в формате ОТЭ (ТИА)

ПРОСВЕЩЕНИЕ

И З Д А Т Е Л Ь С Т В О

Ю. Е. Ваулина О. Е. Подоляко

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Тренировочные упражнения в формате ОГЭ (МА)

Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций

4-е издание

Москва

«Просвещение»

2017

удк 373.1 67.1 :81 1 .1 1 1 ББК 81 .2Англ-922 82 1

Ваулина Ю. Е.

82 1 Английский язык. Тренировочные упражнения в формате ОВ (ГИА). 8 класс : учеб. пособие для общеобразоват. организаций / О. Е_ Ваулина, О. Е. Подоляко. — 4-е изд. - М.: Просвещение. 201 7. - 109 с. - SBN 978-5-09-0461 66-5.

предлагаемый сборник является допотнительным ксмпочеитом УМК серии «Английский в фокусе» для учащихся 8 масса общеобразоватепьных организаций авторов Ю. Е. Ваулиной. Д. Дуги, О. Е. и др. В сборнике предлагается система заданий ча развитие умении чтекия, письма, лексико-грамматических назык_ов как о-а-ювы речевых умений, Сборник не только решает задачу тренирожи установленных форматив экзаменециснн ых заданий, но и служит развитию универсальных учебных действий согласно требованию ОГОС ссновнега общего образования. Материалы пособия МоЖНо ИСпользовзть на уроках англиЙСКСГО языка и дома самостоятельно.

УМ 373.167.1:811.111

81.2Ангп-922

ввн 978-5-09-046166-5 Издательство «Просвещение». 2014 © Художественное оформление.

Издательствс «Просвещение». 201 4

Содержание

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

МОДУЛЬ 1	6
МОДУЛЬ 2	18
МОДУЛЬ З	зо
МОДУЛЬ 4	44
МОДУЛЬ 5	57
МОДУЛЬ 6 МОДУЛЬ 7	70
МОДУЛЬ 8	95

Предисловие Учителю сегодня в общественном сознании лроисходит переход от понимания социального предназначения ШКОЛы как задачи простой перидчи знаний, умений и навыков от учителя к ученику к новому пониманию функции школы. Приоритетной целыо школьного образсвания становится развитие у учащихся способности самостоятельно ставить учебные цели, проектировать пути их реализации, а также контролировать и оценивать свои достижения. иначе говоря, формирование умения упиться.

Предлагаемый сборник дополнительных заддний в формате ГИА — новый компонент УМК Английский в фокусе» для 8 масса. Создание этого пособия в серии для 5 — 9 классов является откликом на учительский запрос о расширении арсенала заданий в формате государственной итоговой аттестации по английскому языку за курс основной школы, которые помогут обеспечить более последовательную, постепенную, глубокуо подготовку к экзамену.

В ФГОС основной школы неразрывно связаны вопросы оценивания, в том числе в рамках итоговой аттестации, с необходимостью контроля за уровнем развития КЛОЧ9ВЫХ компетенций учащихся, за уровнем достижения ими не только предметных, но и личностных и метапре№етных результатов, уровнем сформированности универсаленых учебных действий.

Контрольно-измерительные материалы ГИА по английскому языку уже в их нынешнем виде (2013, 2014) составлены с учётом многолетнего олыта международных языковых экзаменов, где проверке подлежат конкретные речевые умения, обеспечивающие успешность 8 ситуациях реальной коммуникации, в том числе межкультурной. Кодификатор ГИА 2013, 2014 носит содержательно-деятельностный характер, отражая основную предметную цель — развитие иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции. Определение уровня иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции осуществляется только на основе оценивания продуктов речевой деятельности учащихся на иностранном языке.

Достижению этой важнейшей цели служат и задания данного сборника. В дополнение к содержанию основных компонентов УМК учителю предлагается система заданий на развитие умений чтения, письма, лексико-грамматических навыков как ОснОВЫ речевых умений. Они не только решают задачу тренировки установленных форматом ГИА экзаменационных заданий, но и служат развитию жизненно важных универсалы-•ых учебных действий. Так, задания по чтению в формате TRUE/FALSE/NOT STATED, установление соответствий между текстами/частями текста и заголовками — шаги в развитии умений смыслового чтения - одного из важнейших метапредметных умений, которое должна обеспечить современная школа. Одно из наиболее сложных заданий - образование форм и дериватов от данных слов для заполнения пропусков в тексте - требует не только знаний словообразования и грамматического материала, но и развития языковой и контекстуальной догадки Составляющих лингвистической компетенции.

Задания для восьмиклассников по уровню сложности в значительной мере приближены к экзаменационным заданиям, которые прилагаются выпускникам основной школы. В сборник включены упражнения для развития соответствующих умений с учётом этапа обучения и содержания (помодульно) учебника для В класса. Авторы рекомендуют использовать материалы сборника для упражнений, а не для контрольных и проверочных работ, обрашдться к заданиям для работы с учаищмися с учётом их личных достижений и затруднений.

Ученику

Дорогой ВОСЬМИКЛаССНИК! Мы, российские авторы УМК «Английский в фокусе», рады новой встрече с тобой. Перед тобой новый сборник заданий. В его названии стоит слово, хорошо знакомое тебе: ГИА - Государственная итоговая аттестация. Совсем скоро и ты будешь на пороге этого экзамена, который сдают выпускники 9 класса, предъявляя государству уровень овладения предметом - в нашем случае английским языком — за курс основной школы. Выбор экзамена - за тобой.

Наш сборник поможет тебе проверить, насколько уверенно ты чувствуешь себя при работе с заданиями экзаменационного формата. Задания сборника в дополнение к учебнику, рабочей тетради и другим компонентам УМК помо-

гут тебе развить многие из важжых умений, которые проверяются в ходе Государственной итоговой аттестации. Ты сможешь ещё глубже проникнуть в закономерности и особенности английского языка, научиться использовать их в речи, а значит, успешно подготовиться к своему первому государственному экзамену по английскому языку.

Сборником легко пользоваться и при самостоятельной работе. Задания гю чтению и лексико-грамматическому аспекту построены в соответствии с модулями учебника «Английский в фокусе» для 8 класса, т.е. основаны на изучаемом в модулях лексическом и грамматическом материале. Разнообразные по форме и уровню сложности задания будут полезны и девятиклассникам для практики, повторения и самопроверки своих навыков и умений. «даже если вы учитесь в школе по другим УМК, то также можете использовать это пособие. Задания сборника включают темы, единые для всех российсхих школ в соответствии с программами и новыми стандартами образования. Успехов вам с «Английским в фокусе»!

Успехов вам с «Английским в фокусе»!

MODULE 1

READING

1 . Read the texts. Match the titles to the book reviews. One title Is extra.

1 . WHY MOSQUITOES BUZZ IN PEOPLE'S FARS

2 THE DIARYOF A YOUNG GIRL

3 SADAKO AND A THOUSAND PAPER CRANES

4 THE BUTTER BATTLE BOOK

5 THE GREAT PEACE MARCH

S. THE BIG BOOK FOR PEACE

The Yooks and the Zooks live in neighboring communities divided by a wall and by a custom. The Yooks eat their bread with the butter side up and the Zooks eat their bread with the butter side down! This difference causes dislike, distrust, and finally hatred. With classic simplicity and wonderfully creative language, characters, and illustrations, Dr Seuss explains how small differences can grow into larger disagreements that, in turn, can escalate into potential destruction. This book makes its point clearly for all ages, and all ages will respond to its message and its cleverness.

B. The book addresses the many kinds ot peace needed in today's world, as described on its jacket: "Peace among people living in different lands but also among next-door neighbours. Harmony among people of different races — and among sisters and brothers. Understanding among those separated by their beliefs - and those separated by generations. " The book stresses the give and take of friendship, the avoidance of misunderstandings between individuals and groups, and peaceful avenues to bring about social change.

C. A "little lie" becomes a rumor that leads to panic, which results in accidental death and has shattering consequences for the whole earth. The animals in this jungle parable (npurqa) are called to a meeting, where each has a turn to explain his or her actions. By the end, it becomes clear that no one meant harm because the animals have the opportunity to hear different perspectives. But the mosquito who began the whole chain of events, hides trom the meeting and never presents his case. His guilty conscience leads to his own punishment.

D. The 12-year-old Japanese girl became a heroine to children in Japan and throughout the world for her spirited fight against leukemia caused

by atomic radiation after the bombing of Hiroshima. This story emphasises her spirit and courage as she tried to fold a thousand paper cranes (xypaBJIM) in the beliet that this would bring her health. When the gird died before she could finish the task, the children in her class finished it for her. Making cranes has become an annual ritual throughout Japan and internationally, in order to remember the human cost of war and to stress the need tor peace.

E. This remarkable work by a young teenage Jewish girl, written whife hiding in Amsterdam from the occupying Nazi army, has had a dramatic effect since its first printing. The fact that we know that she died in a concentration camp makes this beautifully written, optimistic, and humanist work even more emotionally stirring. The Holocaust of World War Il, as well as the millions of deaths caused by wars since then, provides the reason for students to solve the problem of violence. A Picture Book by Anne Frank helps the students understand why Anne was hiding, and what happened to her and millions, like her, once her family was captured.

Read the text and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

Social Eüquette in the UK

There are no strict etiquette rules that you have to stick to when in the UK. It is advisable, however, to demonstrate decent manners and respect to the local cutture and traditions. The first, and mast important step is to be aware of the clearly distinct nations which form the UK. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The citizens of any of these countries may be referred to as "British". V¶len certain of heritage, you are free to call the different residents as follows: English, Scot, Welsh or Irish.

Vthen first meeting a Brit, he or she may seem reserved and cold, but that is just an impression. In reality, they are very friendly and helpful to foreigners.

A handshake is the most common form of greeting, but try to avoid prolonged eye contact, as it may make people feel iìl at ease. British people are not very keen on displaying affection in public. Hugging, kissing and touching are usually reserved for family members and very close friends. You should also avoid talking loudly in public or going to extremes with hand gestures during the course ot communication. Do not stand too

close to another person or put your arm around someone's shoulder. The British often use expressions such as "drop in anytime" and "come see me soon". However, do not take these literally. To be on the safe side, always telephone before visiting someone at home. It you receive a written invitation to an event that says "RSVP", you should respond to the sender as soon as possible, whether you are going to attend or not. British people are very strict when it comes to punctuality. In Britain people make a great effort to arrive on time, so it is considered impolite to be (ate, even by few minutes. If you are delayed, be sure to inform the person you are meeting.

1 . Before going to the UK you should learn the customs and traditions ot the four countries it consists of.

2. Any citizen of the UK can be called a 'Brit'.

3. Great Britain includes England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

4. Hugging is a typical way to greet foreigners in the UK.

S. It is a false impression that the British are unfriendly to newcomers.

6. For successful communication in the UK you should learn a special body language.

7. The British like some personal space during the course of communication.

B When introduced to foreigners the British usually look at the new person for a long time.

9. After you are introduced to a British person you can call on him/her any time.

10. The British are very punctual people and expect others to be the same.

3. Read the text and choose the right option.

Hi, I'm Amy Chua, and thanks so much for visiting my website! Battle Hymn ot the Tiger Mother is my family's story. I wrote this book in a moment of crisis, when my younger daughter seemed to turn against everything I stood for and it felt like I was losing her and everything was falling apart. After one terrible fight, I sat down at my computer and the words just poured out. I showed every page to my daughters and my husband. It was like family therapy.

I was raised by very strict, Chinese immigrant parents, who came to the US as graduate students with practically no money. As parents, they demanded total respect and were very tough with my three younger sisters and me. We got in trouble for A minuses, had to drill Maths and piano every day, no sleepovers, no boyfriends. But the strategy worked with me. To this day, I'm very close to my parents, and I feel I owe them everything. In fact, I believe that my parents' having high expectations for me, coupled with love, is the greatest gift anyone has ever given me. That's why I tried to raise my own two daughters the same way my parents raised me.

With myfirst daughter, Sofia, things went smoothly. But my second daughter, Lulu isa real fireball and at thirteen, she rebelled. This book is basically the story of my own transtormation as a mother. Mlile I definitely have regrets, if I had to raise my girls all over again, I guess I would basically do the same thing, with some adjustments. The book is about believing in your child more than anyone else — more than they believe in themselves — and helping them realise their potential, whatever it may be. My youngest sister, Cindy, has Down syndrome, and I remember my mother spending hours and hours with her, teaching her to tie her own shoelaces, drilling multiplication tables, practicing piano every day with her. My mom wanted her to be the best she could be, within her limits. Today. Cindy works at Walmart, has a boyfriend, and still plays the piano — one of her favourite things is performing for her friends. She and my mom have a wonderful relationship, and we all love her for who she is.

I genuinely believe that there are many ways of being a good parent. We all want our kids to grow up happy, strong, and seEf-reliant. But different cultures have very different ideas about the best way to do that. And we should all be able to learn from each other.

1 . This is

a) a website

b) a fiction book

c) a letter to the fans

d) the author's review of her book

2. Amy Chua wrote the book Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother

a) in memory of her parents

b)to prove she was really talented

c) in attempt to resolve the conflict with her younger daughter

d)to set an example to her daughters

3. When the authors family read the book

a) they were surprised

b)they began to understand each other

c) it was a real shock

d)nothing changed

4. Amy Chua's parents were

a) really severe

b) very demanding

c) too bossy

d) quite indifferent

5. Amy's parents punished their daughters foras they wanted them to be the best in class.

a) bad marks

b) bad behaviour

c) good marks

d) coming late

6. Amy _ her parents' style of bringing up children.

a) hates

criticises

c) appreciates

d) doubts

7. Parents should be demanding because they want their children

a) to obey them in everything

b)to be rich

c) to realise their abilities

d)to study better

8. Amy's younger sister with Down syndrome achieved great success because of

a) a special school

b) her sisters' help

c) her will power

d) her parents' efforts

4. Read the text and match the titles to each step. One title is extra.

a. Take responsibility

b. Brainstorm solutions

c. Cool off

d. Affirm, forgive, or thank

e. Remember what your partner says

f. Tell what's bothering you using "l messages."

Five Steps for Resolving Conflicts

Conflicts can actually lead to increased understanding and creative thinking. It's how we deal with conflict that determines the outcome. Beyond that, conflict resolution skills can improve relationships and deepen understanding.

Step 1 :

Conflicts can't be solved in the face of hot emotions. Take a step back, breathe deep, and gain some emotional distance before trying to talk things out.

Take a moment to think of ten things that make you feel better when you're hot under the collar. Consider some of the following: breathing deeply while making a calm statement, looking at the sky, clearing your desk, splashing cold water on the face or taking a quick walk.

Step 2:

By starting our sentences with "l" we take responsibility for the way we perceive the problem. "I-messages" are a tool for expressing how we teel without attacking or blaming.

This is in sharp contrast to "you-messages" which put others on the defensive and close doors to communication. A statement like 'You've left the kitchen a mess again! Can't you ever clean up after yourself?" will escalate the conflict. Now take a look at how differently an "I-message" comes across: "I'm annoyed because I thought we agreed you'd clean up the kitchen after using it. What happened?" Step 3:

In the majority of conflicts, both parties have some degree of responsibility. However, most of us try to blame rather than look at our own role in the problem. When we take responsibility we shift the conflict into an entirely different gear, one where resolution is possible.

Resolving conflicts is a creative act. There are many solutions to a single problem. The key is a willingness to look tor compromises. Kindergarten teacher Connie Long describes haw her students started having fewer conflicts when they learned how to brainstorm solutions: "My kids were constantly getting into arguments over crayons, erasers, toys. After in-

troducing peacemaking my students started finding ways to solve the problem instead of just getting stuck in their own positions. " Step 5:

A handshake, hug, ora kind word gives closure to the conflicts. Forgiveness is the highest form ot closure. Just saying thank you at the end of a conflict, or praising the person for working things out sends a message of conciliation (npVIMþtpeHHe) and gratitude. We preserve our relationships this way, strengthening our connections and working through,

5. Read the text and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

Etiquette is protocol, rules of behaviour that you memorise. Manners demonstrate socially acceptable behaviour, of course, but also much more than that. They are an expression of how you treat others when you care about them, their self-esteem (caM0YBaxeH¼e), and their feelings.

Early North American etiquette books claimed that the manners and customs of the "Best Society" could be imitated by alt.. But some authors stated that the lower classes, meaning those "whose experience in life has been a hardening process," in fact, treated the rules of etiquette with "contempt and a sneer." Modern etiquette books do not use the conceptof "best society", but rather define etiquette as a set of guidelines that "help steer our behaviour as we move through our daily routines" and that can help deal with "the pressures of modern life which make it all the more difficult to stay civil." This change is reflected jn the content of etiquette books; etiquette books published in the early 20th century had detailed advice on the treatment of servants, the formal dinner parties, and the behavior of a debutante; more modern books are likely to emphasise the importance of respecting people of all classes, races, and ethnic backgrounds. Etiquette writers are sure that etiquette rules serve to make life more pleasant.

1. The knowledge of etiquette rules helps to get to the upper society.

2. Etiquette dictates certain rules of behaviour in a number of situations.

3. Etiquette exists only for the upper society.

4. Old American etiquette books were only tor the rich.

5. The working people don't need to study etiquette rules.

6. Modern etiquette books give advice to everybody how to act correctly and politely in certain situations.

7. A special section of any etiquette book gives advice how to behave towards servants. B. Etiquette books are important to study.

6. Read the texts and match them to the problems they help to solve. One problem is extra.

1. . THE WIFE MAKES HER HUSBAND FURIOUS BY BEING LATE

2. THE PHONE RULES THE LIFE OF THE TEEN

3. A THREE-YEAR-OLD BOY ALWAYS DISOBEYS HIS MOTHER

4. KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN FIGHT OVER TOYS

5. THETEEN SPENDS ALL HIS TIME ONLINE FORGETTING ABOUT HIS HOMEWORK

THE TEN-YEAR-OLD BOY CANT COPE WITH HIS SMALL BROTHER Subliminal Perception (nonc03HaTenbHoe

A. Ronnie and Jamie both grabbed the yellow truck; the teacher took them aside and asked if they could come up with five ways to solve the problem. They thought about it and then suggested taking turns, sharing, getting another truck trom the toy chest, doing a different activity, and building a truck together out of Legos, This is the kind of thinking the teacher is seeing more and more. Brainstorming has opened her children's mind to new possibilities.

B. At the sound of his angry voice, I usually responded defensively. and then we were on our way to an ugly confrontation.

But this time I walked away for a few minutes, took some deep breaths, and when I walked back into the room I was able to hear him out. Bill told me that he was so frustrated at having to wait for me whenever we went out. He also spoke about punctuality as something he highly valued. I suddenly realised he was right. Itwas then that I apologised. My husband ended up giving me a hug and thanking me.

C. The boy started cutting off the ribbons on the helium balloons. His brother was furious! Instead of going after the little one, the boy went upstairs, cooled off, and came back when he felt calmer. He gave him an 'I l-message": "I'm really upset about what you did to my balloons. You wouldn't like it if I did that to something of yours!" He said itin such a respectful way that his biother was shocked. He said, "I'm really sorry. Would you help me fix them?"

D. In the past, the fiery look in my son's eyes would put me right over the edge. It would lead to a screaming quarrel, marking the beginning of a very bad day. Now I breathe deeply, make a calming statement, and remind myself not to yell. I use "I-messages" too. 'You-messages" tend to make him angry. For example, if he refuses to dress I might say, "I'll put your clothes right here. As soon as you're dressed you can have breakfast with us. " It's working.

The mother: 'You're so selfish! If you don't turn itoffnow, I'll rip it out of your hands." Jenny: 'You don't want me to have friends. I hate you!" Wien parents fight with kids, behavior can go from bad to worse. Each fight damages good feelings and makes the next fight more likely. Parents shouldn't use negative labels, e.g. seffish, lazy, irresponsible. Decide ahead what the rules are, e.g. 'No cell phone at dinner'. Speak in a quiet, low-pitched voice. Stop the behaviour before things get worse. After the first warning, Mom should take the cell phone away. Leave the room when tempers rise.

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

7. Read the text and choose the right options.

When (1) happens that people don't like, some of them exaggerate (npeysenuw1Ba10T) the problem (2) making generalisations. (3) starting sentences with, You always," and, 'You never," as in, "You always come home late!" or, 'You never (4) what I want to do!" Stop and think (5)whether or not this is really true. Also, don't bring (6) past conflicts and stir up more negativity. This stands in the (7) of true conflict resolution, and (8)the level of conflict.

