Статья: «Технологии подготовки учащихся к ЕГЭ».

Статья:       «Технологии подготовки учащихся к ЕГЭ».

«Система упражнений по формированию умения читать,

проверяемого в ЕГЭ по английскому языку в разделе «Чтение».

ФОРМАТ ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННОГО ТЕСТА В РАЗДЕЛЕ "ЧТЕНИЕ"

Типология заданий,  которые используются при обучении

Задание альтернативных ответов

Задание -  множественный выбор

Задание -  установление соответствия

Задание -  заполнение таблицы

Задание -  заполнение пропусков

Задание - установление последовательности

Задание – краткий ответ/дополнение

Задание – краткое изложение прочитанного

Задание – исправление ошибо

Типология заданий для проверки понимания прочитанного

Задание альтернативных ответов

Задание -  множественный выбор

Задание -  установление соответствия

Задание -  заполнение таблицы

Задание -  заполнение пропусков

Задание - установление последовательности

Задание – краткий ответ/дополнение

   Тренировочные упражнения

1.ПОНИМАНИЕ ОСНОВНОГО СОДЕРЖАНИЯ

  Первое задание раздела «Чтение» ЕГЭ (В2) проверяет понимание основного содержания текстов (т.е. поисково-просмотровое чтение) и заключается в установлении соответствий между краткими текстами информационного и научно-популярного характера и их названиями. При обучении данному виду чтения следует обратить внимание на то, что языковая форма не является здесь объектом произвольного внимания. Этот вид чтения требует умения определить тему, выделить основную мысль, выбрать важные, значимые факты, опуская второстепенные и выделять в тексте смысловые опоры.

Рекомендации по формированию умения понимать основное содержание прочитанного.

§  Внимательно прочитайте инструкцию, чтобы четко представлять, что и как вы должны делать.

§  Быстро просмотрите текст, чтобы понять, о чем текст.

§  Прочитайте задания к тексту (заголовки, рубрики, утверждения) и определите тему.

§  Не забывайте прочитать заголовок, очень часто он поможет понять тему(основную мысль) текста.

§  Многие авторы дают тему текста в самом начале, чтобы читатель следил за тем, как развиваются события. Поэтому очень часто бывает достаточно прочитать первый  и последний абзацы тексты для того, чтобы понять тему.

§  Найдите в тексте (микротекстах) ключевые слова или фразы, выражающие тему, основную мысль.

§  Не пытайтесь переводить текст дословно.

§  Не паникуйте, если в тексте встретили много незнакомых слов. Ваша задача – понять основную мысль.

§  В текстах обычно дается сначала основная мысль, а затем она подкрепляется дополнительной информацией.

№1. What kind of film?

For reviews 1-4, choose from the list of film categories A-E the kind of film being reviewed. Use

the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you do not need to use. You have 20 minutes to

read the texts and do the task.

A horror film

B action film

C comedy

D romance

E thriller

1 Once again, Tom Granger shows in his latest film why audiences find him so amusing. Playing

his usual character, the loveable loser Benny, Granger makes fun of doctors and hospitals in a

hilarious film. Crazy situations and funny dialogues keep you grinning, and the car crash at the

end had me crying for all the right reasons. A real hit!

2 This film proves that you can't make a great film just by giving a director a lot of money. The

special effects and costumes are wonderful, but the story is about as frightening as a rabbit.

Ghosts and graveyards may scare small children, but most of us will yawn through this one. I,

for one, was glad when me monster finally did get the girl. At least it saved us from her terrible

acting.

3 Director Sarah Howard, best known for her exciting chases and explosions, tries a new style in

this complicated story of two people in New York whose lives are changed when they are both arrested. The film is full of suspense as they are passed from the police to the FBI and the CIA.

Set in a world of spies and secrets, this film will leave you looking over your shoulder to see

who's following you.

4 You'd better bring your tissues if you're going to see the latest from Sam Goldberg. From the

very beginning he plays with your emotions. Based on a true story, the film follows the heroine,

Nadine, through her struggle with cancer and her developing relationship with the young doctor trying to save her, Goldberg lets us into their hearts as if we had known them all our lives.

№2  Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Выберите ответ :

  1. Mixing styles

  2. Internet sensation

  3. Short lifetime

  4. Money worries

  5. Celebrity style

  6. Cheaper to buy

  7. Rebels no more

  8. Shopping frenzy

A. Youth sub-culture isn’t what it used to be. In the 1960s, youths who were protesting against their parents or society dressed a certain way to show their anger, or to feel like they belonged to something. Nowadays, parents are more accepting of their children, and society is more accepting of different people. There is less of a need to act out, so there are fewer sub-cultures as a result. 

