Практическая работа по английскому языку на тему :" Лесная наука" для специальности Лесное и лесопарковое хозяйство

 Практическая работа
ОГСЭ.03 Английский язык

Время выполнения: 4 часа

Раздел 1. Лесная наука

1. Forest Science

Scientific potential of the Federal Forest Service of Russia is presented now by 10 recent institutions situated in different regions.

In addition, forestry - oriented research is carried out in the institutes of the Russian higher schools.

The key directions of scientific research comprise scientific principled of multi-resource forest management; optimization of development, allocation and organization of multi-purpose forestry; development of ecologically safe methods of forest management; improvement of methods for prediction and control of forest fires, foci of pests and diseases; development of systems for scientific and information support of forests management.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

1.    recent - современный

2.    forestry - лесоводство, лесничество

3.    carry out - осуществлять

4.    comprise - содержать

5.    allocation - распределение

6.    improve - улучшать

7.    foci of pests - скопление вредных насекомых

8.    support - поддержка

Задания:

1. Переведите на английский язык:

1.    основные направления научной исследовательской работы

2.    высшие учебные заведения

3.    экологические безопасные методы

4.    контроль за лесными пожарами

5.    информационная поддержка лесоуправления.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.    What is this text about?

2.    Scientific research is carried out in the institutes of the Russian higher schools, isn't it?

3.    What are the key directions of scientific research?

3. Подберите синонимы к словам:

1. development

а) wood

2. improvement

b) increase

3. forest

c) locate

4. situate

d) investigate

5. research

e) progress

2. Botanical classification of wood

Trees, being plants, fall into the botanical classification system of taxonomic groups - divisions, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Hardwoods are included in the class called angiosperms, while softwoods fall in the class called gymnosperms.

The gymnosperms are divided into seven orders, one of which is conifers which includes all commercially useful softwoods. The angiosperms are further classified into two sub-classes of Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous.

Hardwoods of commercial importance belong to the Dicotyledonous sub-class.

Trees, as well as other plants, are referred to most precisely by scientific names, which are composed of their genus and species: black walnut, for example, is JUGLANS NIGRA L. However, the common name (black walnut) is sufficient for most practical purposes. The initial following the scientific name denotes the scientist who named the plant, in this case Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist. 

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

1.    plant - растение

2.    fall (into) - попадать

3.    taxonomy - таксономия, систематика

4.    division - тип

5.    order - отряд

6.    genus (genera) - род

7.    species - виды

8.    hardwoods - лиственные породы

9. softwoods - хвойные породы

10. conifers - хвойные деревья

11. as well as - а также

12. refer (to) - называть

13. precisely - точно

14. scientific - научный

15. compose - состоять, составлять

16. black walnut - чёрный орех

17. common name - обычное имя

18. sufficient - достаточный

19. initial - инициал

20. denote - обозначать

21. angiosperm - широколиственный

22. gymnosperm - голосемянной

23. monocotyledonous - однодольный

24. dicotyledonous - двусемянодольный

Задания:

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) What taxonomic groups of botanical classification do you know?

2) What Swedish botanist do you know?

3) Are the angiosperms classified into three sub-classes?

2. Вставьте предлоги:

1) The gymnosperms are divided ____ seven orders.

2) Hardwoods are included ___ the class called angiosperms.

3) Trees are referred ___ most precisely ____ scientific names.

3. Используя суффиксы образуйте новые слова:

botany, classify, divide, commerce, taxonomy.

4. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами.

1) plant

a) род

2) denote

б) инициал

3) commercial

в) растение

4) initial

г) промышленный

5) genus

д) обозначать

5. Перескажите текст.

3. How a tree grows

Most trees can grow in height and width sending out shoots formed by new wood cells. They grow in height at the terminal bud of the main stem. The "candles" of the pines are known to be the evidence of a new growth. A tree also grows in thickness (or in girth) adding coats for new wood cells. Wood layers thus developed are called annual rings. Once formed, annual rings remain unchanged in size or place they are located in. The rings could be clearly seen on the cross-section of a tree trunk, pith is in its center.

The wood section next to the bark which is often lighter than that in the center is called sapwood. It is a part of living wood through which the water taken up by the roots of a tree can pass on to the crown. Over a certain period of time sapwood is gradually substituted with heartwood due to infiltration of the chemical substance and some certain changes in the nature of cell walls. So wood becomes darker in colour and nearly lifeless. Heartwood serves to support the living parts of a tree. That is why hollow tress may still flourish and bear fruit.

The cells located between the bark and the last sapwood layer give a start to a cambium layer (true cambium). The inner side of the cambium layer can give a start to new wood growths. As for new bark it is develop from the outer side of the cambium. There is another kind of cambium which forms the outer corky bark. Like the true cambium layer, cork cambium may start a tree or form separate bark films in case older layers located nearer to the wood body are dying out.

Trees can bear flowers and are reproduced by means of seeds. When the tree enters its long winter rest, it has the next year buds already formed. The buds expand and grow until they finally open into flowers or leaves in spring.

Some trees, as the elm and the red maple, blossom and set fruit before the leaves open. Other trees wait until their leaves are party grown to produce blossoms, while some others, such as the chestnut, do not flower until early summer. Some trees mature their seeds rapidly to scatter them early in spring. Most trees provide great quantities of seeds and their winged seeds are easily scattered by the wind. Having fallen from the tree to the ground, only one seed out of the thousands can take a root to start a new tree.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

1. grow in height (width) - расти в высоту (ширину)

2. shoot - побег

3. wood cells - клетки древесины

4. terminal bud - верхушечная почка

5. girth - обхват

6. annual ring - годичное кольцо

7. cross-section - поперечное сечение

8. tree trunk - ствол дерева

9. pith - сердцевина

10. bark - кора

11. sapwood - заболонь

12. heartwood - ядровая древесина

13. hollow tree - дуплистое дерево

14. flourish - цвести

15. bear fruit - давать плоды

16. cambium layer - камбиальный слой

17. elm - вяз

18. red maple - красный клен

19. blossom - цвести, распускаться

20. chestnut - каштан

21. mature seeds - доводить семена до зрелости

22. scatter (seeds) - разбрасывать (семена)

Задания:

1.Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами.

