Исследовательская работа "История формирования английского языка"

           НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ УЧАЩИХСЯ
                         «ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ»



                СЕКЦИЯ ФИЛОЛОГИЯ И ИСКУССТВОВЕДЕНИЕ

        

         ИСТОРИЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
                              
                                    Исследовательская работа  

                                                                  Выполнена ученицей

11 класса

МАОУ СОШ №36

Мамоновой Елизаветой

 научный руководитель -

                                                                  Лопатина Светлана Николаевна,         
                                                                    учитель английского языка
                                                                           МАОУ СОШ №36

 Тамбов, 2021

Introduction:

Relevance:

English is by far the most widely spoken language for learning. There are many reasons for this, but the most important of them is its convenience and rich, understandable vocabulary. English has borrowed a lot from other languages ​​through specific events.
Knowledge of the origin of the language can help facilitate the learning process

Objective: To find out what role other languages ​​have played in the formation of the English language.

Tasks:

- to designate which languages ​​influenced the formation of English the most.

- to tell under what historical circumstances the changes were made.

- give specific examples of loan words used in modern English.















                Chapter 1. What languages influenced English the most?

According to the analysis of the Oxford Dictionary by scientists Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolf, from the point of view of etymology, English vocabulary is divided into the following groups:

- words borrowed from French - 28.3%

- words of  Latin origin - 28.24%

- words from Germanic languages ​​- 25%

- words of Greek origin - 5.32%

An analysis by the American researcher Joseph M. Williams based on 10,000 words taken from several thousand business letters gives us the following figures:

French words - 41%

"Native" English words - 33%

Latin words - 15%

Old Norse words - 5%

As we can see, there were Germanic languages, Latin and French that made the most significant impact on development of English.













                             Chapter 2. The influence of the Romans

The Romans were the first to leave their mark. New words entered the English language in the process of trade with the Roman Empire, therefore they often had a connection with the names of goods and previously unknown objects. So, for example, such words as "pipere", "pirum", "plantum" appeared - modern "pepper", "pear" and "plant".
Also from the Romans were borrowed words associated with urban planning, such as "weall" and "strate", denoting walls and roads, which was associated with the conquests of Julius Caesar.

Many words related to science, medicine and technology have also been borrowed from Greek and Latin.

After the spread of Christianity throughout the country, monasteries were founded, which, as a rule, had their own schools. So many words related to education were borrowed from Latin: "school", "scholar", "grammar", etc.

More importantly, with the spread of Christianity, a large number of concepts appeared for which names were needed. Words such as "monk", "bishop", "temple" and others appeared.

Here's an example of some of the Greek and Latin roots in modern English words:

E.g. Audio, lat. `listen` / auditorum, audience /;

Bios, Greek. `life` / biology, biography /;

Centum, lat. `hundred` / cent, century, centenary /;

Demos - `people` / democracy, demography /;

Grapho, Greek. `write` / graphic, phonograph /.

Foreign language derivational elements appeared in the English language. As a rule, affixes are not borrowed separately, but are isolated from the stream of borrowed words, after which they join the original stems and create new words with it. There are many Latin and French affixes in English: anti-, re-, pro-, counter-, -ism-, -age-, -able-,-ous, etc.


                           Chapter 3. Invasion of Germanic tribes

Around the fifth century, the British Isles began to be populated by Germanic tribes: Saxons, Utes and Angles, who came from the territories of modern Denmark and northern Germany. From the dialects of these peoples, a single Old English language was formed.
 
This period is called in history the period of the Scandinavian conquest of England. The influence of Scandinavian dialects on English was expressed not only in the borrowing of vocabulary. It is believed that the Scandinavian influence to a certain extent contributed to the reduction and disappearance of endings in English words, that is, ultimately, the formation of a characteristic analytical structure of the English language.

In the era of the Scandinavian conquest, it is more correct to speak not about different languages, but about different dialects of the same language. These or those words came from Scandinavian dialects into English mostly not because they were associated with any new concepts for the British, but because in the process of regular and mass communication between the British and Scandinavians, these words turned out to be more convenient for adequate expression of thoughts.
However, in the majority of cases, there is an interaction between English and Scandinavian dialect variants due to their regular identification as variants of the same word. In the third result of this message, the language appeared, combining the features of both dialect options.

It was very different from modern English and would be difficult to understand these days. However, most of the words used now have Old English roots. For example, familiar words such as "be", "strong" and "water" have this origin. Old English was spoken until around 1000.