B. There are still a few youth sub-cultures these days. One phenomenon is haul girls – teenage girls who shop till they drop, then come home with a big ‘haul’, usually several bags of clothes. Then they make a video of what they bought, and not just any old video, either. They put great effort into it, with editing and a storyline. It’s their way of showing off what they love to do. 

C. In the old days, it took quite a lot of cash to get the look you desired. If you wanted to be Goth, going out and buying black boots, black clothes and black jewellery would cost a considerable amount. It’s all become more affordable now, so you can belong to one youth sub-culture one week and another the next, more or less. 

D. There are fewer differences between youth sub-cultures than there used to be. In the old days, a hippie looked like a hippie. A punk looked like a punk, and nothing else. But it seems that the youth of today sometimes combines looks. One example is seapunk, which is punk but much more colourful and with a bit of hip-hop added. At least it’s still very creative! 

E. A youth sub-culture is defined by many things. It’s the need to stand out, or the need to protest, or the need to belong. These days, kids are quite worried about their future. University has become very expensive, and the job market isn’t as strong as it used to be. How can anyone focus on creating a unique style when they’re facing such deep financial concerns? 

F. Sometimes a youth sub-culture can come out of nowhere. Take Molly Soda, for example. Molly Soda is a teenage girl who posted some short films on YouTube that quickly became highly popular. Her style of dress, with her blue hair and nose piercing, is now copied by thousands of girls who find it cool. They’re called Molly Soda girls, from a youth sub-culture born overnight! 

G. It is true that youth sub-cultures are like trends. They are born, they gain popularity, and then soon enough, everyone’s joined in. At that point, they are finished. This timeline used to be much longer than it is today. Now, with social media, trends spread much faster, which means they die a death much faster, too. A sub-culture is lucky if it lasts a whole year these days! 

2.ПОНИМАНИЕ СТРУКТУРНО-СМЫСЛОВЫХ СВЯЗЕЙ

Второе задание  (В3) оценивает понимание структурно-смысловых связей текста и заключается в заполнении пропусков в предложениях в тексте предлагаемыми частями предложений.

№1  Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. 

The Seven Sisters 
After the Second World War, officials in the Soviet Union embarked on a building frenzy to add a grand architectural style to Moscow’s skyline. As put by Joseph Stalin, the country’s leader who had led the nation during the war, the Soviet Union was victorious, A _______ . 

The Seven Sisters are a collection of seven buildings that Stalin commissioned to be built between 1947 and 1953. His thinking was to have skyscrapers just like existed in Western cities such as New York and London. It was a matter of prestige for the Soviet nation, he felt, B _______ . 

The idea for the first ever Moscow skyscraper had actually come before the Second World War. The building, the Palace of the Soviets, was never completed. Construction began in 1937, but the German invasion in 1941 halted work C _______ . 

Each of the Seven Sisters has a large base of several floors, with the base size varying from one building to the next. The upper floors are much less wide than the base, D _______ . The building designs are both elegant and imposing. 

The buildings served various purposes, which have not changed since their erection. Some are hotels, such as the Hotel Ukraina, E _______ . When it opened in 1957, it was the world’s tallest hotel building. Other buildings house government ministries, such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Russian Federation. 

Strangely, the term ‘Seven Sisters’ is not used by Russians. Rather, they call the buildings ‘Stalinskie Vysotki’, or ‘Stalin’s skyscrapers’. The style was replicated in former USSR and Eastern Bloc countries F _______ , places that were influenced by Stalinist architecture. 

Выберите ответ :

 1. and the building materials were removed and used for military defence

 2. with the focus on creating the greatest buildings known to man

 3. and can be seen in Kiev, Warsaw and Bucharest

 4. and it was one of his missions to make that a reality

 5. yet its capital had nothing to show for it

 6. with the top consisting of a tower which narrows to a point

 7. which has since been renamed the Radisson Royal Hotel

№2 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу. Один фрагмент предложения — лишний.