1) root a)поперечное сечение

2)bark б)корень

3)reproduce в)слой

4)layer г)цвет

5)heartwood д)крылатый

6)pith е) сердцевина

7)colour ж)размножаться

8)winged з)кора

9)cross-section и)ядровая древесина

10) growth к)рост

2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами.

1)set fruit а) рост в высоту

2)annual rings б) внутренняя часть

3)bear flowers в) верхушечная почка

4)a terminal bud г) давать семена

5) grow in girth д) клетки древесины

6)scatter the seeds е) расти в обхват

7)bear seeds ж) годичные кольца

8) height growth з) цвести

9)wood cells и) плодоносить

10)the inner side к) разбрасывать семена

3. Заполните пропуски, используя слова и словосочетания

cambium layer, terminal bud, heartwood, flowers, scattered.

1.    The function of the _____ is to support the growth of a tree.

2.    The inner side of the ______forms new wood and the outer side forms new

bark.

3.    Seeds of many trees being winged are easily ______by the wind.

4.    Trees like many other plants bear _____and reproduce by means of seeds.

5.    The growth in height is made at the _______of the main stem.

4.Ответьте на вопросы:

1.    What are called annual rings?

2.    Which way are the seeds scattered?

3.    Do some trees blossom and set fruit before the leaves open?

4.    What is sapwood?

5. Укажите время и залог сказуемых в данных предложениях:

1. Corns have been carried away by birds and small animals.

2. The growth in height is made at the terminal bud.

3. Around the pith there is the ring formed in the first year of the tree growth.

6. Составьте план к тексту.

4. Parts of a tree

Roots serve to anchor and supply trees with water and essential mineral salts. The young roots furnishing water and nourishment from the soil, the older ones hold the tree in place. The roots are classified into surface roots and tap-roots, depending on their shape and the depth they go into the ground. Some trees, as the birch or the spruce, have surface roots, the others have tap-roots only. As for the roots of oak or walnut they can to a great depth if the land is too dry. Most of the trees like the maple or ash are known to have two kinds of roots.

A stem (it is also called a trunk or a bole) supports a crown and supplies it with water and mineral substances. A tree stem consists of outer bark, inner bark, cambium, sapwood, heartwood and pith. Bark serves as a protective cover to the cambium laver locater between the inner bark and sapwood. Sapwood is the living wood portion to be found next to the bark layer.

A crown consists of twigs and branches which bear buds, leaves, flowers and fruit. The function of the leaves is to give oxygen off. Carbon being retained and combined with soil water, feeding substance for a tree is provided. A process of thee growth is known as assimilation. If foliage is removed or light is not provided, the tree will weaken and gradually die. Trees grow in at least three different directions height (stem), depth (roots), width (crown) to increase in volume, in quality and in value. This sort of increase is sometimes called increment: volume increment, quality increment and value increment.

Most people believe the trees to grow from early in spring till late in autumn. According to recent studies most of the growth takes place in a relatively short period. In many forests the height growth is completed in springtime in 35 days or less. Other trees, however, continue their growing in height for a longer period.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

1. anchor trees - удерживать деревья

2. supply with mineral salts - снабжать минеральными солями

3. furnish nourishment - доставлять питание

4. surface roots - поверхностные корни

5. tap-roots - глубинные корни

6. birch - берёза

7. spruce - ель

8. oak - дуб

9. maple - клён

10. ash - ясень

11. bole - ствол

12. protective cover - защитное покрытие

13. twig - веточка

14. foliage - листва

15. increment - прирост

Задания:

1. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами:

1) serve

а) берёза

2) ash

б) питание

3) birch

в) листва

4) crown

г) клён

5) supply

д) ясень

6) nourishment

е) веточки

7) maple

ж) ствол

8) twigs

з) снабжать

9) bole

и) крона

10) foliage

к) служить

2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

1) surface roots а) снабжать древесиной

2) supply with nourishment б) состоять из ветвей и веточек

3) living portions в) удерживать дерево на месте

4) consist of branches and twigs г) сбрасывать листву

5) provide with wood д) удерживать деревья

6) remove foliage е) служить как защитный слой

7) hold the tree in place ж) прирост качества

8) anchor trees з) снабжать питанием

9) quality increment и) поверхностные корни

10) serve as a protective cover к) живые части

3. Составьте общий, специальный, альтернативный и разделительный вопросы к предложению:

Bark serves as a protective cover to the cambium layer.

4. Используя суффиксы -tion, -ful, -th, образуйте существительные от глаголов:

use, power, combine, transport, protect, grow.

5. Определите время и залог сказуемых:

1. This fact has been proved by recent studies.

2. The growth in height is completed in 35 days.

3. Most of the growth takes place in a relatively short period.

6.Завершите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1. Bark serves as ____ a) …the tree will gradually die.

2. If foliage is removed ____ b) …of two kinds of roots.

3. Most trees have a combination ____ c) …a growing tree protection.

7. Выпишите из текста предложение, в котором говорится о влиянии света на процесс жизнедеятельности деревьев.