1 . a) someone	b) anything	c) something	d) nothing
	b) for		d) over
3. a) Keep	b) Never	c) Stop	d) Avoid
4. e) make	b) act	c) perform	d) do
5. a) over 6. a) forward	b) about
7. a) route	b) manner	c) way	d) work
8. a) lessens	b) strengthens	c) increases	d) upsets

capitalized words.

Etiquette

(1) etiquette dictates that when invited to CULTURE someone's home, you should bring a small gift for the (2) . Feel free to express your gratitude with HOST a note or a telephone call. It is important to respect the (3)desire for (4) BRITAIN/PRIVATE

Don't ask (5) questions about family back- PERSON ground and origin, profession, marital status, political

(6) or money issues. It is considered extremely PREFER (7) to violate a queue, so never push ahead in a POLITE line. When it comes to clothes, there are no (8) RESTRICT on how to dress. Men and women wear wools and tweeds tor casual occasions. Do not wear a blazer to work — it is country or (9) _ wear. On (10)

END WEEK/FORM occasions, always select an outfit that fits the dress code. Wien attending a holiday dinner or (Il) CULTURE event, such as a concert or theatre (12) , it is PERFORM best to dress (13) FORMAL

9. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Avoiding Conflict Attogether

Rather than discussing problems in a calm, (I ) RESPECT manner, some people just don't say anything to their partner until they're ready to explode, and then blurt it out in an angry, (2)way. This seems to be the HURT less (3) way — avoiding an (4) but STRESS/ARGUE

(5) it causes more stress to both parties as USUAL (6) rise, resentments fester. and a much bigger TENSE argument eventually results. It's much healthier to address and resolve conflict. Assertive (7)can COMMUNICATE (B)_ your relationships, reducing stress from STRENGTH conflict. Situation: "Your friend has shown up twenty minutes late for a lunch date. " Inappropriate: 'You're so rude! You're always late." Assertive (9): "We COMMUNICATE were supposed to meet at 11 :30, but now it's 11:50."

10. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

Dining and Entertaining

The British enjoy (1 ) at home. Guests should be ENTERTAIN punctual, though it (2) considered rude to be five BE or ten minutes late. Guests also should sit down when they (3) to. Table manners are Continental, i.e. INVITE the fork (4) in the left hand and the knife in the HOLD right while (5) . When through with a meal, the EAT British lay their fork and knife parallel across their plate. People (6) out with a group of British friends DINE should (7) _ to toast before the meal if it's formal,• PREPARE at a pub, though, they (8) to pay for a round of 9(PECT drinks for everyone. If (9) to a meal at a restau- INV'TE rant, the person extending the invitation usually pays.

about the check! NOT ARGUE

11 . Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capltallzed words.

For hundreds ot years human beings have been (1) on other people tor their (2) . When we lived in tribes of (3)and (4) , if your HUNT/ GATHER social group didn't accept you — you died. Nowadays if your peers don't accept you, it doesn't mean a slow (5) death but it hur#. You are anxious to STARVE be part of the social group. However, it you can overcome your (6), your life will be made much ANXIOUS richer by its human (7) , and you will find your- INHABIT self wondering why you were so shy to begin with.

Science may tell us we are born either (8)and OUT ao extroverted or more (9)and shy, but there are RESERVE ways for introverts to become more sociable and join in the party with all the extroverts.

12. Read the text end fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

When (1) male or female, for the MEET

ing eye contact. (4) away can be considered LOOK rude and indifferent. (5) should wait for a MAN woman to offer her hand first. Do not shake hands over a threshold; enter the room tirst, then shake hands. Russians (6)introduce each otherCOMMON

through a (7)person, rather than (8) troducing themselves. Russians familiar with each	THREE/DIRECT
one another with hugs and, among	GREET

other (9)

(10) three kisses on the cheeks, as a non- WOMAN native, (11) familiarity; wait for your Russian NOT ASSUME acquaintances (12)__ the lead. TAKE

13. Read the text and fill In the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Believe in yourself

This is the mast important part of (1)

your OVERCOME (2) you have to believe that who you are is SHY worth (3) and (4) with the world. If you KNOW/SHARE are convinced you are a (5)_ and (6)

per- BORE/INTEREST son, you will be. If, on the other hand, you are certain that you have something to give the world and have big plans on the horizon, I have but one thing to say to you: "Hey, how's it going?" (7)

of the TIRE same old (8)lines? We've all heard them,and OPEN they can sometimes be a real turn-off. But since you never get a second chance to make a first (9), what's said in those first few moments is IMPRESS as important as it often is tongue-tied. A great way to start a conversation in almost any situation is to ask questions. You can use the weather, your situation, or a request you may have, such as asking tor (10) Break the ice by making a comment DIRECT or (11) , often followed by a question. This STATE technique works especially well when you're with a group of people sharing a similar experience. You can also make comments about your (12) SURROUND

WRITING

14. You've just come from England where you stayed at your pen friend's house. Write him/her a thank-you letter. Write 60—70 words.

15. You've got a letter from your friend. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his four questions. Write 100—120 words.

Are etiquette rules important in your country? How do Russians greet people they are introduced to? How do they greet friends and relatives? Maat should a foreigner do when he/she visits a Russian family?

MODULE 2

Read the texts. Match the titles to the descriptions of national food. One title is extra.

1 . FOOD AS A WEAPON

2. SPICES AND HERBS MAKE THE DISH

3. FOR MEAT LOVERS

4. MANDI AS AWAYOF COOKING MEAT

5. A PINCH OF PEPPER

6. MULTINATIONAL DISH

A. Beef buigogi (fire meat) is a dish of thinly sliced meat marinated in a mixture ot soy sauce, sesame oil, garlic, onions, ginger, sugar, and wine and then grilled. It is often eaten wrapped in lettuce or spinach leaves and accompanied by kimchi (fermented vegetable pickle). Many Korean restaurants have miniature barbecues embedded in tables where diners grill the meat themselves.

B. In this episode of cooking video series, Chef David Kamen demonstrates a recipe for Doro Wett (chicken stew). This classic dish, popular in both Ethiopian homes and restaurants, js tull ot the spices that give Ethiopian cooking its characteristic rich flavour. In fact, spices are so important to Ethiopian cuisine and culture that a common insult in Ethiopia is 'Ya wen alecha, ' which means a person 'has no pepper'.

C. Lumpia is Filipino spring rolls that are popular both in their native country and in Filipino communities around the world. Lumpia can be served as an appetiser, a snack, or a light meai with rice alongside. There's even a movie called Lumpia, made by a Filipino-American director. The film captures the culture of California Filipina-American teens: an avenging hero armed with fried lumpia as his weapons fights off bullies.

D. Nasi Goreng is a mixture ot rice, chicken, shrimp, and seasonings. This dish demonstrates the complex heritage of the Indonesian islands, which have been colonized by many different countries. Rice, the main ingredient, was introduced by sailors from India. The technique of stirtrying came from the Chinese, who explored the islands in the fourth century. Chiles were brought by the Portuguese and the accompaniment of hard-boiled eggs is a legacy of Dutch traders from the colonial era.

Nasi lemakis a Malay word that literally means 'fatty rice'. The name comes from the cooking process whereby rice is soaked in coconut cream and then the mixture is steamed. Spices such as ginger and herbs like lemon grass may be added for additional fragrance. Traditionally, this comes wrapped in banana leaf, with cucumber slices, small dried anchovies, roasted peanuts, hard boiled egg and hot spicy sauce.

2. Read the text and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

History of the Rouble

The rouble (or ruble) has been the currency in Russia for 500 years. The name 'rouble' is thought to come from the Russian for 'chop' , literally referring to the way a section was cut off a silver ingot (CfMTOk), each section had a different value according to its weight.

Since December 2013 the official symbol for the Ruble is now , the Cyrillic letter P with a single added horizontal stroke, though the abbreviation 'py6' is in wide use.

In 1710 the rouble was first divided into kopeks, 100 ot which made up a rouble. Ten roubles are sometimes referred to as chervonets. Historically, it was the name for the first Russian three-rouble gold coin issued for general circulation in 1701 . The current meaning comes from the Soviet golden chervonets issued in 1923. All these names are no longer in use, however.

In the 18th century half a kopek or a single kopek were made from copper, while five kopeks up to 50 kopeks and one rouble coins were made from silver. Five rouble coins were originally made trom gold.

After the Russian civil war, silver was used for lower value coins with gold chervonets minted jn 1923. In 1961 new materials such as aluminium and bronze were introduced, along with nickel and zinc.

Between 1769 and 1917 there were only Imperial issued bank notes, or assignats. After 1917 the provisional government issued bank notes. called kerenki. Soon after, in 1918 state credit notes were issued, followed by currency notes the following year.

1 . Russian rouble has a long history.

2. Several centuries ago one of the tsars introduced rouble as Russian currency.

3. In old times only merchants used roubles.

4. The symbol of the rauble is double "P".

5, In the 18th century rouble was divided into kopeks.

6. The names are still used when shopping.

Gold, silver and bronze are used to make coins nowadays.

8. Banknotes appeared in the Soviet period for the first time.

3. Read the text and choose the right option.

Online Shopping

Ten years ago most people didn't even know what the Internet was. Today, the Internet is one of the most powerful tools throughout the world. The Internet is a collection of various services and resources. The Internet's main components are e-mail and the World Wide Web. The Internet helps us in different ways. We can read lots of interesting things (encyclopedias, poems or even books), we can send letters or even, what is very popular recently, we can do shopping without leaving our houses. As internet shopping is so popular nowadays we need to be aware of its advantages and disadvantages.

Many people fear internet shopping because of its disadvantages. They claim that the worst thing is that there Is no guarantee of receiving the desired product. The seller can simply mail a pig in a poke (KOTa B Meuxe) and then the money is lost. They are right because that kind of things happen very often and we can't do anything about it. So people should buy only from a reliable source. Another thing is that we have to pay tor the delivery and it can be a really big price when the parcel is heavy or comes from overseas.

And what when the product is just not the thing we ordered? We have to send it back to the seller and pay for another post delivery. And what about our health? People don't go shopping, don't walk but just sit in front ot the screen. It affects not only our body but our eyes too. The effect is simple: more people wear glasses and internet shops sell more clothes in size. Another disadvantage is that there is less employment for shop assistants, security men, etc. Maybe it isn't very visible now but it will be in the future. Still in spite of the disadvantages internet shopping becomes more and more popular, people are interested in buying by means ot virtual shops. People can find the desired product much taster than in the shops. Another tine thing about internet shopping is that there is an enormous choice. Furthermore the products in the Internet are cheaper than in the shops. But going shopping with your family or friends is much more tun than sitting in front of the screen.

1. The Internet is vitally important nowadays because it

a) entertains people

b) is an interesting way of communication

c) is a good source of information

d) has a great collection of films

2. Online shopping isnowadays.

a) a rare thing

b) only tor technicians

c) disadvantageous

d) attractive to more and more people 3. The main disadvantage is that

a) you never know what you really buy

b) the things are more expensive

c) you never get the thing

d) you pay twice the price

4. Internet shopping doesn't guarantee

a) reliable source

b) delivery

c) low prices

d) satisfaction

5. Online shopping is harmful for our

a) purse

b) muscles

c) brain

d) imagination

6. Online shopping takes away

a) our mind

b) jobs

c) creativity

d) money

7. Shopping via the Internet is popular as it

a) saves time

b) is great fun

c) looks like game

d) improves computer skills

8. The author recommends to go shopping with a company because it

a) saves time

saves money

c) is more enjoyable

d) is safe

4. Read the text and markthe statements True (T), False (F) , Not Stated

(NS).

GUM

Not every store has such a long and rich history as The Upper Trading Stalls, the present GUM in Moscow. The glass roof designed by the famous engineer V. Shukhov makes its architecture unique. Stretching a quarter of a kilometer along the Kremlin wail, GUM encloses Red Square from the East and its architecture suits the Kremlin and the History museum , At the end of the 19th century, the Upper Trading Stalls played a great role; this huge trading passage was responsible for the country's economic life. Passage in architecture is a type of trading or business building, where shops or offices are located at the sides of the broad aisle with glassy surfaces. That place, where GUM is situated now, was city's trading center for a long time.

In 1815, a new building of the Upper Trading Stalls following the project of the architect O. l. Bovet was buitt. The construction was divided be-

tween the private owners. No one could persuade them to carry out repairs. The building came to ruin. Only in 1893 the new Upper Trading Stalls were built by A. Pomerantsev. The stalls became the prototype of the modern European trading centers, where people not only traded, but also organised exhibitions and concerts, In May 1891, G. Brokar, being an owner of a rich collection of paintings, rare books and antiques, started exhibiting them in specially rented halls ot the Upper Trading Stalls. Since 1985 musical evenings were held in the stalls.

People came to the Upper Trading Stalls not only for shopping. They . walked there, spent time watching goods, and had fun. They could sit in a restaurant or café, write and send a letter or telegram at the local post office, talk on the phone, resolve financial matters in the bank department, buy tickets to any Moscow theatre, have a rest in the lounge. The stalls organised concerts for visitors, where famous people were invited. GUM goes on developing. GUM today is not just a leisure center or a store, it is an art space.

1 . GUM is a famous store situated close to Red Square.

The front entrance faces the Kremlin.

3. In ald times it was a famous market.

4. The first building was designed at the end ot the 19th century.

5. The government refused to finance the reconstruction when it came to ruin.

e. The new building by Pomerantsev was turned into an art gallery.

7. Since the end of the 19th century GUM has been a great trading and leisure centre.

8. Many designers at home and abroad took architecture of GUM as a model.

5. a) Read the text and match the ötlee to the paragraphs. One title Is extra.

1 . PIONEER IN SUBLIMINAL RESEARCH

2. MAKING SHOPPERS BUY MORE

3. BRAINWASHED MUSIC

4. SUBCONSCIOUS INFLUENCE ON THE BRAIN

5. SUBLIMINAL TECHNIQUES MANIPULATING THE BEHAVIOUR

Subliminal Perception (noACD3HaTenbHoe Bocnp"Tne)

A. Subliminal perception is a process created by communication technicians. It means that you receive and respond to information and instructions without knowing it. Messages in the form of printed words, pictures or voices are presented very tast so they bypass your consciousness (coa10Hhe). Anything that you take in consciously (c03HarenbH0) can be evaluated, criticised, discussed, argued, and possibly rejected. Subliminal messages meet no resistance. The subliminal information is stored in your brain and can influence your views. behaviour and attitudes. B. Subliminal techniques in print media have been used in the United States since the World War l. On June 22, 1956, the British Broadcasting Corporation experimented wtth subliminal images on television. Pictures were shown on the screen too quickly to be seen consciously, but they made an impression on the subconscious. In 1958, radio station Seattle's KOL broadcast hardly audible messages "below" the music played by its disc jockeys. "How about a cup of coffee?" was one, and "Someone's at the door" was the other.

Subliminal messages are prepared by teams of psychologists who change the thinking patterns and behaviour of the listener or viewer. Numerous scientific researches proved that subliminal messaging works. When advertising industry and government agencies understood the potential of subliminal messaging they started investing millions in developing and perfecting subliminal techniques, which can be used not only for marketing, but also for propaganda and mind control. For example, supermarkets across the country are reducing theft from 50 to 30 per cent by broadcasting subliminal messages such as "I will not steal" and "We are watching you".

D. Traditional advertising and subliminal messaging have more in common than most people think. Effective advertising requires repetition, so that the consumer remembers a brand name when he goes to the shop. Subliminal messages are as effective as advertising. The most known experiment with subliminal messaging was conducted by a marketing researcher and psychologist James Vicary in 1957 during the presentation of the movie Picnic. Every 5 seconds the words "Hungry? Eat popcorn. Drink Coca Cola" were projected for 0.003 seconds. That is extremely fast. So companies can use tactics that affect the psyche to improve sales.

b) Read the text and match the titles to the paragraphs. One title is extra.

1. Subliminal messages are impossible to analyse and reject

2. All big companies use subliminal perception technique to make customers buy concrete things.

3. A strong-willed person can easily ignore subliminal messages.

4. People began using subliminal perception techniques at the end of the last century.

5. Films and TV influence the subconscious more powerfully.

6. Psychologists don 't believe that subliminal messaging works.

7. Many shops use subliminal messaging to protect themselves from thefts.

8. Subliminal messaging is not used in modern life.

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

6. Read the text and choose the right options.

People listen (1 )_ music (2)_ various reasons. Some people use music in order to (3)_ relaxation. Others use music as a (4)_ of energy. Music is (5)in cars, in homes, at shopping malls, and at dentists' offices, among many (6) places around the worid. Sometimes, a song gets into your (7) and you find yourself humming a tune all day long and then you realise you heard 2 seconds of that song on your tadio alarm that morning. This is the (8) behind Muzak. In 192, General George Squier (9) Muzak. He reaiized that people work (10)when they listen to specific kinds of music. As a result, the BBC began to (11)_ music in factories during World War Il in order to awaken tired workers. Careful programming of Muzak has proved to increase productivity at workplaces, increase sales at supermarkets, and even (12)_ potential shoplifting at department stores.

1. a) for b) to

2. a) by b) over c) for d) from

3. a) increase b) lessen c) better d) decrease

4. a) way b) shape c) form d) fane

5. a) listened	b) appreciated	c) memorized	d) heard
6. a) some	b) others	c) another	d) other
7. a) brain	b) ear	c) head	d) mot.Àh
a) opinion	b) thought	c) idea	d) wish
9. a) discovered	b) made	c) invented	d) founded
10. a) hard	b) more	c) hardly	d) harder
11. a) give	b) broadcast	c) show	d) present
12. a) dissuade	b) persuade	c) provoke	d) help

7. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from capitalized words.

Most regular (1)_ of Listverse know that I am a READ food (2)

. Et started as a child watching my tam- FAN ily members baking on the weekends, and led me to try to teach myself (3)_ cuisine. (4) I have FRANCE/RECENT been on a (5)_ food kick. I have tried to se\ect a KOREA dish that is (6) the main food of each country TRUE but some may (7)_. Please use the (8)

to AGREE/COMMENT mention your other (9)

dishes from each nation FAVOUR here. Borsñch is a soup of (10)

origin, that is UKRAINE popular in many (11)

and Central (12)_ EAST/EUROPE countries, It is made with beetroot as the main ingre- dient, giving it a deep reddish-purple colour The soup began its (13)

from vegetables, con- EXIST sumed throughout the winter months. One of the primary vegetables of the Slavic diet during the vânter months was beet. Hence, the recipe tumed into what is (14)_ known of as a beet soup. TRADITION

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Shopping Online

Finding a product online is much (1)than EASY (2)_ tor it in the local store. You can search any LOOK product (3)_ by using the search engine feature EASY of an online shopping website. But in store you have

your time. On the other hand if you do not find any
product in the store you sometimes (12) to buy	FORCE
a (13) thing from the local store. If you	BAD
the price of a product from an online shop,	'IKE NOT
you will (15) to another online store to look for	SWITCH
prices.	CHEAP

(4) for it until you (5) it. This is how you can save some valuable time. Many people hate (6) a product in the corners ot a shop and stand in the line for (7) the price. Shopping

LOOK/FIND

SEARCH PAY

trom the local store becomes (8) time consuming and expensive if you (9) your own car. You can solve all the above problems just by shopping online. If you (10)a product then you can switch to a new shopping website without ( 11 )

MUCH

HAVE NOT

FIND NOT

WASTE

Reed the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Shopping Online (continuation).

Today as the online (1) grows in (2) more people are turning to it for all their needs. Clothes. shoes, products, even groceries can now be purchased via the Internet. A lot of pros have come from this; no (3) in lines or in traffic, you can shop from the (4) of your home. But you have to wait long periods of time to receive your things. Sometimes, this can even take up to a month or longer if being shipped from overseas. There is no one to ease your (6) about any delays that occur. (7) costs on your item can be extremely high in (B) to what you paid for the thing, sometimes making the purchase not worth it. Sometimes looks can be (9) . You don 't get to test the product before you buy it. What might have looked (10) to you in picture might not live up to your (Il) once received.

SHOP/POPULAR

WAIT

CONVENIENT

USUAL

FRUSTRATE

SHIP

COMPARE

DECEIVE

BEAUTY

EXPECT

10. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper preposition.

1 . Put g eggs a large saucepan. Cover cold water and bring the boil. Once boiling, set the timer 5 minutes. When 5 minutes is , quickly lift the eggs with a slotted spoon and plunge a big bowl _ cold water.