1) which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes

 2) whenever it rains 3) to find water as far as 25 metres away

 4) which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually

5) to better distribute their body heat and stay cool

6) even though the desert environment is very dry and hot

7) that help them to live in the desert

Surviving in a Desert A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _________________. Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B __________________. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ___________________, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D ________________. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E ______________. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again. Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F ________________. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert. There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

3.ПОЛНОЕ ПОНИМАНИЕ ПРОЧИТАННОГО

Последнее задание  (А15 – А21) оценивает умение полностью и детально понять смысл текста, где требуется выбрать один вариант ответа из четырёх предложенных. Данный вид чтения требует полное и точное понимание всех основных и второстепенных фактов, содержащихся в тексте

Рекомендации по формированию умения извлекать необходимую информацию из прочитанного.

Учащимся следует:

·         Внимательно прочитать задания, для того чтобы знать, какую  информацию следует искать в тексте

·         Ограничить время выполнения задания, так как извлечение необходимой информации не требует внимательного прочтения всего текста

·         Быстро просмотреть текст, чтобы понять, о чем он

·         Помнить, что задания всегда стоят перед текстом, и это позволяет рационально тратить время на его выполнение

·         Знать, что лексическое наполнение задания и текста не совпадают, поэтому в тексте нужно искать синонимичные выражения

·         Подчеркнуть ключевые слова в задании и предположить, какие синонимы искать в тексте

Изучите рекомендации по выполнению задания – множественный выбор.

1.                  Быстро просмотри текст, чтобы понять, о чем он.

2.                  Прочитай текст внимательно, чтобы иметь четко представление о содержании текста.

3.                  Прочитай задания к тексту и продумай ответы, не читая предложенных вариантов ответа.

4.                  Вернись к тексту и найди отрывок в тексте, который подтвердит твой ответ.

5.                  Выбери один из предложенных вариантов ответа.

6.                  Если есть сомнения, то прочитай текст еще раз, чтобы быть уверенным, что ответ не противоречит содержанию текста.

Помни, что:

·         Варианты, которые повторяют текст (т.е. предложения, дословно употребленные в тексте) обычно не бывают правильным ответом.

·         Некоторые из предложенных вариантов могут быть правильными по логике, но не соответствуют содержанию текста, или не отвечают на вопрос.

·         Некоторые варианты ответа могли бы быть правильными, если бы в них не было 'sometimes', 'never', 'always'.

№1  Read the article carefully. Then read the statements (1-5) given below the text and decide whether they are true or false. You have 15 minutes to read the text and do the task.

   Since people first realised that they could travel faster from one place to another using a

means of transport rather than walking, they have developed an amazing number of ways of getting around. From camels to the space shuttle, from horses to jets, we love to travel. Carts pulled by horses once took people lo market and now people drive to supermarkets in their cars. Boats first took people out to fish and now submarines float deep beneath the waves with huge cruise ships and stylish sailboats above them. People first flew in hot-air balloons and now they fly into space aboard rockets.

We also use means of transport to move goods and materials from one area to another. Ships

take cargo and oil tankers take fuel around the world. Trucks, lorries and vans move goods on the roads while electric trains and diesel trains do it on rails, just like steam trains used to do.

People are moved from one place to another every day to work, some of them going by  

underground, others by bus, tram or taxi, and some making their own way by bicycle or motorbike.

They go on holiday by plane, by ferry, by hydrofoil, or by coach. From the poorest person going

home by donkey to the richest going home by limousine, people's lives are dependent on many

different means of transport.

1 The writer mentions carts and cars to show how transport has changed.

a) true

b) false

2 The writer thinks submarines are less developed than fishing boats.

a) true

b) false

3 One way people travel is on oil tankers.

a) true

b) false

4 The writer thinks trains are generally old-fashioned.

a) true

b) false

5 The writer thinks people travel for many different reasons.

a) true

b) false

Изучите рекомендации по выполнению задания – множественный выбор.

7.                  Быстро просмотри текст, чтобы понять, о чем он.

8.                  Прочитай текст внимательно, чтобы иметь четко представление о содержании текста.

9.                  Прочитай задания к тексту и продумай ответы, не читая предложенных вариантов ответа.

10.              Вернись к тексту и найди отрывок в тексте, который подтвердит твой ответ.

11.              Выбери один из предложенных вариантов ответа.

12.              Если есть сомнения, то прочитай текст еще раз, чтобы быть уверенным, что ответ не противоречит содержанию текста.

Помни, что:

·         Варианты, которые повторяют текст (т.е. предложения, дословно употребленные в тексте) обычно не бывают правильным ответом.

·         Некоторые из предложенных вариантов могут быть правильными по логике, но не соответствуют содержанию текста, или не отвечают на вопрос.

