………..32

Unit 14 Finding your way ………………………………………………………...34

Unit 15 The history of transportation …………………………………………….38

Unit 16 The development automobile industry in Russia ………………………..40

Unit 17 Henry Ford ………………………………………………………………42

Unit 18 Frederick W. Lanchester ………………………………………………...45

Unit 19 Travelling in London …………………………………………………….49

Unit 20 How the automobile learned to run ……………………………………...52

Unit 21 The engine ……………………………………………………………….57

Unit 22 16-valve technology ……………………………………………………..61

Unit 23 Safety engineering ………………………………………………………64

Unit 24 Car industry and environment …………………………………………...65

Unit 25 KAMAZ …………………………………………………………………69

Unit 26 Volvo …………………………………………………………………….72

Unit 27 Properties of metals and their uses ………………………………………74

Unit 28 Training and maintenance ……………………………………………….77

Unit 29 It is important ……………………………………………………………80

Тематический словарь по профессии автомеханик …………………………..84

Section 2

Unit 1Welding technology ……………………………………………………….91

Unit 2 Welding is a dynamic industry with a big future …………………………93

Unit 3 Welding process …………………………………………………………..96

Unit 4 Information about different types of welding ……………………………101

Unit 5 Materials …………………………………………………………………107

Unit 6 Metals ……………………………………………………………………113

Unit 7 Important properties for manufacturing …………………………………116

Unit 8 Alloys ……………………………………………………………………119

Unit 9 The steel-making process ………………………………………………..125

Unit 10 Alternative types of welding …………………………………………...126

Unit 11 Operations ……………………………………………………………...129

Unit 12 Welding skills ………………………………………………………….131

Unit 13 Underwater welding career information ……………………………….134

Unit 14 The workshop ………………………………………………………….137

Unit 15 Welding’s vital part in major American Historical Events ……………139

Unit 16 Health, safety and accident prevention ………………………………...144

Unit 17 The history of wending ………………………………………………...151

Unit 18 Welding fun facts ………………………………………………………157

Unit 19 Machine-tools …………………………………………………………..159

Тематический словарь по профессии сварщик ………………………………161

Section 3

Unit 1 Food ……………………………………………………………………...167

Unit 2 My meals ………………………………………………………………...170

Unit 3 Lunch …………………………………………………………………….174

Unit 4 Tastes differ ……………………………………………………………...178

Unit 5 English food ……………………………………………………………..180

Unit 6 A brief introduction to British food ……………………………………...181

Unit 7 Russian cuisine …………………………………………………………..185

Unit 8 National food …………………………………………………………….191

Unit 9 Meals and cooking ……………………………………………………….196

Unit 10 The places where people go to eat ……………………………………...199

Unit 11 Visit to a dietician ………………………………………………………204

Unit 12 Drinks …………………………………………………………………..206

Unit 13 The etiquette ……………………………………………………………212

Unit 14 Tools and equipment …………………………………………………...213

Unit 15 The recipes ……………………………………………………………..216

Unit 16 We can’t live without it ………………………………………………...221

Unit 17 What is High tea? ………………………………………………………223

Список использованной литературы………………………………………….226

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