2 Put the sausagemeat, parsley, Worcestershire sauce, mustard powder and mace a bowl plenty _ seasoning. Breakthe remaining eggs and mix everything together.

3 Crack remaining 2 eggs a bowl, beat a fork, then sieve (npoceb1BaTb) a plate. Tip the flour another plate and season well. Finally, tip the breadcrumbs onto a third plate.

4 Bring a large saucepan water the boil. Drop the bacon rashers, turn the pan and fish the bacon a par tongs - it should be just cooked.

Mien the eggs are cool, tap lightly on a hard surface to crack the shell, then peel. If you hold the eggs the bowl water as you peel, all the shell bits will collect there and you can dip the egg to wash any fragments. Wrap a slice of bacon around the middle of each egg, overlapping, like a belt.

6 Now finish coating the eggs: bacon-wrapped eggs, then flour, mince, beaten egg and finally breadcrumbs. plus a baking parchment-lined tray the end to put the finished scotch eggs

11 . Read the text and fill In the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

Interestlng Facts about the United States One Dollar Bill

	(1 ) you ever a long, hard look at the TAKE
	United States one dollar bill? With the (2) costs -of food and gas and everythlng else, it's	RISE
	about the only bill I ever (3) in my wallet. The	LEAVE
	one dollar bill (4) more than a just a piece of	BE
	(5)paper that buy you a strawberry sundae at McDonald's, or a scented candle at the local dollar	PRINT
	store. The one dollar bill ($1.00) is the (6) nomination of paper money in the United States.	SMALL
	It's also the (7) George Washington, the	COMMON

(8) United States president, (9) on the ONE/SPOTLIGHT

front of the bill since 1869 when it (10)still a BE United States Nate. An interesting fact about the

United States one dollar bill is, the likeness ot

Washington (11) from a 1795 painting COME by Gilbert Stuart. On the reverse side of DO the one dollar bill is the Great Seal of the United

States. You (13) that a one dollar bill (14) NOTICE/FæL strong but (15) than paper. This is due to the SOFT fact that it (16) of the same material as paper. NOT MAKE The predominate materials (17) in the making USE of a dollar bill are cotton, linen and wood fibers.

12. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Kids' (1) way to eat popcorn is by shooting it into the mouth. Of course, it's rather (2) and

FAVOUR MESS

The World's Most Popular Snack

can be (3) . The engineers from Indiana came FRUSTRATE up with an (4) (5) . The machine is called ORIGIN/SOWE the Popinator and it looks like any (6) popcorn NORM

way people consume the most popular snack. All the

(9) has to do is fill up the Popinator with pop-

USE

corn, sit back and say 'pop'. On hearing that magic word the microphone system will detect the
the sound came from and shoot a piece of popcorn right into the person's mouth.	DIRECT
Each popcorn kernel is a (11) size and	DIFFER

(7) . The (8) of this gadget will change the MAKE/INVENT

the piece may not land right inside the WEIGH mouth which makes the whole exercise more fun! The snack company says the Popinator is for now just a project and that its (13) are having fun with. EMPLOY

WRITING

13. Your Engllsh pen friend is interested in national dishes. Write her/him an e-mail describing your favourite dish and give a recipe. Write 60-70 words.

14. You've got a letter from your friend. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his four questions. Write 100— 120 words.

Do you like shopping? What are best known stores in your town? What kind of souvenirs can I buy there? What do you recommend?

MODULE 3

READING

I . Match the sciences to the Inventions. One science is extra.

1. PHYSICS

2. BIOLOGY

3. SPACE TECHNOLOGY

4. CHEMISTRY

5. MATHS

6. MEDICINE

A. Pasteur once said, "Chance favours the prepared mind." That's the genius behind all the accidental inventions - the scientists were prepared. [n 1856 William Perkin, an English scientist (1838—1907), was trying to come up with artificial quinine (XVIH"H). Instead of a malaria treatment, his experiments produced a thick dark mess. But the more he looked at it, the more Perkin saw a beautiful colour in his mess. He had made the first synthetic dye. His dye was far better than any dyes that came trom nature; the color was brighter and didn 't fade or wash out. His discovery also made his science attractive for a whole generation of curious-minded people. But the story is not over yet. One ot the people inspired by Perkin's work was the German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich, who used Perkin's dyes in immunology and chemotherapy. B. Jonas Salk (1914—1995) was an American research physician who formulated a vaccine against the devastating disease polio. Poliomyelitis, also called infantile paralysis, had crippled thousands of children during an epidemic that hit the world during the 1940's and 1950's. It is estimated that one ot every 5,000 people (mostly children) fell victim to polio. Some victims were totally paralysed and needed to live in "iron lungs" (a large apparatus that helped the patient breathe).

Salk developed his vaccine in 1947, while working at the University of Pittsburgh Medical School. The vaccine was made from killed polio virus. In 1955, after many trials of the new vaccine, the vaccine was made public, and put an end to the polio epidemic. When Salk died, he had been working on a vaccine for the AIDS virus.

C. Among the latest inventions, it is important to mention that scientists at the University of Chicago have found a way to allow magnetic sensors operate at the high temperatures, a really useful invention for ceramic engines in automobiles and aircraft of the future. To construòt the sensors. the scientists required the material, named indium antimonide, highly appreciated for its purity. The operation of the majority of magnetic sensors is based on detecting how a magnetic field changes an electron's path. Commonly used sensors are not able to operate at high temperatures. reaching hundreds of degrees. The indiurn antimonide magnetosensors are developed to function at such temperatures without any degradation.

D. Luther Burbank, a famous American (1849 — 1926), developed more than 800 varieties of plants over his 55-year career. Burbank's varied creations included fruits, flowers, grains, grasses, and vegetables. He developed a spineless cactus useful for cattle-feed. Burbank's most successful varieties include the Shasta daisy, the Fire poppy, the July Elberta peach, the Santa Rosa plum. the Flaming Gold nectarine, the Wickson plum, the Freestone peach, and the white blackberry. A natural genetic variant of the Burbank potato with russet-colored skin later became known as the Russet Burbank potato. This large, brown-skinned, white-fleshed potato has become the world's predominant potato tn food processing. His over 800 varieties have been used around the world to increase the food supply.

E. Many products have been developed as a result of space exploration and space travel. for example thermal gloves and boots. These gloves and boots have heating elements that run on rechargeable batteries worn on the inside wrist of the gloves or embedded in the sole of the ski boot. This technology was adapted trom a spacesuit design for the Apollo astronauts. Lunar gloves and boots were designed for the rigors (cypoeocT½) of exploring. and the gloves for adjusting sensitive instruments. They were constructed for thermal and abrasion protection. Silicone rubber was used to give a degree ot sensitivity and

2. a) Read the text and match the ties to the paragraphs. One title is

1 . MODERN VERSIONS

2 THE DAYTO MARK RECORDS

3 THE ORIGIN OFTHE NAME

4 A COLLECTION OF RECORDS

5 THE TALENTED BROTHERS

S. THE BEGINNINGS

The Guinness Book of Records

A. Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records is a reference book published annually, containing a collection of world records, both human achievements and the extremes of the natural world. The Guinness Book of Records was first published on 27 August 1955 and in fifty years it sold more than a hundred million copies.

On an unknown date in November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver (18901967) was out shooting. That evening it was realised that it was not possible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover (pxaHKa) was Europe's fastest game bird. It occurred to Sir Hugh, managing director ot the Guinness Breweries, that there must be numerous other questions debated in Britain and in Ireland. but there was no reference book with which to settle arguments about records. He realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove popular.

C. On 12 September 1954, Sir Hugh invited the twins Norris and Ross McWhirter to see if their agency in London could help, After founding the Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, London, the first 197page edition came out on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British bestselEer lists by Christmas. The McWhirters continued to publish it for many years. Both brothers had an encyclopedic memory - on the TV series Record Breakers, based upon the book, they were asked questions by children in the audience on various world records and could USUaIIy give the correct answer.

D. Recent editions have focused on record feats (nOABhrh) by human competitors. Competitions range from obvious ones such as weightlifting to the longest egg tossing distance. Besides records about competitions, the book contains such facts as the most poison-

ous plant, the shortest river, the longest-running drama in the USA, etc. Many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something.

E. In 2005, Guinness designated 9 November as International Guinness World Records Day to encourage breaking world records. For many records, Guinness World Records is the effective authority on the exact requirements for them. Guinness World Records sells about 3.5 million copies a year in twenty-three languages in a hundred countries.

b) Read the text again and mark the statements True (T), False (F) , Not Stated (NS).

1 . The Guinness Book of Records was named after the famous brewery.

2. The Guinness Book ot Records is more than sixty years old.

3. Sir Beaver wanted to publish a reference book of all world birds.

Sir Beaver hired a special agency to publish the book of records.

5. The Guinness Book of Records contains only unusual natural phenomena.

6. Not long ago the International Guinness World Records museum was tounded.

3. a) Reed the text and match the titles to the paragraphs. One tite is extra.

1 . THE MAKINGS OF A BUSINESSMAN

2. SCHOOLING

3. MARRIED LIFE

4. A GREAT RESEARCHER

5. AMERICAN GENIUS

6. HEALTH PROBLEMS

Thomas Alva Edison

A. Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. He was one of the first inventors who applied the principles of mass production and ^lteamwork to the process of invention. He created the first industrial research laboratory. He had a great number of patents in the USA, the UK, France. and Germany.

B. Thomas Edison was born in Ohio, and grew up in Michigan. He was the seventh child. In school, the young Edison's mind often wandered, and his teacher called him "addled" (vacnOPqeHHblÿ). This ended Edison's three months ot official schooling. Edison recalled later: "My mother made me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint." His mother taught him at home. Much of his education came trom reading R.G. Parker's School of Natural Philosophy.

C. Edison developed hearing problems at an early age. The cause of his deafness was scarlet fever during childhood but his story was different: a train conductor struck his ears when his chemical laboratory in a boxcar (TOBaPHbl" BaroH) caught tire. Later he used to say the injury had occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, lifted him by the ears. However, the injury didn't keep him from research.

His family wasn't rich. Edison sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit, and sold vegetables. He also stud ied qualitative analysis, and conducted chemical experiments on the train until an accident made further work of the kind impossible. Edison got the exclusive right to sell newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four assistants, he set and printed the Grand Trunk Herald, which he sold with his Other papers. Thus he discovered his talents as a businessman. These talents eventually led him to found 14 companies, including General Electric, which is still one of the largest companies in the world.

E. The invention that first gained him notice was the phonograph in 1877. This accomplishment was so unexpected it seemed almost magiCal. After his demonstration of the telegraph, Edison sold it to Western Union that gave him a chance to set up the company Menlo Park with the specific purpose of producing constant technological innovation and improvement. Edison was legally attributed with most of the inventions produced there, though many employees carried out research and development under his direction. His patents included inventions or processes that are electrical, mechanical, or chemical in nature.

b) Read the text again and choose the right option.

1 . Thomas Edison was a great

a) scientist

b) industrial researcher

c) mathematician

d) physicist

2- During school years Edison

a) was the best student in class

b) disobeyed the teachers

c) chose self-education

d) preferred fiction books to textbooks

3. Edison's deafness was due to

a) a disease

b) an explosion

c) the incident with the conductor

d) birth defect

4. Edison's hearing problem

a) prevented him from being an outstanding scientist

made him an invalid

c) took away a chance to teach

d) stirred his imagination

5- It was clear at an early age that Edison was a born businessman when he

a) sold candy and vegetables

b) worked on the train

c) started newspaper business

d) founded many companies

6- Edison was interested in many things among them

a) physics

b) literature

c) chemistry

d) medicine

7. The invention of the telegraph

a) made Edison a rich man

b) gave Edison a chance to have his own company

c) made Edison famous overnig ht

d) led Edison to the invention of a super bulb

8. Edison workedin Menlo Park.

a) all alone

b)in partnership with other companies

c) with a team at talented employees

d)with his siblings

4. Read the text and mark the statements True m, False (F), Not Stated (NS).

A True Magician

VThile most magicians who do money tricks make coins or bills vanish, Stuart Edge does the opposite. He 'magicaW' transforms $1 USD bills into $100 USD. The icing on the cake? The lucky participants keep the money. which does not change back to its original value!

It all begins with Edge showing both a $1 USD bill and a $100 USD bill to the person he is playing the trick on. He then places the folded bills inside the person's hand and asks him or her to make a fist. Edge then 'magically' proceeds to pull out the $100 USD bill from the fist, while leaving the dollar bill intact.

Then begins the cool part. Edge explains to the person that the $1 USD and $ 100 USD bills can be switched if he/she really wishes it to. To seal the deal, the magician and the other party bump fists. Then, they both uncurl their fingers and voila! Edge is holding the dollar bill, while his counterpart has the $100 USD!

Ljke all magic Ficks this one too is an illusion - the $ 100 USD bills are real — part of the $1 ,OOO USD that Edge withdrew from his personal savings account to help people in need. Edge has remained tight-lipped about how the trick works, simply saying "it's magic."

In order to make sure that the people who participated really needed the money, Edge spent six hours in his neighbourhood streets to look for people that needed it the most. Among them was a single mother struggling to pay rent, a talented guitar player facing some hard times and, an elderEy couple that had lost their home.

Edge asked the person who had just participated in the trick to give back in the future when he or she was able to. Besides being a skillful magician, Edge is also a YouTube star. The video depicting his money trick has gathered almost two million views since it was uploaded a few weeks ago. Edge hopes that other people will also follow his example and be generous to people in need.

1 . Money tricks are very popular with people.

2. Stuart Edge plays tricks to cheat people.

3. Stuart Edge is a caring person who likes helping people.

4. Nobody can repeat Stuart Edge's trick.

5. Stuart Edge chooses only young people for his tricks.

6. The participants of the trick keep their one-dollar banknotes.

7. Stuart Edge hands out his own money to poor people.

8. Stuart Edge performs the trick to become famous via You Tube.

5. a) Read the text and match the titles to the paragraphs. One title is

1. THE GREAT ARTIST AND INVENTOR

2. THE DREAM TO FLY

3. A DISASTROUS RESULT

4. YEARS OF LEARNING

5. THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT

FIRST PASSENGERS IN THE AIR

The Invenäon of the Airplane

A. The inventors of the first airplane were Orville and Wilbur Wright. On December 17, 1903, theWright brothers made the first successful experiment in which a machine carrying a man rose by its own power and tlew naturally and at even speed, then landed without damage. Before the first airplane was invented by the Wright Brothers, inventors made numerous attempts to make things like birds and fly. These early inventions included kites, hot air balloons, airships, gliders, and other devices.

B. The Chinese invented the kite that could fly in the air. That made people think about flying. Kites were 'sed by the Chjnese in religious ceremonies. Some kites were used totestweather conditions. For many centuries, humans had tried to fly just like birds and had studied the flight of birds. Wings made of feathers or light wood were attached to arms to test their ability to fly. The results were often disastrous as the muscles of the human arms are not like birds' and cannot move with the strength of a bird.

C. Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies ot flight in the 1480's. He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on bird and mechanical flight. The drawings illustrated the wings and tails Df birds, ideas for man

carrying machines, and devices for testing wings. It was only a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show how man could fly. The modern helicopter is based on this concept.

D. The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacqües Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. They used the •smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-air. In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck. It climbed to a height ot about 6,000 feet and travelled more than one mile. After this first success, the brothers began to send men up In hot air balloons.

E. Orville and Wilbur Wright were very persistent in their desire for flight. First, they spent many years learning about all the early developments of flight. The early engine that they used generated almost 12 horsepower.

The "Flyer" lifted from level ground to the north of Big Kill Devil Hill, at 10:35 a.m., on December 17, 1903. Orville piloted the plane which weighed six hundred and five pounds (275 kilograms). Humankind was now able to fly!

b) Read the text again and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

1 . The inventors of the airplane made the first flight themselves.

2 Before their invention people could fly on a kite.

3 The Chinese invented kites first of all for fun.

4 When people began to use feathers for wings they could really fly.

5 Leonardo da Vinci was the first to invent the plane.

6 Leonardo da Vinci's experiment to fly was successful.

7 The invention ot the hot air balloon realised people's dream to fly.

8 The talented Wright brothers didn't need any special literature to make their first plane.

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

6. Read the text and choose the right options.

Though today we are (1)

(3) Microsoft. By the time Bill Gates was 13 he (4) his •first programme. However, access to the Teletype machine that resembled a giant typewriter was not (5)and when his parents decided that Bill should pay for it himself, the eighth grader went and found himself a (6), at a new company called Computer Center Corporation.

Here, (7)_ return for finding bugs or mistakes in their programmes, Bill was given free computer time. Not surprisingly, the young boy spent (8) _ weekends (9)'work'. While the company went out of business within a year, Bill was just getting started. He and (10)

young programmer by the name of Paul Allen earned $200,000 with the first programme they wrote — one that measured Seattle's traffic flow.

1. a) thankful	b) used	c) eager	d) advised
2. a) way	b) story	c) case	d) thing
3. a) found	b) discovered	c) founded	d) opened
4. a) wrote	b) has written	c) was writing	d) had written
5. a) free	b) expensive	c) paid	d) good
6. a) work 7. a) for	b) payment	c) occupation	d) job
8. a) much	b) plenty of	c) a few	d) many

10. a) other b) the other c) another d) one more

7. Read the text and In the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Benjamin Franklin

While best-known as the (1)father of the FOUND Untied States of America, Benjamin Franklin was also a (2) and a (4) _ who WRITE/IWENT/SCIENCE was responsible for the (5) of many essen- ESTABLISH tial (6) that we take for granted today. In SERVE 1726 he founded the Pennsylvania Gazette, which soon became a (7) newspaper. It was his LEAD (8)of a series of Almanacs under the name CREATE Poor Richard that made him .(9) and FAME enough to leave the business at the WEALTH age ot 42 and pursue his other interests! Always fascinated with electricity, Franklin invented the

lightning rod (rp0M00TBOA). His passion for music

led him to the (11) of an instrument called INVENT the glass harmonica. Franklin is also responsible for the (12) ot the first fire brigade and es- ORGANISE tablishing the (13) public library and general NATION hospital.

8. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

A Coffee Powered Vehicle? We all know that cottee can get humans active, but powering a car? However, it successfully

ning on gas using organic waste. Not (5)	SURPRISE
it immediately (S) into the Guinness World	INCLUDE
Records. Impressed? You (7) even more	BE
so, when you (8) out that this is not the	FIND

(1)on February, 19th. 2013. The DEMONSTRATE (2) pickup was able to exceed 65 mph, MODIFY the (3) land speed (4)by a car run- FAST,'ACHIEVE

(9) time the engineer Martin Bacon a coffee powered vehicle worthy of a	ONE/BUII-D
world record. In 2010, he and his team	POWER

drive ever (14) , by an espresso powered vehicle! Ot course, Martin is not the first person	UNDERTAKE
of a food-powered car. In 2009, re-	THINK
searchers from Warwick University (16) a	DESIGN
Formula 3 (17) car that ran on chocolate	RACE

modified a 1988 Volkswagen Scirocco and (12) it for about 209 miles all the way DRIVE from London to Manchester - the (13) LONG

extract. The entire car	(18)	trom	BUILD
materials.			RECYCLE

9. Read the text and flll In the gaps with the words derived from the capitallzed words.

Martin Luther King

During his short but (1) EFFECT and civil rights (2) LEAD

he delivered in 1963 while standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. Over 250,000 people, rich and poor, black and
white, had gathered there.They staged a (4)	PEACE
protest against the (5)	DESCRIMINATE
(6) and the economic (7) suffered by	EMPLOY/EQUAL

gave many (3). The greatest was the one SPEAK

African Americans a century after the Emancipa-
tion Proclamation that ended (8) The	SLAVE
(9) listened attentively as the (10) talked about the various issues. Martin Luther King Jr. was the last to speak. As usual, he deliv-	PROTEST/SPEAK
ered a (11)speech for about 15 minutes. Then, just as the crowd thought he was winding	PASSION
down, he uttered the (12)_ words that ring	INSPIRE

true in everyone's ears till today: 'I have a dream that my tour little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. have a dream. . . ' He tiniShed his address with the

(13)_ sentence: "Free at last! Free at last! FAME Thank God Almighty, We are free at last!"

10. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

(I )_ is Intelligence Having Fun	CREATE
Einstein's radical (2)_ resulted in numerous	THINK
important (3) One ot them is the theory	DISCOVER
of (4) , which states that everything ex-	RELATIVE
cept light travels at (5) speeds depending	DIFFER
on (6) . Another one is the photoelectrical effectJ which not only won him the Nobel Prize in 1922, but also, led to the	DIFFER/SITUATE
(B) of the television. However, his most	INVENT
important theory was thinking up the (9) formula: E (energy) = M (mass) C2 (speed of	SCIENCE

light). It led to the (10) of the atomic DEVELOP bomb, for when an atom is split, mass changes to energy. Like many geniuses, Einstein was a little eccentric — tor how else can you explain to donate his brain to science? DECIDE

11. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the•proper grammatical form of the capitallzed words.

The Cell Phone

In this day and age, when we depend on our cell
phones for everything from (l ) to	COMMUNICATE
(2) photos to even (3) games — it is	TAKE/PLAY
hard (4) life without one, Yet, it was only 40 years ago on April 3rd, 1973, that the Motorola	IMAGINE
Vice President Martin Cooper, (5) onto a	STEP
New York City sidewalk and (6) the first	MAKE
(7) cell phone call in history. What's even	KNOW
(8) is that it (9)another ten years for	AMAZE/TAKE
the company (10) _ the first commercial cell	INTRODUCE
phone to the market. As you may (11)the DynaTAC was nothing like the cool phones that are available today. Nicknamed	GUESS
'The Brick', it was about a foot tall, (12)	WEIGH
2.5 pounds and (13) 3,995 USO. Also, it	COST
could (14)for only about 35 minutes after	USE
which, it had (15) for 10 hours! And that was a good thing too because each voice call	CHARGE
40 cents a minute at peak hours and 24 cents a minute at aft-peak hours!	COST

12. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Interesting Research While you may believe that the flavour of ice cream you order is a random (CJ1yyaiHb1Ü) decision, Dr Alan Hirsh, the (1) based Smell & Taste (2)

(3) thinks differently. He believes that it	FOUND
reveals some (4) insights into the person's character. Always the plain Vanilla fan?	INTEREST
Then you must be (5) and an (6) For those who prefer the brighter, sunnier looking Rainbow Sherbet, there is mixed news. The good news is that you are very analytic and	IMPULSE/IDEAL
(7) . The bad? You are a pessimist!	DECIDE
Want to be perceived as competitive, (8) like Steve JobS? Then you may want to pick Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough! Like just plain	AMBITION
Chocolate? Then you must be lively, (9) and the life of every party! Very Berry Straw-	DRAMA
berry (10) are (11) devoted and generally introverts, while Rocky Road	EAT/TOLERATE
tend to be (13), but also, en-	LOVE/AGRESSION
gaging and good (14) Keep away from those who love Mint Chocolate	LISTEN
Chip — they tend to be (15) People that like to order exotic flavours like Jamoca and Pralines'n Cream seem to have equally interest-	ARGUMENT
ing (16) traits. Those who like Jamoca are	PERSON

scrupulous, (17) ,they are moral CONSCIENSE

Praline lovers are (19)PERFECT/LOVE and rather shy! SUPPORT

WRITING

13.

Your English pen friend is interested in your plans for the future. Write her/him an e -mail about the job you'd like to have; what your parents do for a living and why you are going/not going to do the same. Write 60 — 70 words.

14. You've got a letter from your friend. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his three questions. Write 100—120 words.

Are there many great scientists in your country? Whose invention is the greatest in your opinion? What scientist's life impressed you most?

MODULE 4

READING

1. Read the text. Match the ööes to the tips. One title is extra.

Nine Tips to Buildlng Self-Esteem

1. DO SOMETHING THAT SCARES you AND SOMETHING you ARE

GOOD AT

2. SOCIALISE

3. START SMALL

4. SET GOALS

5. IMAGINE THE PERSON YOU'D LIKE TO BE

6. SMILE MORE

In order to build your self-esteem, you must establish yourself as the master of your own life. Every single minute of your life is a moment you can change tor the better. Start with the smallest or the most important task. The following are tips to help build higher self-esteem. A Start with something you can do immediately and easily. When we start with small successes, we build momentum ("Mnym,c, •rom-IOK) to get more confidence in our abilities. What are some small actions you can take immediately to demonstrate that you can achieve goals you've set for yourself? For example, clean your desk, organise your papers, or wash the dishes as you promised your Mum. Become your own personal cheerleader. Don't be afraid to celebrate even your smallest successes.

BUse the power of your imagination. Create an image of yourself as the confident and self-assured person you want to become. Vthen you are this person, how will you feel? How will others perceive you? What will your body language look like? How will you talk? See these clearly in your mind's eye, with your eyes closed. Practise doing this far 10 minutes every morning. After that write a description of this person and all the attributes you've observed.

CGet out of the house or set up a hangover with a friend. Socialising with others will give us opportunities to connect with other people, and practise our communication and interpersonal skills. Try to find opportunities to demonstrate your skills and abilities. Try to spend more time with those you hold near and dear. At the same time, try to enlarge your social circle by making an effort to meet people.

D Ask yourself what you fear, and search within yourself for ways you can cope with these worries and fears. As with all skills, we get better with practice and repetition. The more often we actively do things that scare us, the less scary these situations wild seem and eventually we will get rid of that fear. What are you especially good at or enjoy doing? Regularly doing things that you are good at strengthens your belief in your abilities. Make a list of things you enjoy doing. Do at least one thing that you enjoy every day, and remind yourself that you deserve it. Give yourself permission to feel proud of your talents.

E Beginning the inner dialogue about who you are and what you have to offer the world is an important process in building self-esteem. According to some research, 80% of people say they don't have goals. And the people who regularly write down their goals earn nine times more over their lifetime as people who don't. By setting clear goals, you have a clear target-ot where you want to be. When you take action towards that goal, you'll build more confidence and self-esteem in your abilities to follow through.

(to be continued)

2. Read the text. Match the titles to the tips. One title Is extra.

Nine Tips to Building Self-Esteem (continued)

1. Create a Plan and Get Motivated

2. Get Compliments

3. No More Comparisons

4. Share your Plan

5. Help Others Feel Good About Themselves

A Help somebody or teach them something. When you help other peopie feel better about themselves and like themselves more, it makes you feel good about yourself. See what you can do to make others feel good — maybe giving them a compliment, helping them with something or telling them what you admire about them. Say a few kind words to your neighbour. Smile at someone wha looks sad. When you know you're kind to the people around you, and are making a positive difterence in other people's lives, you'll know that you are a positive force in the world — it will add to your self-esteem.

B It's not enough just to have a goal. Decide on your action steps. One of the biggest reasons people get lazy is because they don't have a plan to achieve their goals. When you're baking a cake, it's a lot easier to follow a set of clear instructions, than randomly (Hayra,A) throw ingredients together. To get motivated to follow your plan read something inspirational. talk to someone who can uplift your spirits, who can motivate you to become a better person, to live more consciously, and to take active steps towards creating a better life for ourselves and our families.

C Go and find a friend or a family member and ask them 'What do you like about me?" "What are my strengths?" We often value other people's opinions more than our own. Hearing from another person our strengths and positive qualities helps to build a more positive image of ourselves. Accept compliments gracefully. Take it to heart and respond positively. "Thank you" and a smile works well. Talking to friends and family can be very useful in further defining who you are and what you have to offer the world. But remember that the most important conversation you have about self-esteem is with yourself.

Stop comparing yourself to other people. Avoid paying too much attention to the happiness and well-being of others and too little to your own. Low self-esteem comes from the feeling of being inferior (Hh3Whÿl, CTOBLU¼VI HhXe). For example, if you were the only person in the world, do you think you could have low self-esteem? Self-esteem only comes into the picture when there are other people around us and we think that we are inferior. Don't worry about what your neighbour is doing. Begin immediately with the smallest step forward.

3. Read the text and mark me statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated

Being Left-Handed

One out of every ten people walking down the street is left-handed. Everywhere they go left-handed people come across tools that were designed for right-handed people. From scissors to hockey sticks to baseball gloves, lefties learn early that they need to develop skills to live in a world designed for right-handed people.

If you are a right-handed person, try this experiment sometime: grab scissors with your left hand and try cutting a piece ot paper. Don't be surprised if the experience feels extremely awkward.

Thanktully, there are companies today that make left-handed scissors and other left-handed tools. But often left-handed peopie find themselves in a situation where they have no choice but to use something designed tor right-handed people.

In past ages, society was not sympathetic to left-handed people. Young students who preferred using their left hand to write were punished for doing so. Some of these students eventually learned to write with their right hand, but only after enormous effort.

These days parents and teachers are far more accepting and understanding. In almost every school in the world students who are left-handed are allowed to continue using their left hand to write.

For a long time medical researchers have tried to find out why people are left-handed or right-handed. The researchers have concluded that lefthanded people are left-handed for the same reason as brown-eyed people have brown eyes. It's just one of those things that show up in one out of every ten people.

A really interesting question is whether there is any connection between left-handed people and creative genius. Most creative minds have been left-handed.

In the category ot art, both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were lefthanded. In the category of music, Ludwig van Beethoven was lefthanded. In the field of science and invention, you find Benjamin Franklin, Isaac Newton, and Albert Einstein. In the field of motion pictures, there was Charlie Chaplin. Musical geniuses Bob Dylan, Paul McCartney, and Wynton Marsalis are left-handed too.

Each of these people had or has a very exceptional mind they were great in their tield. So even though it may be more difficult for a left-handed person to live in a right-handed world, lefties can know that they are in good company. Beethoven and Einstein had it tough, too.

1 . About 10 per cent of people in the world are left-handed.

2. There have always been industries to produce special tools for left-handed.

3. There are special shops for lefties in every big city of the world.

4. In the last century schools didn 't support left-handed students.

5- It has always been a big stress for left-handed

students to be made to write with their right hand.

6. The problems of the left-handed have been studied for a long time.

7. There were a lot ot left-handed people among the world great artists and musicians, but none among scientists.

8. Left-handed teenagers often ask for help and advice about their problems.

4. a) Read the text and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

The Debate

Their parents had promised the twins a pet for their twelfth birthday. The only limitation was that it had to be a pet. Singular. That meant the twins had to agree on what kind of pet to get.

Making a Decision

For weeks, Louisa and Duncan researched pets on their own. They spent hours looking at pet photos online and talking to their friends about the types of pets they owned. Duncan's best friend suggested a dog, but his cousin suggested an iguana. Louisa's triends told her to get a parrot. The same cousin told her to get an iguana too.

Finally, each had made a decision. Duncan wanted an iguana, and Louisa decided on a cat. They both went to their parents with the decision. But their father reminded them of the agreement. They did not have to convince their parents but each other.

Convincing the Other

The night before they were to go to the pet store the debate began. Duncan opened by stating how iguanas were easy to care for. Remembering Louisa's obsession with dinosaurs the summer before, Duncan suggested that iguanas were basically just smaller dinosaurs. Louisa said that iguanas were not tun pets because they did not do anything. A cat, she argued. could be held and would play with them.

"Of course you would want a cat. All girls want a cat," Duncan replied. "That is untair. None of my girl friends even has cats. They all told me to get a parrot or a dog."

"Well, all the girls I know at school love cats."

The Compromise

The debate went on for hours with little progress. Each sibling realised the other WOU'd not be convinced. So Louisa offered a compromise. 'What was your second choice pet?" she asked.

"l guess a dog," Duncan said.

"Mine too. "

And so they decided to get their second choices. The next day, their birthday, their father bought a collie puppy for them.

1. Mum and Dad were going to give a pet to each of their twin-children as birthday presents.

2. It had always been Lauisa and Duncan's drearn to have a dog.

3. Louisa's best friend had a parrot.

4. The twins' cousin's idea of the best pet was an iguana.

5. Louisa was interested in dinosaurs some time earlier.

6- Cats were most popular pets with the girls at the twins' school.

7. The debate was long and hard.

8. It took the children three hours to come to the agreement.

b) Read the text again and choose the right optons.

1. At the time of the debate Louisa was

a) 10

c) 12

d) 13

2. Duncan was told to get aas a pet by his best friend.

a) dog

b) parrot

c) iguana

d) cat

a. Louisa suggested a compromise because

a) she knewthat Duncan liked dogs just as much as he liked iguanas

b) neither she nor Duncan could convince the other one to get the other's animal

c) their parents made it clear that they could buy any kind of pet they both wanted

d) dogs and cats are both similar in that they can both be played with and held

4. The word debate in the story most nearly describes

a) thinking

b) fighting

c) an agreement

d) a discussion

5. They both agreed on a dog because

a) they were tired of arguing

b) it was both siblings' second priority

c) their parents told them to hurry up with the decision

d) they liked their friend's dog

5. Read the text and match the questions given '€thh the answers. One question is extra.

Q&A with ChildLine expert

1 . VThat advice would you give to Newsround viewers who have problems?

2 Have you got any other advice for children with problems?

3 How many children phone ChildLine every day?

4 What are the biggest problems for eight to twelve years olds?

5 What needs to be done to help all these children with problems?

How do children know if they're depressed and not just feeling a bit sad? Families, bullying and feeling very sad are some of the main things children are calling ChildLine about. BBC spoke to Angie Brown from ChiJdLine to find out more and to ask what kids can do if they're upset. A One of the main things is family problems. A lot of children feel caught in the middle when their parents are separating. They feel they might be asked to make a choice about which parent they want to live with even if that's not the reality.

Another tamily problem is that they don 't get on with their brothers and sisters. Just because you are born into the same family does not mean you automatically get on!

BThe main thing we tell young children to do is to talk about their feelings. Not to keep it alt to themselves. Children often feel that they can't talk to their parents in case they upset them. If they feel they can't talk to their parents, they can perhaps talk to ChildLine or a teacher or the mother of their best friend, for example.

CChildren don't use the word depressed. Children call ChildLine and say things like 'I'm feeling really down' or 'I'm fed up all the time and I don't know why'. Or 'l can't stop crying' or 'l just don't feel right'. Any child who thinks they have these problems should always talk about it to someone.

D Children tell us all the time that there's not enough counselling (KOHCYJ1bThPOBaHMe). And that is the key in dealing with children's mental health problems. A counsellor can understand whether they might need specialist help or if they just need help to sort out one problem. So we think the government should give more money to provide more counselling for children.

E If you feel desperate, one thing I like to say to children is that: 'You never know what tomorrow is going to bring'. Yes, it could be something worse but it could be something which is so much better. My biggest message for children is to make sure they talk about their problems and not store them up. They should talk to someone they trust.

if you're worried about anything, you can phone ChildLine on 0800

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

6. Read the text and choose the right options.

Tattoo Art

Jack (1) quiet and unmoving, for thirty minutes (2) a stranger stabbed him with sharp needles, causing blood to pour (3) his leg. Jack was getting a tattoo. His friend Tony (4) recently a tattoo, and Jack (5) sowith Tony's bravery and his tattoo that he decided (6) one too. Getting a tattoo because your friends and peers have them is just one of the (7)why a lot of young people in Nofth America get tattoos. Peer pressure, media influence, and (8)expression are some ot the (9)reasons for

wearing tattoos today.

1. a) lied b) lay	c) layed	d) lays
2. a) after b) before	C) while	d) since
3. a) from b) out of	c) ot	d) off
4. a) had had b) had 5. a) has impressed b) impressed c) is impressed d) was impressed	c) got	d) has gat
6. a) getting b) to get	c) get	d) got
7. a) grounds b) arguments	c) reasons	d) foundations

B. a) own b) private c) individual d) personal

9. a) general b) common c) global d) collective

7. Read the text and fill In the gaps with the proper grammatical form

of the capitalized words.

Levi's Blue Jeans

Do you enjoy (1) Levi's blue jeans? Blue	WEAR
jeans (2)popular all over the world, but do you know how they got started? Levi Strauss	BECOME
(3) in Germany in the mid 1800's and	BE BORN
(4) to the United States as a young man.	EMIGRATE
He lived in New York City and (5)the drygoods (ranaHTepeq) business for several years. In 1853 he moved to San Francisco (California,	LEARN
USA) and soon (6) as a very successful	RECOGNISE
businessman. Many of (7) customers were cowboys and miners. They needed strong and durable (np0YHbü) clothing. Strauss	LEVI STRAUSS
(8) a special fabric from France that was	FIND
comfortable and (9) a long time. It	LAST
serge de Mmes, which (11)	CALL/SHORTEN
the word denim. Another man (12) Jacob	NAME
Davis (13) large amounts ot the denim fabric from Levi Strauss. He was a tailor who made pants for hard-working men. One ot his customers was continually tearing the pockets off his pants. So Jacob Davis decided to put rivets (aaxnënw) on certain parts of the pants	BUY
them (15) The customer loved the new pants so much that he told all his friends, and soon Jacob Davis was busy making lots of pants with rivets. Jacob Davis soon re-	MAKE/STRONG
alised that (16)rivets was a great business	USE
idea, and he didn't want anybody (17)that idea. But he didn't have enough money to pay for the patent. So he went to the businessman Levi Strauss and told him his idea. He said, "If	STEAL

you '18) to pay for the patent, we AGREE the profits from the riveted pants." SHARE Levi Strauss agreed, and the new riveted pants business (20)Levi Strauss and Company. CALL Today Levi's jeans (21 )

more popular than BE ever, and Levi's name continues to live on."

8. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Different Opinions about Dress Codes and Uniforms

uniforms do not help students. I am a (3) going to a public school and I wear a uniform.	CANADA
All schools with unitorms show (4) grades	IMPROVE

in every level. Why do you think 80% of private
schools use some type ot uniforms? (5)	STUDY

have shown that students that wear uniforms
get better grades. I (6) believe that uni-	FIRM
torms make a (7) in grades, discipline,	DIFFERENT
and the way we look. Also. it is (B) better for our parents. (Shallni Singh, Canada) Lots of people say that school uniform takes	FINANCE
away our (9)	INDIVIDUAL
agree, but there is more to it. The school board is the one who decides on the uni-	COMPLETE
forms. I think, this Is (11) . We spend most	FAIR

of our day at school. We are the ones who
grow up there, and we are the ones who will have to wear uniforms, and yet we can't	PRACTICE
decide if we want them. (13) say that	TEACH

I must (1)with the (2)that school AGREE/STATE

clothes make a (14) in school, so uniforms will be better to decrease this. But it's not true! Comfort is a big issue, and uniforms just make it harder to find brands that are	DISTRACT
. (Torrey Benson, US)	COMFORT

g. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

Parents and Teenagers

Some ot the problems young people have at
home (1) by lack ot dialogue — (2)	CAUSE/CH'LD
(3) , parents (4) and conflicts ex-	NOT TALK (2)
plode when you (5) expect them. Clothes	LITTLE
seem (6) one of the (7) causes of	BE/TYPICAL

(8) quarrels. Either you want to buy too THIS expensive ones, or you look like a tramp (6po-

Agra) — parents want you (9) smartly and DRESS very rarely appreciate your style.

Some other times it's more your behaviour that

your parents. In Britain today, UPSET

and (12)

young people want to MANY (2) be independent and leave home between the

of 16 and 20. Some are students; ACE others run away to escape from their homes which (14)

and unhappy. OVERCROWD They go in search of work or ot a more exciting

10. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Nowadays, more and more people don't wear

their (1) clothes, and the clothes look almost the same all over the world. Do you think it	NATION
is a positive or negative (2) ? Here is one of	DEVELOP
the opinions. Today the (3) tradition ot	DAY
wearing (4) costumes is going down.	NATION
believe that this is a positive signal. A	FIRM
number of (6) support my opinion. Firstly, the current social context where people's lives are	ARGUE
much closer than ever before, makes it (7)	NATURAL
that people's clothes tend to be more	UNDERSTAND
similar. Specially (9) clothes have gained	WEST
for being more (11 )and easier to	POPULAR/COMFORT

wear than (12) costumes. Moreover, people TRADITION

who used to wear (13)clothes and now NATION wear ( 14) clothes feel less (15) and WEST/ISOLATE much closer to their counterparts (Konnerh), therefore, not out of place.

Furthermore, the (16) ot current outfits is PECULIAR that they are cheaper and faster to put them on. On the other hand, losing this tradition, people become less committed to their nations, and this just could be the (17)of successive BEGIN OA¼H aa apyrhM) losses.

Il. Read the text and fill In the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitallzed words.