·         Некоторые варианты ответа могли бы быть правильными, если бы в них не было 'sometimes', 'never', 'always'.

№2 Прочитайте текст. В каждом задании выберите цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

№3   Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании выберите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. 

Facebook addict 
I’ve been a user of Facebook for years, almost since its inception. I should correct myself, actually: I’ve been a user, abuser and loser of Facebook since King Mark Zuckerberg bestowed his charming gift upon the world. 

I call him a ‘king’ because he virtually rules over my life, and not in the typical way an actual king would, but in the way I have allowed myself to get sucked into the phenomenon. Let’s face it: the man has more influence over some people, me being one of them, than some parents have over their own children. 

I’ve had my ups and downs with Facebook. I’ve gone from having thousands of friends I’d never met in real life, to deleting my account entirely and starting again from scratch, adding only real friends, as if that would make my experience more meaningful. 

But why would I need Facebook to add depth to my existence? I’ll tell you why … it’s because Facebook makes you slightly famous. It’s like having your picture in the paper with a little news story about you, where you’ve been, what you’re doing, what you bought today. You’re surrounded by all the trappings of Western society in your status update photos and they’re right there for the whole, um, small network of your friends to see. 

I know what you’re thinking … I’m sad and hopeless, and you’ll never turn out like me. But how many of you reading this can honestly say you don’t do the same things? Maybe you do it to different degrees, and maybe you’re even worse. You just have to ask yourself … is there anything wrong with that? 

I freely admit that I take pleasure from posting amusing pictures of a night out with friends, or what my dog’s chewed up on my return from work, or the fantastic rearrangement I did of my living room. There was a time when I thought ‘There must be something wrong with me. Surely I can find a better way to spend my time.’ Apparently I can’t, because I haven’t, so my conclusion is that I never will and I’m better off accepting it than trying to fight it. 

Allow me to present a solid case in favour of Facebook addiction … isn’t it far better than watching TV for hours on end? Or what about playing video games? That’s much more harmful and pointless, in my opinion. At least with Facebook, the things I do are seen by my peers, for better or worse, and my actions are not completely invisible and meaningless. At least there’s a purpose, right? 

I suppose we find purpose where we want to find it. One could argue that a TV addiction helps keep you up-to-date with current events. And maybe a computer game sharpens your physical reflexes. I’ve decided that I’m a Facebook junkie because I’m a deeply social person. I like sharing opinions, photos, videos, and links to articles I enjoyed reading. And I’m not ashamed of it! 

OK, I admit, I might check my Facebook page 100 times a day too many. I might get just a little upset when no one clicks ‘like’ on any of the random postings I make every day. But I did get 70 ‘likes’ for the photo I posted of me with my cat in front of my chin, which made me look as if I had a beard. You have to admit, those sorts of pictures are hilarious, and if they make someone laugh, where’s the harm in that? 

Выберите ответ : 
№1  The author refers to Mark Zuckerberg as a man who is …

 1) parental.

 2) generous.

 3) powerful.

 4) ordinary.

№2   What does the author think about being Facebook friends with people you don’t know?     1) It is rather meaningless.

 2) It can give you cause to delete your account.

 3) It adds meaning to your life.

 4) It can stop you having friends in real life

№3      The expression ‘trappings of Western society’ in paragraph 4 means …

 1) things that hold us hostage.

 2) our habits or belongings.

 3) the media’s effect on people.

 4) a person’s lonely existence.

№4      What does the author think about other people’s relationship with Facebook?   

1) Everyone is far worse.

 2) No one can be as bad.

 3) It varies from person to person.

 4) Most people aren’t honest about it.

№5    In paragraph 6, what does the ‘it’ refer to in both instances of ‘I’m better off accepting it than trying to fight it’? 

1) The things people think about the author.

 2) The quality of things the author posts.

 3) The lack of free time in the author’s life.

 4) The author’s desire to use Facebook often.

№6     What is the author’s rationale for using Facebook?

 1) It is better than other mindless activities.

 2) Everyone else the author knows is obsessed, too.

 3) All the author’s posts benefit the author’s friends.

 4) The author would be addicted to something else without it.

№7    The last paragraph demonstrates that the author …

1) is not ashamed of anything he does on Facebook.

 2) plans to spend less time on Facebook.

 3) may have a slight problem with Facebook.

 4) does not really enjoy Facebook.

Ответы:

I:  №1

№2 

II    №1

№2 

III

№1 

№3