METHODS FOR INCREASING THE ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS.doc
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METHODS FOR INCREASING THE ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS
The senior lecturer of the chair "Automatization and control
of technological processes" Djuraev Tulkinzhon Uralovich.
Karshi EngineeringEconomic Institute, Uzbekistan.Karshi
juraev15@mail.ru
Annotation: In this article, the questions of increasing the accuracy in the measurement are
examined. The appearance of errors and elimination of them. A few of the most accurate types of
measurement to pay off errors are given.
Key words: Measurement, error, methods
Analysis of the causes of measurement errors, the choice of methods for their detection
and reduction are the main stages of the measurement process. Errors in measurement can be
divided into systematic and random. In the process of systematic and random measurement
errors occur together and form a nonstationary random process. Division errors on the
systematic and random are a convenient technique for the analysis and development of methods
to reduce their impact on the measurement result.[2]
Consider methods of detection and elimination of systematic errors, because they depend
on the choice of measurement method and its implementation.
By the nature of changes in the systematic errors are divided into:
Permanent errors associated with incorrect grading of the scale, deviation measures the size
of the nominal value, inaccurate choice of models of objects.
Variables o periodic error varies according to the periodic law, such as the error count in
determining the time on the clock tower, when viewed on the arrow below, the temperature
accuracy of the temperature changes during the day, etc.
Progressive error monotonically changing (increases or decreases) in the general case on
the complex, usually unknown to the law. Progressive errors in many cases due to the aging
of components of measuring instruments, and can be adjusted in its periodic verification.[2,3]
Due to the occurrence of measurement errors are divided into three main groups:
Methodical error due to the inadequacy of models of real objects, imperfect measurement
methods, simplification of dependencies underlying the measurement uncertainty of the
measurement object;
Instrumental error caused primarily features used in media measurement principles and
measurement methods, as well as the schematic, design and technological imperfection of
measuring instruments.
Interaction due to the mutual influence of the measuring instrument, the object of study and
the experimenter. Errors due to the mutual influence of money and measurement object is
usually taken to refer to methodological errors, and the errors associated with the actions of the
experimenter, called personal errors. However, such a classification is not sufficiently reflecting
the essence of the errors.
Identify and remove the causes of errors the most common method of reducing all kinds of
systematic errors. Examples of this method are: temperature control of individual units or a
device as a whole, as well as measurements in thermostat indoors to avoid temperature error, the
use of screens, filters and special chains (e.g. equipotent circuits) to eliminate errors due to the
influence of electromagnetic fields, interference and leakage currents, and the use of stabilized
power sources.[2,3]
To reduce the error due to the progressive aging of the components of measuring instruments,
the parameters of such elements is stabilized by artificial and natural aging. In addition, systematic
errors can be reduced by rational arrangement of measuring instruments in relation to each other, a
source of influence and impacts to the object of study. For example coil instrument must be removed
from each other, the axis of the coils should be arranged at an angle of 90g. Thermocouple
conclusions should be placed on the isothermal lines of the object. [2,3]
Many systematic errors that are not time varying values affecting functions or stable due
to physical effects can be theoretically calculated and introducing corrections or eliminated using
special correcting circuits. Another radical way to eliminate systematic errors is the verification
of measuring instruments in the operating conditions for the purpose of determining the
amendments to the measurement results. [2,3]
This makes it possible to take into account all systematic errors without finding out the
cause. The extent of the correction of systematic errors in this case, of course, depends on the
metrological characteristics of the standard instruments used and random errors of verified
devices. [2,3]
In fact, calibration of measuring instruments before using them, and the introduction of
adequate use of measuring instruments amendments higher accuracy classes, provided that the
random error of measurement means are small compared to the systemic and systematic errors
themselves slowly change over time. [4]
Inversion method is widely used to address a number of standing and slowly varying
systematic errors. This method and the number of its species (method exception error on a sign,
switching inversion, structural modulation, twotime measurements of inverting conversion
functions, etc.). Are based on the allocation, of the algebraic sum of a fair number, of measuring
data signals due to invert different direction informative, signal, a reference signal or a sign
error. [4]
Modulation method a method close to the inversion method in which periodic input signal
inversion and noise suppression, having unidirectional action. [4]
Substitution method (occurring at different comparison method) is the most versatile
method, which allows you to eliminate most of the systematic errors. The measurements were
carried out in two steps. First, at the reference device make count measured value, and then
keeping all the experimental conditions the same, instead of the measured value to the input of
the device under a certain value, which value by controlled steps (calibrator) is set so that the
instrument reading was the same as in the inclusion of the measured value. [4]
The method is a kind of uniform calibration of the replacement method; it is used for
measurements of such quantities, which can not be accurately reproduced by means of regulated
measures or other technical means. Typically, this value varying with high frequency or
complicated law. As a known controlled variables at the same time use the value of the same
kind as measured, but they are different from the spectral composition (usually constant in time
and space) and to create the same as the measured value, the output converter. [4]
The method of the reference signal is that of measuring instruments input
periodically instead of the measured value supplied reference signals of the same kind as the
measured value. The difference between the actual calibration curve used for correction or
sensitivity for the automatic introduction of amendments to the measurement result. In this case,
as in the method of substitution, all systematic errors are eliminated, but only at those points of the measuring range, which correspond to reference signals. The method is widely used in
modern digital precision instruments and informationmeasuring systems. An example of using
this method is the periodic adjustment of the operating current in the compensator and digital DC
voltmeter using a normal element. [4]
Test method using this method the measured value is determined by the results of a
number of observations, in which, in one case the input signal measurement means is itself
measured value X, and the other the socalled tests, which are functions of the measured value.
[4]
The method of measurement used by the subsidiary to avoid errors due to influence
quantities and noninformative parameters of the input signal. To implement this method in
conjunction with the measured value X using auxiliary measurement devices are measurement
values of each of the impact and the computation by a computing device and the formulas and
algorithms corrections to the measurement results. [4]
Method symmetrical observations are to conduct repeated observations at regular
intervals and averaging the results of observations symmetrically arranged relative to the average
observation. Usually this method is used to eliminate errors progressing, changing linearly. For
example, when the resistor measured by comparing the voltage on the measured and reference
resistors connected in series and fed by a common battery, an error may be due to power
discharge. [4]
to
improve
"
Bibliography
1. RMG 642003. "GSI. Ensuring efficiency in the management of technological processes.
Methods and ways
Moscow IPK Publishing house of standards 2004 20 pages
2. Sergeev A.G. "Metrology and metrological support". M: Higher Education, 2008575 pages
3. Bryukhanov V.A. "Methods for increasing the accuracy of measurements in industry". M .:
Publishing house of standards, 1991108 pages
4. Bogomolov Yu.A., Medovikova N.Ya., Reykh N.N. "Estimation of measurement errors".
Moscow: Academy of Standardization, Metrology and Certification, 200458 pages
5. http://metrologu.ru Main Forum of Metrologic’s Last treatment 13.03.2017
the accuracy of
measurements.
METHODS FOR INCREASING THE ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS
METHODS FOR INCREASING THE ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS
METHODS FOR INCREASING THE ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS
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