It's Saturday night, and Laura (1) to a party with some friends. (2) mother and father (3) _ TV when she says goodbye to them. "I'm going to Sam's party. I (4) late, "

LAURA

WATCH

NOT BE

she says. 'You can't go out (5) like that!" DRESS yells Laura's dad. 'You (6) ridiculous. " LOOK

Laura looks down at her carefully (7) outfit. She's wearing a tight red top, a silver miniskirt and black boots with 15-centimetre	CHOOSE
heels. She (8)her hair bright red and she	COLOUR
(9) tinted glasses. Laura (10) she looks great!	WEAR/THINK
Fashion (11)always a matter of dispute (npeAMeT cnopoa). Young people express	BE
through fashion, and extreme fashion is a way to rebel.	SELF
In the 1960s young people started (13) miniskirts, bell-bottomed pants and flower patterns.	WEAR
Many young people (14)hippies, and parents panicked when their teenage sons	BECOME
thelr hair long. Then came the decade of glamorous fashion. Gold and silver pants and tiny tight tops	GROW

very popular in the 70s. Disco-goers

(17)_ high-heeled shoes and boots that were almost impossible to walk in. Punk-rock	WEAR
also raised (18)ugly head during the 70s. Punks had crazy Mohawk haircuts and wore	IT
dirty (19)_ with holes in them. During the 90s, styles from the 60s and 70s came back. Midriffs (XUBOTb[) were bare and body piercing	CLOTH
came into fashion. Now that we (20) the	ENTER
(21)century (or the 'naughties' you can wear whatever you like!	TWENTY-ONE
Overall, I think new fashions (22) traditional ones, but I also think we should also try	REPLACE
(23)_ typical traditional clothing. It's part ot our culture and heritage.	PRESERVE

12. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

The Loose Button

George wore a pair of blue shorts around the

house. Theywere old, (I)_ and ugly, but they were (2) And when you are at home, you want to be (3) But when he put on his blue shorts one morning: the button was just hanging on by a thread. That single button was the only thing that held his shorts up. George could do two things. He could wait until the button fell off. Or, he

FADE

COMFORT COMFORT

He found his (5)__ kit. He threaded the needle. Then he started the needle through the cloth. He directed it through one of the holes in the button.	SEW
Then he reversed (6) He put the needle	DIRECT

could sew the button on (4) before it felt off. SECURE

the cloth again.
He repeated this (8) through all tour button	MOVE

back through a (7) hole, and then through DIFFER

holes until the button was tight. He put on the shorts and buttoned the button. It was strong. Good for another ten years, he smiled to himself.

wmrwa

13. You've got a letter from your friend about the debate on uniform at his school in Ireland. Wrlte her/him a letter and answer her/hls five questions about your opinions on school dress code. Write 80— 100 words.

's there a uniform at your school? Do you like it? Does the school uniform improve the study results? Do you think school uniforms save parents' time and money? In your opinion do school uniforms cut down on a student's individuality?

14. Your foreign friend sent you a letter about his problem. This year he doesn't have enough time for hls homework and all hls hobbles. Wr\te him a letter of advice. Write 100—120 words.

MODULE 5

READING

Read the texts. Match the names of disasters to the

One name is extra.

1 . Rood

2. Avalanche

3. Tsunami

4. Tornado

5. Earthquake

6. Drought

A. The Reuters journalist arrived in the city of Van to see police holding back a crowd of distraught people from the scene of destruction. A father whose daughter was trapped under the ruins screamed hysterically, waving his hands in the air as rescue workers desperately tried to reach her.

Rescuers working under floodlights tried to reach those trapped and ambulance crews waited near two collapsed buildings. Other buildings next to them were untouched. Trucks and cranes were used to shift the wreckage.

B. The storm intensified very rapidly in around 10 minutes. The wind speed was 95 miles per hour and travelled approximately 3.5 miles. It cut a path of destruction 17 miles long and 1 .3 miles wide. "l parked and it was raining hard, I started opening my door and shut it back because I looked down and saw atl that water swirling and that's the last I remember, " said Mrs Smith, one of the victims. Heavy rains, lightning and egg-size hail slowed rescuers at times. The twister destroyed at least two schools. Officials said water, electricity and cell phone service was down in some areas. They urged people to stay away from the area.

Sofia. a six-year-old girl, is brave beyond her years. She and her little sister are just two of the millions of children in urgent need due to the food crisis in East Africa. Much of their livestock died. Without the goats they have nothing to eat or drink. Even it they had income, the price of food and water has skyrocketed. Her little sister suffers from malnutrition and must go to the center to receive treatment. In addition to a visit with the health worker, the girls receive emergency food rations, high-energy biscuits and vitamins. We have not had rains tor two years. There is no place tor us to move. All places are dry like this.

D. On April 20th my friends and I met in the parking lot ot Loveland ski area to enjoy some backcountry skiing. We divided into two groups to explore the south and the north slopes. We returned from our tour and hung out waiting for the other group to return. The weather forecast promised a snowstorm and we began to worry. When the snow started to fall, it swept up all the skiers. They were all buried in the snow. However they managed to dig themselves out of the snow. All of them were in distress but we realised how lucky they were to survive it.

E. Heavy rain in the Philippine capital. intensified by tropical storm Trami, forced the closure of government offices. schools, banks and most private companies on Monday. The residents in most parts of the city and nearby provinces had to leave their homes because ot rising water. At least three people were killed and two were missing in accidents caused by the rain and flooding disaster — the government officlals said. This rainy season was the worst in the Philippines which is regularly damaged by heavy weather including at least 20 typhoons a year.

2. Read the text and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

Dolphin Deaths Puzzle US Officials

In 2011 the US officials were alarmed and puzzled by a rise in dolphin deaths along the US Gulf coast in Florida waters. It happened because of cold water temperatures off the southern US state, where normally weather attracts the protected sea creatures during winter months, Some kinds of dolphins live near the coastline and when weather turns cold they often shelter near springs or in warmer discharge canals (CflhBHble Kasany) at power plants to avoid "cold stress" which can weaken and eventually kill the mammals.

Now the authorities at the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are investigating the huge increase in baby dolphins found dead along the US Gutf Coast, in the first birthing season since the BP oil spill disaster.

Eighty-three bottle-nosed dolphins, more than half of them newborns, were found dead in January and February along the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida, where millions of barrels ot oil from a leaking undersea well (KOJIOAeU) poured into the Gulf of Mexico over three months,

"It could be direct or indirect effects of it," NOAA spokeswoman Kim Amendola said. '"We have not found the reason of these deaths, but sev- eral factors could have contributed to the deaths. They are biotoxins or infectious diseases," she said. "We are following the situation closely," she added.

1. Recent events along the US Gulf coast shocked the officials.

2. Many mammals died because of the storms.

3. The news was on many IV channels.

4. The similar tragedy happened a year before.

5. Low sea water temperature was the cause of the deaths.

6. Dolphins usually avoid warm water in winter time.

7. Bottle-nosed dolphins live only in the Atlantic Ocean.

8. Investigations have found out at last the reason of baby dolphins' deaths.

3. a) Read the text and match the Etes to the paragraphs. One title is

1. The Best Friend

2. Mixing with Animals

3. Returning Home

4. The Accident

5. Ten Years in the Jungle

6. Rofessional Interest in Africa

Modern Mowgli

A. "Then Rudyard Kipling created the character of Mowgli. an orphaned boy who was adopted and raised by wolves in the forests of India, he would have never guessed that one day there would be a child that would actually live a similar life. Meet Tippi Benjamine Okanti Degre, a French girl who spent the first ten years of her life in the jungle. In her case, fortunately, it involved only the fun adventures and none of the hardship that Kipling' s young character faced.

Born in Windhoek, Namibia, in 1990 to Sylvie Robert and Alain Degre, bath wildlife photographers, Tippi was exposed to the wild residents of the African jungles since the day she was born. Her parents travelled extensively through the country in search of exotic animals and the trio often ended up sleeping in a tent in the middle of the junglea It was therefore no wonder, that the little girl had very little fear of animals.

C. However, unlike Mowgli, Tippi always had her parents around to protect her and the only wild animals that she interacted with were the orphaned animals that had been raised by humans in national parks. These animals were still wild and little Tippi did have a few close encounters. Once an ape tried to steal her milk bottle, another time a small animal thought her nose looked good enough to eat and took a couple of nips. The most serious one that her mum can recall is when Cindy a baboon became a little jealous of Tippi's thick hair and decided to pull out a handful.

D. The young girt who many locals believed had a special connection with animals, led a rather magical life. She spent her days riding on ostriches, hanging out with (tamed) leopards and making friends with the mighty elephants. In fact, her best pal happened to be Abu, an enor-

mous African elephant. Not only that, she also got to meet and spend time with many of the local bushmen who adored the free-spirited girl. E. While her magical life ended when she turned ten and her parents decided to move back to Paris, her memories remain with her and a few months ago were chronicled in a book called "Tippi. My Book of Africa". The book not surprisingly has become a huge hit amongst animal fans. We wonder it the now 23-year-old girl who is studying cinema in Paris, will some day decide to follow her parents' example and take her kids back to experience, that she did.

b) Read the text again and choose the right option.

1. Kipling's character Mowgli is mentioned because another child

a) was raised by wolves

b) was found in the forests of India

c) lost her parents in the jungle

d) had similar experience

2. The French girl was called Mowgli because

a) she was raised by wild animals

her family lived in the jungle with animals

c) she made friends with wild animals

d) she couldn't speak human language

3. The girl wasn't afraid of wild animals because her parents

a) lived in the middle of the jungle

b) knew how to deal with them

c) photographed them

d) had wild animals as pets

4. The wild animals with whom Tippi played

a) were from the Zoo

b) lived in the circus

c) were raised by people

d) couldn't hurt anyone

5. Local people liked Tippi because she

a) was a brave girl

b) had a power over the animals

c) rode on ostriches

d) obeyed her parents

6. When Tippi grew up she

a) wanted to return to Africa

b) refused to ever go back

c) published her mernories

d) decided to become a zoologist

4. Read the text and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

Amazon Rainforest Deforestation Shows Positive Trends

While destruction of rainforests is causing concern (6ecnoxo"cTB0) in many parts of the world, nowhere is it worse than in the Amazon. Often called the lungs ot the planet the 1.2 billion acre rainforest produces about 20% of the Earth's oxygen and is therefore, not just crucial for its own ecosystem, but also, for the survival of all living creatures, including humans! Fortunately, the deforestation is slowly starting to reverse (noBopagv1BaTbcq B np0Tnaan0J10*H0M HanpaeneHMh).

As in many parts ofthe world, population growth had resulted in clearing out large parts of the Amazonia to make space for cattle ranches, mining, agriculture. By 2003, about 20% of the Amazon rainforest had been destroyed and disappeared forever, taking along with it, numerous species of plants, animals and insects. Experts feared that if the pace (Taan) contlnued, the Amazon rainforest would be destroyed forever. Something had to be done and very soon!

Fortunately, the authorities in Brazil along with environmentalists took immediate action and things began to change. 'n duly 2011, the Brazilian government announced that deforestation had been reduced sharply from the peak levels. The data received from satellite images showed that from August 2011 to July 2012, there was a further reduction of 23%. Both the authorities and environmentalists hope that they will be able to achieve their goal of zero deforestation by 2016!

The Amazon rainforest gets its name from the 4,080-mile long Amazon River, the largest freshwater source on Earth. Not surprisingly, it is home to a large variety of exotic plants and animals.

1 . The Arnazon rainforests are important tor the world ecosystem.

2. The rainforests hold back the development of agriculture.

•

3. South American countries joined their efforts to stop deforestation.

4. People in the Amazon area didn't understand how important the rainforests are tor the world suMval.

5. People destroyed all species ot animals and plants in the area which led to the forest destruction.

6. Experts are sure that in ten years' time all the rainforests would disappear.

7. The Brazilian government established the Amazon Fund to save the rainforests.

8. EcologistS are quite optimistic about the future of the area.

5. a) Read the text and match the titles to the paragraphs A-E. One title is extra.

1 . WHY DOES EACH HURRICANE HAVE A NAME?

2. WHAT DO THE HURRICANE CATEGORIES MEAN?

3. WHAT ARE HURRICANES?

WHAT HAPPENS LATER?

5. CAN WE DO ANYTHING TO STOP THEM?

6. HOW DO THEY OCCUR?

Hurrlcanes

It was supposed to hit the coast of Florida. But hurricane Isaac changed the course midway. It directed its fury towards the three Gulf states of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama.

A. Hurricanes also known as cyclones in some parts of the world, are super powerful storms. They gain strength from winds that help them blow at speeds ranging from 75 to 225 miles per hour, resulting in massive destruction when they hit land. When a hurricane first begins, the rising winds blow in towards the centre ot the storm. While the hurricane is attempting to go straight, the Earth's movement causes it to turn to the right, forcing it to go counter-clockwise.

B. For hurricanes to occur, the ocean temperatures must be at least 80'Fahrenheit and the atmosphere around it, full of moisture. Also, the winds must be blowing in the same direction and the same speed to force the air upward from the surface ot the ocean. The warm water

creates low-pressure air, causing it to rise. As the air rises, it collects moisture-forming thunderclouds. The warm air produces more heat and rises faster, causing colder air to rush in. This increases the intensity of the storm. This water is the most deadly part of the hurricane, because it dumps into any landmass it hits, causing floods and devastation (onycTowesne).

C. Hurricanes are given names, so that scientists can track the storms from start to tinish. In the fifties, hurricanes were named after the phonic alphabet, like Able, Baker etc. From 1953 to 1979, the US Weather Bureau decided to shift to only women's names. Since then, they have chosen between male and female names and now have six different name lists that they change each year. If a hurricane causes real major devastation, like Katrina did to New Orleans in 2005 the name is never used again.

In the past, scientists tried various inventions to weaken these storms. But they gave up in the 1960's after realising that the weather patterns were too large to affect. Instead, they changed their focus to understanding how hurricanes form and move. so that they could predict the time and intensity with greater accuracy. But like other acts of nature, this too remains an inexact science that is neither completely predictable nor controllable.

E. The hurricane categories range trom 1 to 5. It is a way to measure their intensity, with 5 being the worst. A typical season sees about six hurricanes, the peak of the season is not until the end of September. The good news is that Isaac is the fourth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic season — the first three did not land on the US soil. So maybe the USA will escape the rest too, which would make this the best hurricane season Americans have had in many years.

b) Read the text again and mark the True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

1 . Hurricanes are very dangerous as they can destroy anything on their way.

2. Hurricanes hit the surface ot the ocean causing huge waves.

3. In tact, hurricanes occur due to the difference in the atmosphere temperatures.

ot the hurricanes have male names.

Hurricanes are

Scientists have invented traps for hurricanes to stop them.

7. Nowadays scientists successfully predict the direction and time of any hurricane.

B. The lower the category of the hurricane the easier it is to predict it.

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

e. Read the text and choose the right options.

Can Red Wood Ants Predict Earthquakes?

The scientists (1 ) up video cameras that monitored the (2) movements, day and night. A special software also kept track of any

(3) of the normal behaviour pattern of the ants. What they (4) was fascinating.

The ants (5) pretty much the same routine every day busy with their (6) and then resting inside their mounds (MypaeeVIH1,1KM) at night. However, before an earthquake they seemed to (7) that routine by staying the entire night outside their mounds. Only after the earthquake was (8) . they relaxed and went back to their regular way of lite. What was even (9)is that they did not change their behaviour tor tiny earthquakes below 2.0.

What the scientists are not sure (10)is how the ants are able to anticipate the shakes. Now, if only these amazing insects could talk!

1 . a) kept	b) set	c) took	d) made
2. a) insect	b) insect's	c) insects'	d) insects
3. a) innovation	b) difference	c) turn	d) change
4. a) invented	b) made up	c) discovered	d) thought
5. a) took	b) preferred	c) followed	d) kept
6. a) duty	b) chores	c) jobs	d) task
7. a) interrupt	b) burst	c) disobey	d) break
8. a) finished	b) over	c) above	d) lett

9. a) interesting

b) more interesting

c) most interesting

d) too interesting

7. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Plants

The fact that plants do not live a passive life

has been known for sometime now. Two sepa-
rate and (1) research studies reveal that	RELY
these silent (2) may be 'talking' to each other and us! If you have ever noticed that certain plants seem to thrive (UBeCTM) next to	COMMUNICATE
each other, it may not be a (3)	COINCIDE
(4) of your superior gardening skills, but	PROVE
it shows the good (5) (6) between the two. At least that's what an	NEIGHBOUR/FEEL
(7) team of (8) believes. The	AUSTRALWRESEARCH
evolutionary (9) states that plants use some kind of acoustic signaling to communicate with each other and it may allow the weaker plant to thrive or die. What's even more	ECOLOGY
is that the (Il ) believes the	INTEREST/SCIENCE
happens at a very early stage.	COMMUNICATE
Monica, who published her (13) in the 7th online edition of BMC Ecology, reached this	FIND
following an (15) study she conducted with some chili pepper, basil and	CONCWDE/INTEREST
fennel plants. So (16) may be able to	FARM
use sound to (17) or (18) the	COURAGE(2)
of certain plants, helping to reduce	GROW
their (20) on fertilizers and pesticides.	DEPEND

8. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

Some French scientists (1) recently able BE

(2) and (3) hear the sounds trees REPRODUCE/ACTUAL make, when they are in a drought situation and (4) to extract as much water as they can, TRY from the ground.

This fascinating discovery (5) by the MAKE

Grenoble University physicist Philippe Marrnottant.

ers (1.uenKM) of a dead pine tree and bathing it in hy-
drogel — essentially (8) the conditions of a	CREATE
living tree. They then (9) the branch to an artificially dry environment and (10) the	EXPOSE

sounds. What they (11) were popping

(Mona'01.4"1V1) or gasping sounds (12) by

RECORD/HEAR

They (6)their experiment by (7)sliv- BEGIN/TAKE

the tree. In fact, the sounds move 10 times MAKE than what the human ear can hear. FAST

They (14) now sensors that DEVELOP able to detect these sounds which BE

may help in (16) many trees from dying.	SAVE
So be sure that your garden (17) with	FILL
friendly plants and if you (18) one ot those who constantly forget to water the house-	BE
plant, you (19)to change your habits.	HAVE

9. Read the text and fill In the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

On February 8th 2013, (1)from (2) Space Agency (ESA) announced that their weather satellite with an instrument designed to	SCIENCE/EUROPE
sense ozone (3) made it clear that the	CONCENTRATE
(4)ozone 'hole' above the Antarctica had	SEASON
shrunk to record levels! The (5) are quite	SCIENCE
(6) about the (7) because ozone	ENTHUSIASM,'INFORM
forms a (8) layer about 12—19 mites up in	PROTECT
the stratosphere, and is a (9) sunscreen	NATURE
which prevents the sun's (10) ultraviolet rays from reaching the Earth's surface. Without it, humans would be even more exposed to sunburn and skin cancer. Though it will take years	HARM
to restore the world's ozone (11) to the	CONCENTRATE
level it was in the 1960's, (12) believe that	SCIENCE
the hole over the Antarctica will be (13) repaired within the next few decades if we	COMPLETE

change our ( 14)habits and refuse to use DESTRUCT chlorofluorocarbons in aerosols and refrigera-

The US multimillionaire Dennis Tito, a very
(1)man, announced in February 2013 that his non-profit organisation was planning to spon-	AMBITION
sor a (2)to Mars in 2018. This (3)	FLY/ANNOUNCE
may arouse some (4) , but his Inspiration	SCEPTIC
Mars (5) has begun to receive hundreds of	FOUND
(6) from people (7) in the journey. It is just a flyby so after suffering from a lot of	APPLY/INTEREST
(8)the astronauts will not even get to walk on the Red Planet. Moreover, it could be	COMFORT
(9) as no space vehicle has re-entered	DANGER

10.

Reed the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

the atmosphere at such a rapid pace. So why is Tito doing it? He wants to prove that humans can explore deep space. To make the mission
the spacecraft will have to be ready by January 2018.	SUCCESS

11 . Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived trom the capitallzed woms.

A Well-known Botanist

Johnny Appleseed, born John Chapman on

at the age of twenty-three when he went to uni-
versity, carrying with him just some (6)	PERSON
(7) and a bag of tree apple seeds.	BELONG

September 26, 1774, was an (1) who ADVENTURE never (2)wanted to be a (3) . But CONSCIOUS/NATURE thanks to his love of nature, animals and of course apples, he is (4)remembered FOND today. His (5)passion for apples began LONG LIFE

Johnny made it his mission and business to plant apple orchards.

