Текст "The Industrial Revolution"

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The Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution - term usually applied(применяться) to the social and economic changes that mark the transition(переход) from a stable(устойчивый) agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society relying(опирающийся) on complex machinery rather than tools. It is used historically to refer primarily to the period in British history from the middle of the 18th cent. to the middle of the 19th cent.

Nature of the Industrial Revolution

Dramatic changes in the social and economic structure took place as inventions and technological innovations created the factory system of large-scale(масштабный) machine production and greater economic specialization, and as the laboring population, formerly employed predominantly(в основном) in agriculture (in which production had also increased as a result of technological improvements), increasingly gathered in great urban factory centers. The same process occurred (происходить) at later times and in changed tempo in other countries. The new inventions in technology, like a steam engine, a locomotive, a weaver's loom, the new ways of producing of steel and coal production led to increasing of industry and people’s life.

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

The ground was prepared by the voyages of discovery from Western Europe in the 15th and 16th cent., which led to a vast influx(огромный приток) of precious metals from the New World, raising prices, stimulating industry, and fostering a money economy. Expansion of trade and the money economy stimulated the development of new institutions of finance and credit

The quick, active distribution of the new economic order was connected with slavery in The New World and Africa, slave’s trading got colossal profit and benefit to Britain capitalists. All gotten money they paid into developing of Motherland.

The beginning of the economic changes firstly appeared in the textile industry.

The machines of Crompton, Arkwright and other inventors let improving number of production. But it had the negative implications. Many people had lost a work, there was the famous proverb “The machine replaced a laborer” Having fired a number of men capitalists got rid of excess workers, which were forced going in the streets and starving to death.

The old cities acquired the new architectural appearance.

The bricks of peasants, craftsmen were being destroyed and instead of them the buildings of factories, plants have being created, the look of towns was disfigured, the sky above them have being filled by a smoke and a fog, so-called “smog” People became to sick more often.

Having lost an opportunity to work on self many families were forced going working at factories, but for normal living it was not enough. They had not short of money. Especially it concerned to kids. Young children, in the age since 9 years old labored like adult people. The work day for adult lasted for 16-18 hours, for children about 12-14 hours. The most dreadful thing was the work as miners and the work on conveyer, accidents on the production were very often, children looked like negroes, pale like death.

The system of penalties was introduced for all, including children – if you stopped – pay, if you broke a machine – pay, if you late, though a minute – pay. Almost all laborers starved, eating was very poor and sad.

Some humane capitalists opened so-called “the labor houses” for worker’s children. There was the reign of the military order – a sleep, a poor breakfast, then work, work, work. Children were being forced begging money in the streets, even some girls worked as prostitutions. Better other a living in the labor houses was described by Charles Dickens in the novel “Oliver Smith”. That life led to hard diseases, increasing of criminality, but simultaneously, gradually life was being improved.

The symbols of the new epoch were created throughout Great Britain, especially in London. To the World Industrial Exhibition the famous Crystal Palace was built, it really stroke imagination of people, before nobody created the similar.