An interesting fact is that the combination of letters sk- or sc- at the beginning of an English word is very often an indicator of Scandinavian borrowing. For example, the words "sky", "skin", "skull”.

In our time, many words are also used, borrowed from the Germanic languages. The word fest, which denotes a party, holiday or festival, and is also used as a suffix, is such.

We can also mention the word rucksack, consisting of the German "Rücken" and "sack", which literally mean "back" and "bag". The name of the dance, "waltz", and even the word "uber" are also of German origin.

          Chapter 4.The arrival of the French and English bilingualism

However, it was French that most of all influenced the formation of the language, which appeared during the Norman occupation under the leadership of William the Conqueror. At that time, the national English language had not yet developed.
A certain amount of vocabulary was borrowed later: after the restoration of the Stuart dynasty and in connection with the French bourgeois revolution of 1789.
 
French was the language of the royal court and the commercial class, while English was considered the language of the lower class - the peasantry, small artisans, farmers. At that time, English fell as the language of literature and govern. Bilingualism was widespread in the country.

The use of French as the language of the upper classes explains the fact that the name of, for example, meat, an expensive product that is not available to everyone, was preserved in French, while the names of the animals themselves were given in English. This can be seen in the comparison of the words "beef-cow", "pork-pig

The language changes associated with the arrival of the Normans affected mostly the lexical component. Many of them were associated with the life of the royal court, government, justice and justice. These are the words "court", "government", "servant", "justice".
Roughly speaking, it can be stated that from the 9th to the 14th century French was the official language of the courts in England.
Also, French played a large share in the enrichment of terms related to religion. This is how the words "saint", "religion", "confession" appeared.

The language of the Normans also left its mark in the military sphere, the words "victory", "battle", "soldier" have Roman roots.

However, there are also more used words in the modern lexicon that have such an origin. For example, the word "cafe" comes from the French word for coffee. Now this word in English is called small restaurants. It is noteworthy that establishments that serve exclusively coffee are called "coffee shop" in English
 
Or, for example, the familiar name "renaissance". In French, this is the same as rebirth in English. However, much more often native English speakers use this term to refer to the Renaissance, which lasted from the early 14th to the early 17th century. And this word is also used in situations when a person, company or country becomes popular again or comes to life after a difficult period.

Due to the fact that a huge number of lexical units were borrowed from the French language into English, many of which had a complex word-formation structure, the influence of the French language are also largely affected the English word-formation system.

Certain French suffixes and prefixes found in loan words could be extracted from these words and used to form words from their ancestral roots.

For example: the suffix -able, derived from borrowings such as acceptable

- acceptable with accept - accept; suffix –ence - from difference, excellence, evidence, violence.

                                      Chapter 6. Modern English


In the era of globalization, the borrowing of foreign words into English continues. Now new words are coming from almost every corner of the world.
Many of these words are sometimes unfamiliar even to native English speakers, but there are also some that are widely used. For example, the word sushi, added to the dictionary in the 1890s, is no longer required in the dictionary check. However, despite its popularity, this word will not become as integral as, for example, the French "peace", "war" "just" or borrowed from the Scandinavians "sky", "leg" and "they". This is explained not only by earlier borrowing, but also by the power of influence on language changes.
The names of plants, animals, objects, food products enter the language through communication with peoples from all parts of the world. Thus, English, a global language, is even now in constant development, which can be difficult to track of.
























Conclusion.

Now, knowing all this information about the history of the English language and the origin of its words, we have an idea of ​​how it developed over the years. We can more easily understand its structure and logic, which can make it easier to learn English, which is really useful these days.






























List of references

1.     В.Д. Аракин  «История английского языка».- М.: Физматлит, 2001.- 304с.

2.     К. Бруннер «История английского языка».- М.: Издательство ЛКИ, 2010.- 720с.

3.     Н.Н. Германова «Истоиия номирования английского языка: Лингвокультурные основания британской нормативной грамматики». –М.: Ленанд, 2019.- 368с.

Internet sources

1) https://lingvotech.com/zaimstvovaniya
2) https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-drugih-yazykov-na-leksicheskuyu-sistemu-angliyskogo-yazyka/viewer
3) https://www.oxfordinternationalenglish.com/a-brief-history-of-the-english-language
4) https://preply.com/ru/blog/2014/03/11/9-yazykov-povliyavshih-na-slovarnyj-zapas-anglijskogo-yazyka
5) https://skyeng.ru/articles/zaimstvovaniya-v-anglijskom-yazyke
 

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