He grew apple seedlings and sold them to

describe him include: (10)	HONEST/LOYAL
Nowadays they have an annual	GENEROUS
Johnny Appleseed (13) every Septem-	FESTIVE

(8) to establish an orchard. Chapman SETTLE was a very (9) man and terms used to PRINCIPLE

ber.

12. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

On April 22nd 2015, people all over the world
(1)the 45th anniversary of Earth Day.	CELEBRATE
Besides (2) (3) friendly projects within their communities, over one billion people	CONDUCT/EWIRONMENT
also (4) to participate in meetings	EXPECT
(5) their concern about the effects ot global warming on our planet. White that is defi-	VOICE
niteiy a much (6)step in the right direction,	NEED
the reality is, that on April 23rd, (7) of these	MANY

Earth Day 2015

'activists' (8) to their normal lives and RETURN habits.

13. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capltallzed words.

A Famous Photographer

(MaCKMPOBKa), cannot escape the sharp eyes of

the American photographer Art Wolfe, who

(2) in search of animals to capture on cam-

Even animals, the (1) masters of disguise GOOD

era, since the early 1990's. He says that (3)	FIND
and (4)the clever species often (5)	FILM/TAKE
many hours. His search (6) him ta almost every continent in the world: from the deserts of	TAKE

Africa to the rainforests of South America. Over the years he (7) that he (8)

book entitled Hiding Out and Vanish- CHILD ing Act. Both (10)into several languages TRANSLATE and (11) extremely popular all over the BE world. The 61 -year-old photographer who also (12)(13)atelevisionproducer con- HAPPEN/BE tinues to discover nature's beauties stealthily awaiting their prey in the white snow!

14. Your English pen friend is interested in national proverbs concerning weather predictions. Write her/him an e-mail about Russian proverbs and superstitions. Write 60—70 words.

15. You've gota letter from yourfriend. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his three questlons. Write 1 00—120 words.

Is your neighbourhood polluted? What do you think should be done to reduce pollution? Do you and your classmates do anything to make your neighbourhood cleaner?

MODULE 6

READING

1- Read the text. Match the titles to the paragraphs A—E. One title Is

Five Ways to Find a Unique Travel Destination

1. ASKA PROFESSIONAL

2. HELP THE WORLD

3. USE WORLD TOURIST GUIDES

4. RELY ON YOUR FRIENDS' EXPERIENCE

5. SEARCH THE INTERNET

6. HEADS OR TAILS?

Any country and area hides unknown tourist attractions. The more difficult it wilt be to get there, the more interesting and different your experience will be. So here are five ways you can try to find an unusual journey.

•

A One thing you can always try is to find a world map or globe and choose a random point without looking at it. This is extremely fun and can give some of the best results, since you can end up with totally unique results. So what if you point to Alaska or Tibet? These make perfect destinations. If you already visited that place, just start over. The idea is to go the first place you choose that is totally new, not look for the most convenient destination.

B Another trick is to buy the "1.000 Places you must see before you die" book or something similar and open at a random page. These books have the most beautiful and attractive places on earth. so your satisfaction will be guaranteed. You can get a copy from almost every library or just borrow one. It seems to be one of the most beautiful books in the world, so you can start adding up new places every holiday.

C Something else you can try is to search online tor the most unusual events or festivals around the world. Find one that happens when you can travel and choose to go there. Meeting new traditions and cultures can be the most rewarding activity. From enjoying the most unusual African rhythms. to watching the Indians bathe in the Ganges. unique experiences are always available, you just have to search.

D A totally unique way to travel and see new places is to go in a voluntary camp. People all over the world need your help for many things. This is a way to combine two things: helping others and helping yourself to see and experiment new feelings. From helping endangered species of animals in the jungle to supporting some kind of events, you can both travel and cut from your expenses.

E Something you can try if you really do not want to make any efforts is to go to a travel agent and ask him to pick a destination that is most unusual and arrange for your trip. This is usually not as original and unique as the other methods, but it can give you some nice destinations you have never seen before. The advantage is that you do not put so much work and it works well it you do not have so much time availabte.

So these were just some easy and crazy ideas about how you could get a special travel destination that will give you some unique experiences and exciting journeys. The road is endless!

2- Read the text and choose the right option.

Britain-by-the-Sea

Brits are a nation of ho|idaytravellers. In fact, foreign holidays are so popular in the UK that a flight from London to Spain's Costa del Sol is cheaper than a train from London to Newcastle. Given that Britain is surrounded by sea, why is it that we would rather fly thousands of miles away than holiday on our own coast? It's not just our unpredictable weather. Coastal resorts like Blackpool, Bournemouth or Brighton haven't kept up with (MATH B Hory c) what's cool and modern.

The English seaside town likes to think of itself as a mini Las Vegas with its main streets lined with arcades, with flashing bights, pumping music, and stuffed with one-armed bandits and video games waiting to take your change. Kids dream of being left there with lots of cash and avoid the obligatory trip to the beach which is mum and dad's idea of a fun day out. They also want to get some thrill in a small and noisy amusement park with roller coasters, dodgems (small electric cars) and water slides.

On arrival atthe beach, you may be surprised to find that the soft golden sand of your dreams is actually dirty and unpleasant to lie down on. The suspiciously brown water is too cold to bathe in it anything more than your big toe. This uniquely English scene is completed with the beach hut. Many seaside towns still boast to have a row of these colourful, single family huts. If you want to rent one for two weeks then be prepared to pay anything from £100 to £900 tor an original Victorian hut at the best beaches.

The main culinary attraction of the English seaside is naturally fish and chips, best enjoyed in a sit-down restaurant with plastic tablecloths and laminated menus. This deep frled fish served with brown strips of greasy potatoes can't be experienced properly unless covered with salt and vinegar. For desert how about a deep fried Mars Bar?

After this delicious cholesterol meal it's time to burn calories and relax on a walk along the pier. Here you will find little kiosks sehing postcards, bad quality souvenirs and beach toys. Some English piers are big enough to accommodate theatres, which perform year-round pantomimes and revue shows, with the type ot hurnour nobody under 65 seems to tind funny.

Not all seaside resorts in Britain are as bad as described above, but many of them are. Is it any surprise then that most British people decide that Spain with its sun and sand is much better?

1 . British people prefer spending holidays abroad because

a) they like flying

b) foreign resorts offer lower prices

c) the facilities there are much better

d) of the weather

2. English seaside resorts may resemble Las Vegas because of

a) amusement parks

b) they atl have got casinos

c) the look of their centres

d) the pumping American music

3. Children enjoy spending time

a) in the main street

b) on the beach

c) in the park

d) with their parents

4. English beaches are

a) quite pleasant

uninviting

c) similar to Spanish ones

d) famous for golden sand

5. The beach facilities are

a) unbelievably cheap

b) offered at a modern price

c) offered at a reasonable price

d) very expensive

6. The food served in seaside restaurants is

a) unhealthy

b) tasty

c) very spicy

d) too salty

7. Seaside towns offer

a) high-quality

b) enough entertainment for everybody

c) theatre shows tor elderly holidaymakers

d) various entertainment for children and teens

8. The writer wouldholidays by the British seaside.

a) be satisfied with

b) not choose

c) recommend

d) be fascinated with

3. Read the text and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

Five Unusual Travel Destinations for the Adventurous Traveller

If asked to name the "must-see" attractions in the world, people usually name several landmarks such as the GreatWall of China, the Eiffel Tower or the Egyptian pyramids. These popular travel destinations offer beautiful scenery and new cultural experiences.

For the more adventurous traveller, there are a lot of other unexpected and unusual travel destinations that offer the true excitement and a unique travel experience.

Sun City, South Africa

If one's idea of adventure invotves flying through the air without a parachute or plane, then Sun City, South Africa, provides a fantastic opportunity tor those aerial explorers. Sun City boasts the world's longest zipline (nepenpaaa no Kai-lay) adventure. At 6,500 feet (1981 meters) long, this zipline allows you to fly Superman-style at 93 miles per hour over gorgeous grasslands. This is a must-see for anyone who likes speed, heights, and the inevitable adrenaline rush!

Ha Long Bay, Vietnam

The second unforgettable and unique travel destination is Ha Long Bay, located in the Quang Ninh province ot northern Vietnam. Visitors to Ha Long Bay can spend one or more nights aboard a small cruise ship known as a Junk. Mile in Ha Long Bay, travellers can admire the beauty of nature's architecture featuring thousands of isles rising out of the ocean, covered in jungle vegetation. In addition, travellers can explore several beaches, caves, and inhabited islandS.

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Geographically. Ethiopia lies within the Horn of Africa, with a tropical climate, warm and sunny for significant periods even through the rainy season. Addis Ababa is an incredible city, one of Africa's largest urban centres. Adama is another place people love to visit while they're in the country; you may know it more as Nazareth. The volcanic water pool in Sodere (near Nazareth) is a must-do experience when you're here.

Bali Indonesia

Indonesia is a vast archipelago with tens of thousands of islands in it. The country is situated across the equator on the Pacific and Indian Oceans, so the climate is hot, rainy at some times in the year. Jakarm is the biggest urban centre here. a bustling and fun one. The town ot Bandung on West Java is a much-loved spot tor visitors. a university town with lush (nblwHblü) intense greenery and magnificent mountains. Bali is another well worthwhile destination while you 're here, you'll see why it's kncwn as the Island of the Gods.

Blue Lake Cave. Brazil

For a quieter experience, the Mato Grosso do Sul region of Brazil boasts the peaceful Blue Lake Cave. The impressive geological formations, inciuding a number of stalactites and stalagmites are enough to provide some stunning imagery for those who travel to photograph. However. the real gem in this attraction is the large deep cobalt blue coloured lake. I. There is the world recognised list of top places of interest for tourists.

2. A zipline is a kind of parachute sports.

3. One should be risky to try the Sun City zipline adventure.

4. Ha Long Bay in Vietnam is famous for its unusual architecture.

5. The rainy season in Ethiopia lasts three months.

6. Nazareth is another name for Addis Ababa.

7. Indonesia consists often thousand islands.

8. The town of Bandung on West Java is very beautiful.

9. If your hobby is taking pictures.

you will be happy to visit Blue Lake Cave in Brazil.

10. The most striking thing for visitors of Blue Lake Cave is the water colour in the lake.

4. Read the text and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

Homemade Ship to Sail Around the Worw

Hans Andersen, a life-long fisherman, had a dream. He wanted to sail around the world. And he did it. He got several sponsors who paid for his trip. He bought a beautiful 40-toot yacht, with all the latest technical and safety gear, and had a pleasant voyage. Well, except for almost sinking while going around the tips of South America and Africa.

The voyage went so smoothly that, looking back on it, he felt it was too easy. He needed a new challenge. He decided to build his own boat. But that was nothing new. Several people had built their own boats and sailed them around the world. No, he needed a unique boat. Watching TV commercials one day, he got it — ice cream sticks! He would be the first man to sail around the world in a boat built exclusively of ice cream sticks.

He put out the word. Within three years, school children from all over Holland had sent Hans 15 million ice cream sticks. He used these sticks to build a 45-foot replica of a Viking ship. After all the sticks were glued together, Hans took his new boat out to sea on a one-week voyage. "It's magnificent, and totally sea-worthy, " he proclaimed.

He plans to set out to sail in about three years' time with a crew of two. He will sail across the Atlantic to Canada, and then down to Florida and through the Panama Canal. Then he'll travel to Los Angeles, Honolulu, Tokyo, around the tip of Africa, and back to Hotland. "If this trip succeeds," he joked, "my next goal will be to build a plane out of ice cream sticks and fly it around the world!"

1 . Hans Andersen is a professional fisherman.

2. His first trip around the world was funded by the local businessmen.

3. There were no accidents during his first round-the-world voyage.

4. He started to plan a new trip because he wanted to become world famous.

5. He used the Internet to announce about his original plan and ask for help.

6. He had been collecting ice cream sticks for three years before he built a model of a Viking ship.

7. The model worked well in the real conditions of the open sea.

8. His plan is to be alone sailing around the world.

9. He is going to share the future trip with his son.

5. Read the text. Match the üUes to the paragraphs A—E. One tite is extra.

Five World Heritage Sites in Danger

1 . Save History in the Port City Skyline

2 The Ancient African City in Danger

3 Vandals Threaten the Ancient Site

4 Water Ruins the Sacred Christ Place

5 Medieval Monuments Suffer from Flood

6 The Fortress in Need of Defense

Tomb of Askia, Mali. It was built in 1485 far the burial (3axopoHeHhe) of Toure, the ancient king of the Songhai Empire. It's one of the two sites in Mali that were added to UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger this year. The reason is vandalism of the armed groups that have occupied the region. UNESCO's representative Amelan said that of the five World Heritage sites included into the Danger list this year, those in this part of Africa are in the most dangerous situation. "Events happening [in Mall] are contrary to the whole spirit of the work that is done by UNESCO and by the World Heritage Committee," he said.

B. The colonial citadel of Santiago in Portobelo, Panama. An observation post in ruins and a rusted (pxa8blü) cannon in a recent picture of the site show clear signs of neglect. The World Heritage committee voted to include the forts here — which are considered excellent examples of 17th- and 18th-century military architecture — to the List ot World Heritage in Danger this year. The committee also called on the government to take care of the site and to strengthen its walls, batteries, and platforms. Portobelo was founded in 1597 by the Spanish ex-plorer Francisco Velarde y Mercado. From the 16th to the 18th centuries it was an important silver-exporting port in New Granada on the Spanish Main and one of the ports on the route of the Spanish treasure fleets.

C. Liverpool Maritime Mercantile (TOPr0Bb'Ü) City, England. The World Heritage Committee has placed Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City on the List of World Heritage in Danger due to the proposed construction of Liverpool Waters, a massive redevelopment of the historic docklands north of the city centre.

There are concerns that the development will extend the city centre significantly and alter the profile of the site included onto the World

Heritage List in 2004. Liverpool was one of the world's major trading centres in the 18th and 19th centuries and played an important role in the growth of the British Empire as a major port. Liverpool was a pioneer in the development of modern dock technology, transport systerns and port management and the site has a great number of significant commercial, civic and public buildings.

D. The Church of the Nativity (aePKOBb Poxaecrga Xpucroaa), West Bank, Palestine. Sunlight rays illuminate the church located over the cave where Christian scholars believe Jesus Christ was born. During the centuries the site of the Church of the Nativity has had numerous reconstructions and additions, including its prominent bell towers. Oue to its cultural and geographical history, the site holds a prominent significance to those of both the Christian and Muslim religions.

This site was simultaneously (OAHOBPeMeHHO) inscripted into UNESCO's List of World Heritage and the List of World Heritage in Danger this year. It was added to the danger list because ot concerns of damages caused by water leaks.

The city of Timbuktu, Mali. Not long ago this African city was added to the UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger. Founded at the end of the 5th century AD as a small market village, it became an important intellectual and spiritual center toward the end of the 15th century. In the 13th—15th centuries Timbuktu flourished from the trade in salt, gold, ivory and slaves. In modern times the town is best-known in Western culture as an expression for a distant or outlandish place. The World Heritage Committee's decision to add the city to the Danger list reflects growing international concerns about the destruction of its historical sites after the city was taken over earlier this year by the armed groups ML-NA and Ansar Dine.

GRAM'UR AND

6. Read the text and choose the right options.

The airport is your first (1 ) betore leaving on your dream vacation or trip. Generally (2) , you should (3) at the airport with plenty Of time to (4) . Don't arrive 10 minutes before your plane (5) cases, you can check your bags there at curbside, or you might have to go to the check-in counter inside the airport.

Many airports now allow you (7) in at a computer kiosk, but you still need to check your bags if you have any. After you (8)

in. you have to pass through security where they check your ED and your carryon bags. You also need to walk (9) a metal detector, which checks

illegal items. After that you can walk to the gate where you can wait (11) your flight. They usually (12) first-class passengers and those (13) need assistance first. Enjoy your flight.

1 . a) stay b) destination	c) stop	d) place
2. a) speaking b) saying	c) talking	d) spoken
3. a) come	c) have arrived	d) arrive
4. a) spend b) waste		d) spare
5. a) will land b) will depart	c) departs	d) lands
b) some		d) something
7. a) checking b) to check 8. a) are checked b) were checked c) will be checked d) are checking	c) check	d) checked
9. a) between b) out of	c) through	d) over
10. a) about	c) through	d) for
11. a) flying b) boarding	c) to board	d) to fly
12. a) seat b) are seating	c) are sitting	d) sit
13. a) which b) who	c) through	d) people

7. Read the text and fill In the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

Dear David, a great time here with my brother in HAVE the west of England. I (2) it is the (3) THINKANTERESTING place I ever (4) . As you know, my brother VISIT is at university here and so I (5) with him• STAY He (6) here for three years and he says the BE town is not the same since he first (7) here ARRIVE and things (8) . He says that when he first CHANGE

(9)here, it was difficult to get around but COME new bus routes START to the local

museum and (12) ural history and wild animals. The paintings were

wonderful too. And it (13) anything either.	NOT COST
After (14) around all the galleries, I had a soft drink and a snack. That was good too.	WALK
any souvenirs yet, but perhaps I	NOT BUY
some tomorrow. Anyway, that's about	GET

all for now. All the best, pearl

8. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derlved from the capitalized words.

Some of the Top Places to Vlsn In Great Britain

Today. let's talk about some top places to visit in

Great Britain. London probably tops the list. The

capital city offers (I) Buckingham Palace, Oxford Street, the London Eye and the Houses of	VISIT
Parliament. West End (2)include Trafalgar	ATTRACT
Square and Leicester Square. Many (3) can experience going on a red London bus or riding in a black London taxi. London is huge! It offers vis-	TOUR
itors some (4) theatres and sports venues.	WONDER

Probably the second most (5) city is Edin- VISIT burgh in Scotland. It is (6) popular around SPECIAL New Year's Eve and during the summer when it hosts the Edinburgh Festival. Further north you will get to John O'Groats and see some (7) ADMIRE views. Bath in the West of England is COAST popular with foreign (10) .lt is HIGH/VISIT for its Georgian (12) and its FAME/ARCHITECT

Roman baths. (13) tourists can walk The ADVENTURE

Pennines or climb Snowdonia. In the countryside can visit quaint (np'4HYWIMBbü) rural towns and villages with (14)pubs and picturesque INVITE village greens. Ot course, the list of places to visit in Britain is (15) END

9. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical of the capitalized words.

New York's New Generation of Yellow Taxis

(1) famous yellow taxis (2) these	NEW YORK/CHANCE
days. New York City (3) the Nissan minivan to be (4) next cab. The Japanese car com-	PICK
pany Nissan Motors (5) the contract to provide the next generation of NewYork taxis. The	WIN
deal (6) not long ago by New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg. The new vehicle has an over-	ANNOUNCE
head window (7) views ot city skyscrapers, and charging stations for mobile phones and laptops. The car will also have satellite navigation, so	OFFER
passengers (8) debate with drivers who	NOT HAVE TO
(9) their way around. Mayor of New York Michael Bloomberg said that	NOT KNOW
for the first time New York taxis (10) rear passenger airbags. He also noted that the van	INCLUDE
its crash tests. By 2017, Nissan	PASS
to manufacture the cars to run solely	BE ABLE
on electricity. (13) 13,000 yellow cabs carry about 600,000 passengers a day, and are the only vehicles allowed to pick up passengers	NEW YORK
off the street. The NV200, which (14)	BUILD

Nissan plants in Mexico, is the first to be designed specifically tor use as a New York City taxi. The new taxis ( 15) with both tourists and locals DESIGN in mind. All taxis (16) by 2018. REPLACE

10. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

	(1) Antarctica from Tourism	PROTECT
(2)	on Antarctica has been increasing	TOUR
(3)	in the past twenty years, trom a few	DRAMA

thousand people in 1985 to more than 30,000 in numbers are having a negaSouth Pole. Many (6) agree that the trozen RESEARCH

(7) must be protected from modern WILD (8) . Antarctica is the last (9) place TOUR/SPOIL on Earth. It has a very delicate ecosystem that could be (10) upset by crowds of EASY landing in airplanes and using snow- TOUR mobiles.

