STYLISTIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES

STYLISTIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES

OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT

Teacher of the department of Languages,

Chirchik higher tank command-engineering school

Qoravoyeva Shoira Zafarjon Qizi

Abstract: Phraseological units are known as complex language units with endlessly varied indication in discourse. This calls for a systematic view of their actual use to gain a better insight into the discoursal measurement of text. Primarily, the identification course of action needs a deep understanding of the base form as an element of the system of language and its understanding in discourse in either its core use or its instantial use. This article reveals some issues about it.

Key words: complex language units, instantial use, phraseology, stylistics, stable combination of words, Idioms, metaphorical thought

The phraseological unit as a stable combination of words with a fully or partially figurative meaning is an enormously complicated many-sided language unit. “Stability and figurativeness are intrinsic features of any phraseological unit in all its innumerable varied representations in discourse” [Anita Naciscione “The stylistic use of phraseological units in discourse”, John Benjamins Publishing, 2010].

During the process of using phrases in discourse it is important not only to have a clear idea of the concept of the phraseological unit as a separate unit, but also to establish terms for denoting a choice of types of form of the phraseological unit and to reflect their meaning and function. Before working on the various types of phraseological units we need to have fully comprehension about phrase’s base form.

Base form of phrase is the dictionary form and meaning of the given phrase which is a static out-of-context formation, in other words it does not depend on discourse. The base form of phrases possesses all the most important characteristics of the given phraseological unit. In text it may be used with or without additional stylistic changes, depending on discourse needs and the thought expressed. By the help of base form we can guess or clearly understand the meaning of the phrase in text.

According to Kunin’s definition the PU is characterized by two categorial features: cohesion, stability and figurative meaning. Stability and cohesion is considered the same by some linguistics, but each of them has its own specific features. Cohesion derives from phraseological meaning and the semantic, lexical, stylistic, and grammatical organization of the phraseological unit. The phraseological unit is a cohesive formation, whether it operates in discourse or is viewed in separation as the base form. When used in text, the fundamental cohesive properties of the phraseological unit contribute to texture. Cohesion stands in the middle of both an understanding of the base form of the phraseological unit and its use in discourse. Cohesion gets and explains stability and it has own right in the base form of the phraseological unit. Taking account of facts that above mentioned we can give the following definition: the phraseological unit is a stable, cohesive combination of words with a fully or partially figurative meaning.

The base form has also established as a standard unit in the system of language because of common use, for example, “the white feather”, “to fall into the trap”, “to rock the boat”, “to foot the bill”, “a running battle”.

Syntactically, the base form do not exceeds the borders of a sentence and some of them some of them make up a full sentence, including compound or complex sentences. For example,

·       Life gives you a lemon, make lemonade yourself

·       What good wind brings you here?

·       You can take a horse to the water but you cannot make him drink

·       The right hand does not know what the left hand is doing

It is the most familiar and typical form, which serves as a base for creation of identical, similar, or more complex and original forms in discourse.

Core use

Sometimes phrases are used in their typical form and meaning in text. At this time phrases are understandable for both receivers and speakers because have clear meaning and most common, essential form. Using phraseological unit like that is called core use.

In core use the phraseological unit does not get additional stylistic features and never exceeds the boundaries of one sentence like the base form. Moreover, another specific feature is that core use is largely predictable and it presents neither novelty nor surprise.

Instantial stylistic use

The next type of using phraseological unit in discourse is instantial stylistic use. When phrases occur in their instantial stylistic use we can see significant changes in its form and meaning determined by the thought and the context.  Instantial use is really important during a process of creation new form and meaning in discourse. The phrase acquires a new meaning and stylistic effect by the help of Instantial use. Furthermore, on the contrary base form and core using Instantial stylistic using is boundless and depend on writer’s or speaker’s creativity.

The stylistic meaning of phraseological units lies in the very nature of language units which are considered to be highly emotive, evaluative and figurative. Phraseology, therefore, is one of the prime areas of stylistic studies. Stylistic Phraseology studies:

a) Stylistic differentiation of phraseological unit; 

b) Stylistic functions of phraseological unit;

c) Occasional transformations of phraseological unit in the text.

Stylistic use of phraseological units in discourse is discussed by a number of linguists and each of them has their own view and technique. One of them is professor Kunin who introduced the term of phraseological stylistics to denote the study of stylistic properties of phraseolgical units. And also, the idea that phraseology has the right to exist as a separate linguistic discipline was first put forward by Kunin. He proved the idea that phraseological stylistics as part of both general stylistics and phraseology. This idea is developed by many linguists: Russian linguists Kunin, Boldireva, Sviridova, Shadrin, Naciscione, Danchenko, Zhantlesova, Melerovich, Moshiashvili, Dubinsky. This trend also continues today [Ryzhkina,  2003].

In Western Europe the interest in the relationship between phraseology and stylistic developed at the end of last century [Cowie 1998, 2001]. Further studies are also devoted to the stylistic potential of phraseological units in text by Gläser (1999). Later studies was held by Sabbon who offers a detailed analysis of occasional variations of French and German phraseology in use (1998) and looks at the text- building potential of phraseological units in piece of writing. Afterwards, various types and genres of texts catch much attention, including media texts and advertisements by the help of works of Sabbon (1998), Gläser (1998, 2001) and Burger (1999, 2008).

Sometimes phraseological units are considered as dead metaphors or clichés. This old view perseveres in the face of achievements in cognitive linguistics and psycholinguistics, which reveal that figurative meanings are motivated by people’s conceptual knowledge.

By studying idioms linguists are able to show that phraseology is not old fossils. The study of idioms is important not only in terms of recognizing how people  learn  and  realize  figurative  language,  but  also  because  idiomaticity  reveals  some  dramatic  insight  into  the  relationship  between  language  and thought (Gibbs). “Idioms do not represent the graveyard of metaphorical thought” (Gibbs). Today facts and actual texts show that phraseology is not type of dead metaphor. It comes to life in actual use.

Bibliography

1.     Anita Naciscione “The stylistic use of phraseological units in discourse”, John Benjamins Publishing, 2010.

2.      Smith I. P. “Words and idioms” London 1928.

3.     Виноградов, В. В. Обосновных типах фразеологических единиц в русском языке / В. В. Виноградов. - М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1967. - 227 с.

4.     Виноградов В. В, Лексикология и лексикография, изб. Тр.- м.: наука, 1986

5.     Кунин, A.B. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка / А.В. Кунин. - М.: Высшая школа, 1996. - 331 с.

6.     . Кунин, А.В. Пути образования фразеологических единиц / А.В. Кунин // Иностранные языки в школе.- 1971.- №1.- С.8.

7.     . Кунин, А. В. Изучение фразеологии в советском языкознании / А.В. Кунин // Иностранные языки в школе.- 1967.- №5.- С. 61.

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