However, it is difficult to protect Antarctica because it is not a country and therefore has no government to control the number of ( 12) VISIT Miat do you think we should do to protect Antarc-

11 . Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

The Workliday the word Workliday. The word INVENT up using the words work and holiday. MAKE The thing is (3) days very few people com- THIS pletely switch off from the office when we are on holiday. With the arrÑal of laptops and now tablets, and the easy access (4) people have to the MANY Internet, it is irresistible not (5) off com- TURN pletely. It's like a drug. We must access our e-mails or we might miss something. When we check our e-mails we find probably not much (6) CHANGE

These days it is vital for some people to keep in touch with the office. People have to stay

(7) They (8) completely CONNECT/LOSE without (9) with something electronic. PLAY

(to be continued)

12. Read the text and till in the gaps with the words derlved from the capitalized words.

The Workliday (continued)

(1) wtth the office orto our friends via Face- COMMUNICATE book or Skype seems to be a must when on hoti-

people can adapt their work time and work at
time periods during the day.	DIFFER

day. Many (2) people these days •work from	PROFESSION
hame. They can (3) sit in the garden or on the terrace and do their work on their laptop, then email it to the office.	COMFORT
The Internet has (4) how we work. People	REVOLUTION
who work in offices need to (5) their batteries, so taking a break is important.	CHARGE
This applies (6) to those who work	SPECIAL

(7) hours, i. e. 9.00—17.00. But for those people who work from home their jobs are not that (8) . Maybe there is less (9)to do,

i.e. just a (10) trip to the office. These days

FIX

STRESS/TRAVEL

WEEK

WRITING

14. You've got a letter from your American friend about his family's favourlte places to travel in the USA. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his four questions about travelling in Russia. Write 80— 100 words.

What was your most unusual place to visit? How did you feel? Where would you like to travel? mat activities would you 'Ike to do there?

15.

You spent two weeks In England staying with the Browns host family. Write a letter to them to say thank you and to invite them ta visit your place. Write 100—120 words.

MODULE 7

READING

I . Read the texts. Match the titles to the texts. One title is extra.

1 . SAILING SCHOOLS

2 SCHOOLS ON THE MOVE

3 STUDENTS-RULED SCHOOL

4 FOREST KINDERGARTENS 5. CAVE SCHOOLS

e. THE UNDERGROUND SCHOOL

A. Who says you need walls to learn? Who needs a building at all? The new type of kindergartens, a concept popularised in Europe, are schools for 3—6 years olds that take place almost completely outdoors. Kids in regular kindergartens play on the monkey bars; kids in these kindergartens climb trees. Rain or shine, snow or rain, heat or cold, these kids are out exploring and interacting with their environment.

B. Terraset Elementary school was built in the mid- 1970s, when the US was struck by the energy crisis. The country introduced energy saving mode, which was used for heating schools. The designers had a difficult task: the building below the surface of the ground was to be not only warm but also cool. This required new energy costs. The problem was solved with solar collectors. Today Terraset is not only the most energy-efficient school in the country, but also one of the major tourlst attractions in the area.

School ALPHA, which opened its doors in 1972, is famous for disobedience. There are no evaluations, no strict schedule, and no homework. No one wili punish you for writing with chalk on a blackboard. Pupils decide how to spend the school day and what activities to attend. Classes are formed not by age but by the students' interests: along with Maths and spelling lessons students are provided by modeling, cooking and even basic philosophy. Another tradition is to hold meetings during which children as adults have the right to speak about the need for changes in the schedule of subjects and the system ot school management.

D. In the past. the children of nomadic herders (CKOTOBOAB — KO'IeBHMKM) did not receive formal education or were forced to stay in boarding schools, and for months did not see their family. Today this problem is solved with the help of the nomadic schools. In Yakutia there are more than a dozen of such schools. One of these nomadic schools is "Keneleken". In addition to the usual parking facilities there are school tents. Children are engaged in a special schedule. All schoo's for the children of reindeer herders in the national project have access to satellite Internet. After their homework or tests are checked the schoolchildren get the review.

E. Many children in rural areas of Bangladesh, particularly girls, do not have access to education. Due to tradition, boys are the flrst ones to be sent to school and girls can go to school• only if the facility is not

too far trom home. Often, the nearest school is miles away. During the monsoon season many schools find themselves under water. Due to the climate change, the yearly floods have become worse and prolonged and children can now go for months without having classes. The solution was unusual, but simple and effective: it children can't go to school, the school in the form of boats should go to them.

2. a) Read the text and match the titles to the paragraphs. One title is extra.

1 . Proper Schooling due to Modern Technology

2 The Medicine to Cure

3 Avatars Enter our Life

4 The Place to Meet Friends

5 Illness Changes the Lifestyle

6 Undesirable Home Education

Robots Help to Study

Though we may all moan and groan about having to go to school each morning, the truth is that it is not all bad — where else can you hang out with friends, complain about teachers and exchange carrots tor cookies? Therefore, you can only imagine how Devon Carrow felt when he realised that he could not and may never be able to attend 'normal' school.

B. Devon was born with life-threatening allergies to peanuts, milk. eggs and numerous other foods, as well as, things like perfumes and fabric softeners. Devon's parents knew that there was no way the young boy would be able to survive in a normal classroom environment, especially since even breathing in an allergen could result in an anaphylactic shock. So, at the age of 5 when most kids are loc»king forward to going to kindergarten, Devon had to put up with home schooling in complete isolation until his family heard about the incredible Avatar.

C. The 4-teet tall chrome and steel VGO (Video Graphics Output) robot that is fitted with a television screen and acts as a two way audio/video mobile communications system has opened a whole new world for Devon, one where he gets to experience school life on a day-to-day basis and interact with his teachers and friends. The best part is that since the robot is mobile and has a battery life ot eight hours, Devon can 'walk' to the library and even, join them on the playground.

D. Though life has improved immensely for the young boy since his Avatar entered his life last January, things are still not easy. He has to carry his own popcorn and bring sheets to cover the seats when he goes out for movies. He cannot go out to play and it his friends want to come over, they have to shower and change their clothes betore they are allowed to play with him.

E. While Devon is not the first kid to use this amazing robot. he is the youngest. The technology had originally been developed for use in manufacturing plants to monitor production or for doctors to watch the health ot elderly patients who are living independently. Fortunately, a salesman trom VGO communications called the school district. Hopefully, as more schools and students discover the VGO, Avatars strolling around hallways laughing and joking with friends, will become a common sight.

b) Read the text again and mark the statements True (T), False (F) , Not Stated (NS).

1 . School is a good place to socialise.

2. Devon preferred home education to regular schooling.

Horne education via the Internet is very popular nowadays.

4. Allergy is a very serious illness that influences your whole life.

5. Devon's parents wanted him to get used to allergens and sent him to the normal school.

6. Staying at home Devon could do whatever he liked.

7. The new robot (VGo) helped Devon to feel part of the class.

8. Thanks to the robot Devon can now visit playgrounds, cinemas and theatres.

a. Read the text and choose the right option.

On Monday, August 26th, over 1,500 freshmen made their way to Texas Christian University beautiful campus for the first day of a four-year journey. one trom where they will all graduate as adults. The only exceptlon — Carson Huey who will not even have the right to drive when he graduates because he happens to be only eleven years old!

Vhat's even more amazing is that the University's youngest student ever, was only ten years old when he was accepted. And while it may surprise all ot us, it doesn't seem to shock Carson or his family. His mother says she realised that she may have a unique child when the young boy started reading chapter books at the age of two. By three the homeschooled genius had mastered basic math concepts like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

he turned five, his mother decided to enroll him in a private school. But instead of heading to kindergarten he went straight to the eighth grade. By the age of ten, the school as well as Carson's mother decided that he may be ready for University.

As you have probably guessed, the young boy who dreams of becoming a quantum physicist and earning his PhD before he turns 20, is not wasting this opportunity with easy classes. His schedule for the first semester includes Maths, Physics, History and Religion. The young boy, who speaks almost fluent Mandarin Chinese and is a self-taught pianist, has also joined some clubs. And in case you think that Carson is all work and no play, the boy loves to hang out with his friends and play basketball and football.

1 . Among all the freshmen of Texas University Carson is

the only Chinese boy

b) the only student who can't drive

c) the most unique student

d) the student with the best marks

2. The University has never accepted students before.

a) such gifted

b) such young

c) such extraordinary

d) Chinese

3. Carson's family expected the boy

a) to read at an early age

b) to take Maths as his major

c) to like school at an early age

d) to be the youngest university student

4. At the age trom 3 to 5 Carson was educated at

a) the kindergarten

b) the private junior school

c) home

d) college

5. The school authoritiesto go to University when he was ten.

a) were against his decision

b) supported his desire

c) thought it psychologically wrong

d) helped him

6. Carson learntall by himselt.

a) to play football

b)several languages

c) to play the piano

d)physics

4. Read the text and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

IT Master

7-year-old Nia Zui, a first-grade student in Southern China has already earned the nickname of IT Master!

And it's a title that is well deserved — for while this little one still does not know how to read a book, he is already in the middle of college level training in computer programming and also has an impressive resume to boot. Nia, who started playing computer games when he was two, went on to install Windows 98MindowsXP at the tender age of three. By the time he turned four, he could install an operating system in MS-DOS mode. By five and six he was installing computer hardware and repairing computers. Currently he is into computer programming.

The highlight ot his young life was Fast November, when around his seventh birthday, he helped a college to upgrade (MOAePHM8MPOBaTb) their computer operating system. He managed to upgrade 7 of the 45 computers independently — his birthday gift to himself! We have a feeling we are going to hear about this young computer whiz a lot in the next few years.

1. The seven-year-old Chinese boy is a computer genius.

2. Nia is also at the top of his class in many subjects.

3. Nia is a serious boy so he never plays computer games.

4. Due to his talent he already goes to college.

5. College professors help Nia to become a perfect computer programmer.

6. The boy is good at making computers more powerful and effective.

5. a) Read the text and match the ütles to the paragraphs. One title is extra.

1 . HELP TO SUPPORTERS OF HOME EDUCATION

2 THE ORIGIN OF EO

3 THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM

4 DIFFICULIYTO SUIT SCHOOL SYSTEM

5 ANY TYPE OF SCHOOLING UNDER LAW

6. PARENTS' PARTICIPATION IN THE CHILD'S LIFE

Education Otherwise

A. Though education is compulsory in the UK for children between the ages of five and sixteen, school is not. Many families prefer to educate their children otherwise than at school, and it is their right under UK law to do so. Home educating families do not have to follow the National Curriculum and there is no single 'right' way to educate a child at home.

Education Otherwise (EO) was formed by a small group of parents in 1977 and has evolved into a large self-help organisation which offers support and information to its members. They take their name from the Education Act, which states that parents are responsible for their children's education, "either by regular attendance at school or otherwise•.

C. Some families make a carefully considered decision to home educate long before their child reaches "school age." There may be philosophical, religious or various other reasons for their choice, and ultimately they teet that in some way they can offer a more suitable education for their chüdren at home. It is also a natural choice for parents who have enjoyed participating in their child's early learning and see no reason to give up this responsibility when the child reaches the age of five.

D. Other parents send their child into the school system, but later tind that school does not work for their child. School does not suit everyone. Sometimes children may find it hard to fit in; some children have special needs; some children tace bullying and may become very anxious and distressed. Children may find that school does not suit their particular way of learning, so parents who become unhappy with the education which is provided in schools may also decide to home educate.

E. EO has an extensive network ot members that Includes those families, groups and individuals who are practising home education as an alternative to school, those who are considering the possibility of home education. This work has been carried out by a nation-wide team of dedicated, experienced members who volunteer their services free to support other members and promote home education. Membership of Education Otherwise gives one the opportunity to meet other homeeducating members. as well as offering a range of information and ideas.

b) Read the text again and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

1. There is no compulsory age for school education in the UK.

2. British parents can choose any type of schooling.

3. Education Otherwise provides families with teachers to educate children at home.

4. EO acts against the UK law.

EO promotes home education and helps parents with varied advice.

6. Some parents don 't send their children to school because they can't part with them even for an hour.

7. Some families prefer home education to protect their children from stress.

8. EO supports the alternative to school system because school discipline is too strict.

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

6. Read the text and choose the right options.

What Is the School System (1 )in China?

Education is compulsory and (2)for Chinese citizens from 6 (3) 15 though parents must pay small (4)for books and uniforms. Chinese children all get a primary and middle school public education. Each class (5) 35 students. After middle school, parents must pay for public high school though the (6)of families in cities can afford the modest fees. In (7) parts of China, many students stop their (8) (9) the age of 15. There are (10)

schools in China for wealthy people as well as dozens of international feepaying schools.

I . a) look	b) alike		d) similar
2. e) easy	b) cheap	c) free c) until	d) expensive
4. a) money	b) fees	c) parts	d) bonus
5. a) averages		c) consists	d) is made
6. e) majority	b) many	c) most	d) few
7. a) country	b) village	c) rural	d) countryside
B. a) class	b) education	c) study	d) school
9. a) by	b) from
10. a) own	b) property	c) individual	d) private

7. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized .

the streets. He designed a cart that contains
everything a street (2) needs to set up	EDUCATE

school on a sidewalk. The cart slides out like a tel-
escope. Each cart has 250 (3) The	ACTIVE

New Types of School Arnold knew that programmes trying to get sff-eet kids into schools hadn't worked. So he decided to try something (1)— getting a school onto DIFFER

(4) also pass on a lot ot important EDUCATE (5) to kids about health care and commu- INFORM nity (6) . Most of the (7)are set up SERVE/ACTIVE as games so that (8)is fun and relaxed. The LEARN

kids also have chances to express themselves
through puppetry and other (9) occupa-	CREATE
tons. It helps them deal with sad and (10) things that have happened in their lives.	SCARE

8. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical torm of the capitalized words.

A Talented Girt

Meet Brittney Exline. She (1)read by the CAN time she (2) two years old, finished the sixth BE

of Pennsylvania, on a fuli scholarship. She
what she (9) to be when she	NOT KNOW/WANT
up, but she loves Maths. Science and	GROW
Politics. Hence, she (11) to. get a joint degree in Engineering and Liberal Arts.	DECIDE

grade at eight and (3)from high school by thirteen! That's what we call amazing! At fifteen.	GRADUATE
Brittney (4) to legally drive or vote. but she	NOT ALLOW
can (5) one of the top universities in the	ATTEND
county as she is (6) than many school	SMART

Brittney is a freshman at the (7) University

PRESTIGIOUS

9. Read the text and In the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

If you (1) in middle school, you probably

(2) to memorise the 118 elements that make up the periodic table. Now you may have (3) room for one more — Element 115! Nick-

ASK

The New Element

named Ununpentium until it (4) official ap- GET proval and a permanent name from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, it is one of the (5)man-made ele- HEAVY ments (6)so far. VMnen the Russian chemist CREATE

Dmitri Mendeleev first invented the periodic table

of elements in 1869, he (7) it with the fifty-	POPULATE
nine natural elements that (8) to scientists	KNOW
then and (9)room for thirty-three in anticipation of new finds. By 1939, all the boxes	LEAVE

up. 115 or Ununpentium first FILL in the laboratory by Russian physicists MAKE in 2003. However, the International body that another laboratory should recre- REQUIRE ate it. It (13)a decade. and on August 26th, TAKE scientists from Sweden's Lund University announced that they successfully FINAL

10. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Schoolchildren Choose Their Career

Ten-year-old Courtney Oliver knows (1) what she wants to be when she grows up — a veterinarian. She is qualified to be a registered Vet-	EXACT
erinarian (2) who supports a Veterinarian	ASSIST

Doctor in their (3)_ They could include DAY

(4) and (5) animals. Students can FEED/EXERCISE receive (6) on how to follow (7) , look TRAIN/DIRECT after animals, talk to animal (B) and juggle OWN

a lot of things at the same time. Courtney is (9) to have a (10)like Dr Shoemaker who says that Courtney is an (Il) smart

LUCKfTEACH AMAZE

Il. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

A Chess Prodigy

IWetve-year-old Daniel Naroditsky is the (1 )	WIN
of the World Youth Chess (2) held in Antalya,	CHAMPION

Turkey. thThen Daniel entered the (3) he was COMPETE ranked the13th in the (4) boys' division. NATIONAL

Daniel played a match every day, he won nine
games. This (5) (6) ensured him a place in the finals. Daniel playing chess at	AMAZE/PERFORM
six. Soon he started playing in (7) beating	COMPETE
out first (8)easily, and a chess prodigy was born.	GRADE

12. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammaucal form of the capitalized words.

(1) 11 -year-olds are just happy (2) MANY/SURVIVE their first year of middle school. However. Moshe Kai Cavalin is not like most kids. He (3) SKIP elementary, middle and high school and (4) straight to college at the age of eight. Vthile

Moshe's parents (5) he was smart, they	KNOW
(6)to put him in college this young. How-	NOT EXPECT
ever, when they (7)to enroll him in a private	TRY
school at the age of 6, he (8) down, because he was so smart and the school was afraid	TURN
he (9) The parents (10) that he	BE BORED/REAUSE
ready for some real high-level courses.	BE
East Los Angeles College agreed (12) him in. He could take only two courses: Maths and	TAKE
Physical Education. Moshe (13) He	NOT DISSAPOINT
A-pluses in both and (15) back	GET/LOOK
since. Soon he (16)with an Associates Degree in Liberal Arts. In fact, the young lad was so	GRADUATE
smart that he (17)to tutor his fellow maths students, some ot whom were a decade	HELP
than him. Moshe now (19)to take a little 'break' to pursue his other passion Martial Arts (60eBble VICKYCCTBa), where he	OLD/PLAN
quite a few medals.	WIN

WRITING

13.

Your English pen friend is interested in Russian education. Write her/him an e-mail about your favourite lessons and how you are preparing for your future exam in English (State Final Assessment). Wrlte 80 — 90 words.

14. You've got a letter from your friend. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his four questions. Wrlte 100 — 120 words.

What do you think of home education, its advantages and disadvantages? Do you like working with the computer? Can it substitute teachers? In what way can we socialise while studying at home?

MODULE 8

1. a) Read the text. Match the sentences to the paragraphs. One sentence Is extra.

Five of the Craziest Extreme Sports

1. This winter team water sport for divers has been played tor over 50 years.

2. There were a lot of tragic accidents in this crazy sport that is out of law in most countries.

3. One can play this unusual sport only in summer.

4. Fans ot this extreme sport move down as fast as some cars.

5. A person who is brave enough to try this sport has to experience both flying and swimming.

6. This water sport has an over two-century history.

A. Volcano Boarding

Racing down an active 2,380 ft (725, 4 m) volcano at the speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) with only a board for protection is considered by many thrill-seeking sports fanatics as the coolest sport.

Thousands of travelers go to the foothills of Nicaragua's Cerro Negro Mountain every year to take part in the new sporting craze. Surfers, dressed in protective jump suits, knee-pads and helmets, can reach speeds of up to 80 km/h (50mph) on their specially-constructed plywood (QaHepa) boards. Since its creation, in 2005, the volcano boarding has attracted more than 10,000 participants. B. Train Surfing

Usually an illegal sport, train surfing involves riders climbing or "surfIng" on the outside of a moving train or subway. The practice is a serious problem in South Africa, where many young people have been killed or injured. The 'sport' was made popular in the 1980s in Germany, where it was called "S-Bahn Surfing". The phenomenon was then forgotten. but in 2005 it was rediscovered by a gang from Frankfurt, Germany. The leader of the crew who called himself "The Trainrider" surfed the InterCityExpress, the fastest train in Germany.

C. Cliff Diving

Clltf diving is defined as the acrobatic perfection of diving into water from a high cliff. This dangerous sport originated trom the Hawaiian Islands in 1770. The local king demanded that his men jump off high cliffs and dive into the water feet first without a splash, to prove their courage and loyalty. Today, after centuries, the activity has expanded into a sport that is marked by immense courage, focus, thrill and risk. Cliff diving is one of the riskiest kinds of diving. Certain standards have been set to minimise the risk factor. Some of these include determining the height of the jump (23 — 28 metres for men, 18 - 23 metres for women), an ideal entering speed of 75 — 100 km/h, and a free tall time of 3 seconds.

D. Underwater Hockey

A little known sport. underwater hockey is what some divers like to do during the winter months when the outside water is too cold for diving. The sport was invented in Great Britain during the 1950's when some British divers were looking tor ways to stay fit during the winter.

The game is played using nothing more than snorkeling equipment — and of course the stick, protective gear and gloves. The game is played at the bottom of the pool using a puck weighing over one kilogram. The sport is tough and tiring. It is becoming increasingly popular around the world and some countries have formed national teams which take part in world championships. E. AirKicking

In this strange extreme sport, a human catapult launches individuals over 26 feet in the air into a swimming pool. AirKick works propelling participants through the air in a pre-calculated parabolic trajectory using a special combination of air pressure and water recoil (OTAaya, OTCKOK) technology. The participant sits in a specially constructed seat at the back end of the catapult arm and 3, 2, 1 ...lift-off! The participant himself sets the device in motion by pushing a button. Approximately 60 litres ot water are then forced through a rocket nozzle (conno) under the seat. This pressurized water propels the participant 8 meters (26 ft) through the air for a cool and refreshing splash down in a swimming pool.

b) Read the text again and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

I. Sportsmen use traditional boards in volcano boarding.

2. Volcano boarding is practiced on most of world famous volcanos.

3. Most dangerous sport of train surfing involves public transportation.

4. First cliff divers used to jump into the water head first.

5. The origin of cliff diving belongs to a royal tyran.

6. The official conditions in cliff diving are the same for male and female participants.

7. Only good divers can play underwater hockey. B. The Russian nationai team takes part in underwater hockey world championships every year.

9. In AirKicking the person starts the human catapult himself.

2. Read the text and choose the right option.

The Skier

Atel was only a very small boy when he first saw snow. But it wasn't real snowthat he saw. No, there was no real snow where he lived. He saw the snow in a picture book. The book had lots ot pictures of children playing in big white fields. His mother tried to explain to him what snaw was, but Mel didn't really understand. It didn't matter. Even when he was only a very small boy Afel was already in love with snow.

He dreamed about snow all the time, trying to imagine how it really was. He thought ot big white fields. He thought of the big, heavy clothes the children playing in the snow wore. He thought about feeling cold. He dreamed of being able to fly across the white fields ot snow.

Then, when Afel was twelve years old, another thfrlg happened. One day he was watching the TV at his uncle's house. Ate' was watching one of the satellite channels, and the programme was full ot snow. Lots and lots of it. And not only snow — there were people flying across the snow. They looked like strange animals, like fantastic birds. They had hats which covered all their heads and big goggles over their eyes. They wore brightlycoloured clothes. And on their feet. they had things that looked like strange shoes.

"What are those?" he asked his uncle excitedly.

"Skis," replied his uncle, "And those people are called skiers. " Afel was in love. Here was the snow, and here were people who were flying across

the snow. It was just like one of his dreams. It was perfect. At that momenti he decided. He wanted to be a skier. He asked his uncle what the programme was.

"The Winter Olympics," said his uncle. "It's like the normal Olympics, but for sports where you need snow — skiing, ice-skating, bobsleigh, those sorts of things. They have it every four years."

"Perfect," he thought. "Enough time for me to become a brilliant skier. Then I'll go to the Winter Olympics, and win the gold medal for skiing." "But there's no snow here!" people told him. "Where are you going to ski?" Afel didn't care. He made himself a pair of skis from two pieces of wood. He tied them to his teet and practised skiing holding two sticks in his hands. At first he couldn't move, but he practised and practised and practised until he could move quite quickly across the sand or the earth. He tried to fly down the hills like the people on IN, bifi he couldn 't. He could only move slowly.

"Never mind," he thought. "It's a start... "

"Why don't you do up athletics instead?" people asked him. 'You don't need lots ot expensive equipment to practise. Our country is very good at athletics. We have lots of runners. And every time we win lots of medals at the Olympics. But no skiing, no."

Afel didn't care. He found that Jamaica had sent a bobsleigh team to the Olympics a few years ago.

"tf Jamaica have a bobsleigh team," he thought, "then our country can have a skier. "

So every night, in the middle of the desert, Afel now practises skiing down sand dunes. He dreams that the yellow sand and brown earth otthe desert is the white-white snow of the mountains he saw on the television. Afel keeps his dreams.

1. Afel's mother explained to him

a) why there was no snow in his native place

b) what snow is

c) what the children in the picture were playing

d) when he can see the real snow

a) understood what snow is and fell in love with it

b) was sorry because he didn't understand what snow is

c) was happy to understand what snow is

d) didn't understand what snow is but fell in love with it

•

3. Atel sawon the television.

a) skiers

b) strange animals in the snow

c) fantastic birds over the snow field

d) people flying in planes over the snow field

4. Afel wantedwhen he saw the programme.

a) to get a perfect dream

b) to become a skier

c) to hug his uncle

d) to get new shoes and brightly-coloured clothes

5. His dream was

a) to go to the Winter Olympics to watch the best ot skiing

b) to become the Winter Olympics champion in skiing

c) to take part in the IV programme about skiing

d) to have snow where he lived

6. Afel skis.

a) asked his uncle to buy him some

read special books and invented a new type of

c) made himself a pair of

d) bought some

7. Atel's country

a) was very good at winter sports

b) never took part in the Winter Olympics

c) had some indoor facilities for skiing

d) was famous for its bobsleigh team feels about achieving his dream.

a) optimistic

b) frustrated

c) doubted

d) worried

3. Read the text and mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).

Three skydivers made history over Mount Everest on October 5th by being the first people to parachute above the world's highest

The parachutists from New Zealand, Britain and Canada trained for many

years to make their jumps. Their plane flew about 150 metres above Everest's peak when they leapt out. They had to wear oxygen masks and parachutes that were larger than usual to help them in the thin air. The three were in free fall for 30 seconds before their parachutes opened and they glided down to land. A member of the jumpers' support team explained to the Reuters news agency: "They looked like tiny birds flying in the blue sky as they jumped from the plane. "

The skydivers were over the moon with their jump over Everest. New Zealander Wendy Smith said: "It was stunning (CHOrCWV-16aTenbH8V1, oweJIOMJIBH)LUVIM). I had never seen so many mountains betore. To be on top of the world was simply stunning. " Britain's Holly Budge agreed, saying her jump was "just spectacular". Their jumps broke several skydiving records. They entered the record books tor making the highest skydiving free fall at nearly 8,900 metres. They also landed on the world's highest drop zone at 3,761 metres. Twenty-nine more brave sportsmen are waiting for tavourable weather conditions to make the same jump. The thrill seekers are part ot the Everest Skydive event organised by the British extreme sports company High and Wild.

1 . Three skydivers jumped off the top of Mount Everest.

2. The decision to make the jumps was a sudden one taken recently.

3. They had been training tor three years betore the jump.

4. The skydivers were specially equipped for the high mountain conditions.

5. The weather was sunny on the day of the record jump.

3. The skydivers were happy about their jump.

7. The parachutists were the first to break several skydiving records within ten years.

B. There are nearly 30 jumpers waiting to make the jump above Everest.

4. Read the text. Match the sentences to the paragraphs A-E. One sentence is extra.

Things We Enjoy Doing

1 . This sport makes me feel self-confident in life.

2 One day I'd like to play with an orchestra.

3 I love risky sports.

4 My favourite station broadcasts 24 hours a day.

5. I think this is just the hobby for a communicable person like me.

6. As for my favourite author, I'm not sure at the moment.

A group of international students write about the things they enjoy doing in their free time.

A. Listening to the radio is a lot of fun for me. Whenever I can, I turn on my radio to listen to news or music. I like to listen to a lot of information, especially the weather reports because it is very useful for me to know the weather to choose my clothes and shoes every day.

I also enjoy listening to music because it relaxes me and makes me teel good. I like popular music the most. I like to listen to the talk of the DJs. They are funny. I sometimes laugh at the way they talk. By listening to the radio, I learn which songs are popular, and then I sometimes go to the music shops to buy CDs with those songs.

B. Playing the piano is the most important thing in my life. Whenever I have free time, I enjoy playing. I love the sound of this instrument. It relaxes and encourages me. I have been playing for twelve years.

At the beginning, I hated it because I couldn't play well, but now it's my biggest pleasure. I usually practice for three hours. I like Chopin and especially "Fantasy Improvisation", but this music is difficult to play well, so I will have to continue practicing. I want to be able to perform skillfully in front of the people one day.

I often go to concerts. It is always exciting to see musicians get standing ovations when their performances are finished.

C. Reading books is one of my favorite activities, I don't know how I came to tike reading actually, but I had a habit of reading picture books in my childhood and I came to enjoy reading naturally.

Usually I read a book in Japanese not only because Japanese is my mother tongue but also because I like the feeling and sounds of the Japanese language.

Reading books is fun and gives me a lot of satisfaction. There are many kinds of stories and I'll never lose interest in reading. We can also learn so many things from books. I love reading because it takes you to a fascinating world.

D. Playing tennis is a very good hobby. First of all, it's good exercise. Until I started playing tennis two years ago, I didn't exercise at all, but now I do a lot. Sometimes when I have free time I play tennis over twelve hours a day. I go to the university at seven in the morning and play untit dark.

I get very tired, but it is good for my health. Playing tennis has also improved my social life. I joined a tennis club where I met lots of people, and I was able to form good relationships with them. Some of these people were over 60 years old, so I think it's also a good way to create bonds between different generations.

Using email and the Internet is something I like doing every day because I can keep in touch with my family and many friends whenever I am away from them and can't see them. Sometimes they send me emails with funny pictures. I enjoy getting emails because then I know what is happening when I'm not there. Usually, I spend three to four hours writing messages and surfing the 'nternet. I am also interested in getting news and knowing what is happening in the world. I can get news about politics and other things. That's why I really like using email and the Internet.

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

5. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

A World of Dolls

Yukiko Hattori from Japan (1) always	LOVE
dolls. She tells how she (2) to love	COME
them and (3) a special experience of friendship.	SHARE
My mother was able (4) dolls out ot any-	MAKE
thing. She used (5) them for my two	MAKE
(6) sisters and me. They were cornhusk (06ëpTKa no•o-ra KYKypy3N) dolls, rag (Tpqnh'1HHe) dolls, eggshell dolls and even tiny matchstick dolls.	OLD
I enjoyed (7)with them. but still, secretly, I dreamed of a store-bought doll like the one our rich	PLAY
cousin (B) . Her doll had beautiful blonde	HAVE
curls, and it (9) open and close its blue glass eyes and even say "Mamma. " I never (10)	CAN
it, but I (12)such dolls were too expensive for my parents to bew tor all three of us.	ADMIRE/KNOW
One day my father came back from his business trip with three store-bought dolls! They were
much (13) than our (14) doll and		SMALL/COUSIN
their eyes were just (15) ones, but I		PAINT
(16) about such differences. We each		NOT CARE
(17) one and I named mine Misako. Soon my sisters and became devoted mothers. Our		CHOOSE
"children" (18) us busy all day. We		KEEP
(19) them a bath, dressed them,		GIVE
(20) them out tor a walk. Several months		TAKE
(21 ) they became more like real children —		LATE
their faces and (22)became (23)		BODY/DIRTY
I (24)that Misako was (25) to me		FEEL/CLOSE
than before because of (26) familiar		THIS
changes. "l (27)care of my doll for halt a year," I wrote in a letter to my best friend, "and I		TAKE
(28) really happy. I (29) glad if I		FEEL/BE
(30) have more little friends like my Misako."		CAN

(to be continued)

6. Read the text and fill tn the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

A World of Dolls (continued) But, by then, my sisters' interests moved to
(1) toys. Their dolls were in a (2) condition. One had lost one of her arms, and the	DIFFER/MISERY
other was (3) . Thus, I (4)became	ONE LEG/EXPECT
the (5) mother of three children instead of	LUCK
just one. I enjoyed this (6)ot being the only	FEEL
one in the world who could give them (7) with a lot of love- Indeed, they made the rest of my	PROTECT
(B) very happy. Ten years ago I sent a letter	CHILD
to a (9) column of a magazine. I wrote about my dream doll which I had always wanted to find and buy someday.	READ
"The doll does not need to be a (10) one, but she must look as if she listens when I talk to	LUXURY

her, like the doll Emily in the book "A Little PRINCE Several weeks later a letter and a parcel came from an (12)lady KNOW/JAPAN living in Colorado, US. (to be continued)

7. Read the text and choose the right opüon.

A World of Dolls ( continued)

That is how I got Rosa, a big porcelain-headed doll in a (1)dress with (2)velvet bonnet and high buttoned shoes.

To be honest, I (3) never my dream doll so aristocratic. (4)that time, my doll family had consisted of rather poor, old creatures. Sometimes their (5)seemed to me the main reason I was (6) to them. Now, this Rosa was far (7) any kind of poorness. She (8) anyone to take care (9) her. Besides beautiful she looked good-natured, innocent, and very sympathetic. "Well, isn't she like Emily?" I asked (11) . "To have you can nurse is wonderful, but you may also need somebody else to share your problems and pleasures with. It was the Quality I saw in Emily who gave me (13)idea of the dream doll."

Soon I wrote a letter to Rosa's biological mother and since then,

blessed with having at least one good listener around me.

1. a) Victorian-style

b) Victorian-styled

c) Victorian-styling

d) Victorian-stylish

2. a) the

3. a) imagine

b) imagined

c) had imagined

d) have imagined

c) over

d) up to

5. a) help

b) helplessness

c) helpless

d) helpful

6. a) attracted

b) attracting

c) attraction

d) attractive

b) from

c) behind

d) over

8. a) needn't

b) doesn't need

c) didn't need

d) don't need

9. a) with

about

10. a) to be

b) being

c) was

d) having been

11. a) me

b) my

c) myself

d) herself 12. a) anyone

b) no one

c) someone

d) something

13. a) the

c) an

14. a) am

b) had been

c) was

d) have been

a. Read the text and fill in the gaps the proper grammatical form of the capltallzed words.

Are You Ready For Some Bubble Football?

of artists becoming famous after HEAR themselves on YouTube, but a whole LAUNCH

new sport being born off a video? That (3) to be a first. However that is how 'Bubble Football', a combination of soccer and zorbing (a sport that involves rolling downhill strapped inside	HAVE
a ball), (4)popular not just in its birth country ot Norway, but also all across Europe.	BECOME
The best part is that the sport (5)as a joke	INVENT

mon for families to take up such (8) . Why do people want to take part in (9)

ACTIVE

DANGER

by Henrick Elvestad and Johan Gold — hosts of Norwegian comedy sport show 'Golden Goal'.

They (6)fun to try to play soc- THINK/BE cerwhile (8) a giant plastic bubble. So they WEAR

(9) a spoof (napoA"9) video of it on POST

YouTube in 2011. To their surprise, thousands of people liked It and a new sport (10) born! BE so popular that some online stores BECOME

. selling and even renting bubble foot- START ball gear for people that want to play or try the game.

9. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Rock (1) whitewater (2) and CLIMB/RAFT

(3) used to be considered (4) sports, SKYDIVE/DANGER

(5) tor only a few brave people who are SUIT

(6) fit. It's (7) today, when it is com- USUAL/DIFFER

? Some experts say it's a natural ACTIVE human desire (xenaHøe) to test the limits of their courage and physical (11) The sports ABLE

Frank Farley of Temple University in PSYCHOLOGY

Philadelphia calls people who do (13)

DANGER

sports "Type T" people. They aæ thrill seekers and risk takers. Farley has been studying such people
for 35 years. "They're the mountain (14)	CLIMB
the (15), the people who sail around the world in a ten-foot sailboat," he says. What are the	HANG-CLYDE
reasons of the (16) of high-risk sports?	POPULAR
Some say it's due to more wealth, the (17)	DEVELOP
ot high tech (18) , and even the (19)	EQUIP/ABSENT
of (20)risks such as war. Others argue that ease of modern life is part of the reason. In	TRADITION

thrill seekers want to display a ADD rebellious (6YHTaPCK1h") attitude, YOUTH

whether they're 16 or 46. Farley says extreme
sports always involve individual (23) - even	EXPRESS
(24)	CREATIVE

The Search for Adventure
Can you imagine a 14-year-old boy (1) across the Pacific all by himself? That's exactly	SAIL
what Subaru Takahashi (2). This Japanese	DO
junior high school student became the (3)	YOUNG

person (4) a solo voyage across the Pacific. He (5) out from Tokyo on July 22, 1996 In a 9-meter sail boat and (6) in San

COMPLETE

START

ARRIVE

10. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

Francisco on September 16, 1996. He (7)	COVER
10.000 km. Subaru (8) his voyage	SAY
(9) thrilling. Men Subaru arrived in San	BE
Francisco he told reporters that he (10)to sail around the world next. In an intervlew in	WANT
Japanese, Subaru said he (11) and	BOAT

11. Read the text and fill In the gaps with the words derived from the

capitalized words.

death. This kind ot person gets through this prac-
tice a strong spirit of (11) . They are trying to do the best with their lives. For them, nothing	STRONG
is (12)to the emotions that they can feèl.	COMPARE
It is something that gives them (13)in their lives. 3. When most people talk about sports, they say	MOTIVATE

They're Into Extreme Sports'

A group of (1)students are discussing extreme sports. 1. I don't knoW what makes people absorbed in sports. Many athletes have some physical prob-	NATION
lems. (2)they suffer the pain and keep on	USUAL
doing sports. Sports have some (3) power. We seek thrills because we are young. The older we are, the safer life we prefer. ffien I	ATTRACT
ski, I know (4) from a hill is (5) , but it's fun. Human (6) always try to overcome something. We get joy when we overcome	JUMP/DANGER
(7)	DIFFICULT
2. My (8)opinion about people who participate in extreme sports is that they enjoy doing	PERSON
this because they feel enormous (9)that is	SATISFY
bigger than the (10)of the possible risk of	FEEL

that it is a (14) . For most peo- USE/ACTIVE ple, that (16) is true. However, there are STATE kinds ot sports which can cause peo- DIFFER

ple to be injured or handicapped, or even killed.
These are extreme sports such as (1B)	SNOWBOARD
speed (19) , bungee (20) , and ice	SKATE/JUMP
. Perhaps many people will have ques-	CLIMB
tiOns in their minds about the (22)of these sports.	USEFUL

WRITING

12. You've gat a letter from your English-speaking friend about his/her interests and free time activities he/she enjoys. Write him/her a letter and answer him/her four questions about what you enjoy doing In your free time. Write 80— 100 words.

What were your interests when you were 10 years old? How have they changed by now? How does your hobby help you to develop your personality? Who do you share your interests with?

13. Your friend from Eumpe sent you a letter inviting you to Join me online photography club he is a member of. Write him back to ask more about the club and to tell him about your recent pictures of scenery. Write 100— 120 words.

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Предисловие Учителю сегодня в общественном сознании лроисходит переход от понимания социального предназначения

Так, задания по чтению в формате

Сборником легко пользоваться и при самостоятельной работе

A. different lands but also among next-door neighbours

A. work even more emotionally stirring

In Britain people make a great effort to arrive on time, so it is considered impolite to be (ate, even by few minutes

Hi, I'm Amy Chua, and thanks so much for visiting my website!

I was raised by very strict, Chinese immigrant parents, who came to the

When the authors family read the book a) they were surprised b) they began to understand each other c) it was a real shock d)…

Parents should be demanding because they want their children a) to obey them in everything b) to be rich c) to realise their abilities d)…

Take a moment to think of ten things that make you feel better when you're hot under the collar

Etiquette is protocol, rules of behaviour that you memorise

A special section of any etiquette book gives advice how to behave towards servants

A. The boy started cutting off the ribbons on the helium balloons

This stands in the (7) of true conflict resolution, and (8) the level of conflict

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capltallzed words

LOOK rude and indifferent. (5) should wait for a

You can also make comments about your (12)

A. In this episode of cooking video series,

The rouble (or ruble) has been the currency in

In the 18th century half a kopek or a single kopek were made from copper, while five kopeks up to 50 kopeks and one rouble…

We can read lots of interesting things (encyclopedias, poems or even books), we can send letters or even, what is very popular recently, we can…

The main disadvantage is that a) you never know what you really buy b) the things are more expensive c) you never get the thing…

Shopping via the Internet is popular as it a) saves time b) is great fun c) looks like game d) improves computer skills 5

In 1815, a new building of the

Many designers at home and abroad took architecture of

C. Psychologists don 't believe that subliminal messaging works

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from capitalized words

On the other hand if you do not find any product in the store you sometimes (12) to buy

Today as the online (1) grows in (2) more people are turning to it for all their needs

Bring a large saucepan water the boil

Сборник упражнений - 8 класс

BE United States Nate. An interesting fact about the

The snack company says the Popinator is for now just a project and that its (13) are having fun with

He had made the first synthetic dye

C. plum. the Flaming

A. Read the text again and mark the statements

A. industrial research laboratory

A. employees carried out research and development under his direction

Read the text again and choose the right option

Edison was interested in many things among them a) physics b) literature c) chemistry d) medicine 7

It all begins with Edge showing both a $1

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06.10.2024