FEATURES OF THE SHAPING OF ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS IN KAZAKHSTAN OF THE X – XIX  CENTURY PROBLEM

The period X to the middle of the XIX century takes a special place in the history of the Republic. The established state formation - the Kazakh khanate - for the first time united all ethnic groups, making up the Kazakh ethnicity, becoming the most important stage on the way of formation of the modern Kazakhstan. As noted by the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, N.A.Nazarbayev, “Kazakhstan in modern borders has historically been the territory of the ethnic distribution of tribes, which later comprised the Kazakh people and controlled the entire territory of the modern Kazakhstan” [92, P.16-17].      The architecture of the period, interpreting a number of features of the previous epoch, shaped the original phenomenon, the features of which, for a long time, determined the further development of morphogenesis especially in the memorial-cult sphere. The worldview and architectural and art influence of this period has a significant reflection in the modern life of the Republic. A common place in this process is occupied by mosques, personifying the deep penetration of Islam by the Kazakh community. The modern progress of deepening and expanding the Islamic worldview, one of the manifestations of which is the fact that Kazakhstan occupies a leading position in Central Asia in terms of the number of mosques (now there are about 2,500 and many more are being built) [145], is largely due to the achievements in the spread of Islam in the middle Ages. In addition, it is typical for Kazakhstan deep intertwining of ancient regional traditions c distributed c X century for several centuries Islamic rites formed a special synthesis of the memorial and religious architecture, became pronounced between the mid-fifteenth to mid-nineteenth century after a slowdown associated with the original extension of the Empire of Genghis Khan. This determines the relevance of an increasingly in-depth study of the architectural heritage of the four-century period of the Kazakh khanate. The middle ages occupy a significant place in modern Kazakh historiography. A large number of works are devoted to the peculiarities of the cultural and historical process of the period, among which, in the context of this study, the most significant are the works of such scientists as Abuseitova M., Akataev C., Akishev A., Atygaev N., Barthold V., Vyatkin M., Masanov N., Nurtazina N., Nusupbekov A., Pavlov N., Uskenbay K., and others [1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 28, 42, 82, 96, 97, 98, 100, 127, 128, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 172, 177]. The specifics of the development of architecture in medieval Kazakhstan as a whole and for individual periods, as well as various structures and their complexes reflected Azhigali C., Akishev K., Baypakov K., Baitenov E., Basenov T., Bernshtam A., Valikhanov Sh., Galimzhanova A., Gerasimov G., Glaudinov B., Glaudinova M., Dzhanysbekov T., Duisebaev V., Yerzakovich L., Zholdasbayev C., Ibraev B., Ibraeva K., Isabaev G., Konstantinova V., Mankovskaya L., Margulan A., Masson M., Medoev A., Mendikulov M., Novozhilov G., Ozganbaev K., Peregudova C., Pishchulina K., Ragulin P., Sadykova C., Samoilov K., Senigova T., Smagulov E., I. Tasmagambetov, Turganbaeva L., Turekulov T., Turekulova N., Tuyakbaeva B., Tuyakbayev M., Shardenov Z.  and others [2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 94, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123,

 

 

 

THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION IN THE X – EARLY XV CENTURIES
	The Territory of the Golden Horde and adjacent states in the second half of the 13th century [177].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE X – EARLY XV CENTURIES
	1             – The Karakhan (Satuk-Bugra Khan) Mausoleum, Taraz (X century) [111]. 2             – The Babaci-Khatun Mausoleum, Aisha-Bibi village, Zhambyl region (XI century) [109]. 3             – The Aisha-Bibi Mausoleum, Aisha-Bibi village, Zhambyl region (XI century) [122]. 4             – The Ayakhamyr Mausoleum, Zhezkazgan region (XII century) [44].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE X – EARLY XV CENTURIES
	The Shopan-ata Underground mosque, the Mangyshlak peninsula (XII century): sections, plan (according to M. Mendikulov) [87].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE X – EARLY XV CENTURIES
	The Greater Hilvat, Turkestan (XII century): general view, plan [113].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE X – EARLY XV CENTURIES
	The Aulie Kumchik-ata Hilvet, Turkestan (XII century): general view, plan [113, 179].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE X – EARLY XV CENTURIES
	“The Turkmen mosque”, Khangab-Baba Necropolis, Mangyshlak peninsula: general view, plan (according to M. Mendikulov) [87].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE X – EARLY XV CENTURIES
	The Shopan-ata Underground mosque, Karaman-ata necropolis, Mangyshlak peninsula (XIII century): section, plan (according to M.Mendikulov) [87].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE X – EARLY XV CENTURIES
	1             – The Joshi Khan Mausoleum, Zhezkazgan region (1228-1230) [124]. 2             – The Alasha Khan Mausoleum, Karaganda region (XIII century) [44]. 3 – The Sarly-tam “Inkar-Darinsky” Mausoleum, Kzylorda region (page Jamal Khayat, 1279) [44]. 4 – The Shamansur (Davudbek) Mausoleum, Taraz (XIII century) [154].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE X – EARLY XV CENTURIES
	. The Shakpak-ata Rock mosque, Mangyshlak peninsula (XIV century): general view, incision, plan (according to M.Mendikulov) [87].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE X – EARLY XV CENTURIES
	The Khoja-Akhmed Yasawi Mausoleum-Khonako, Turkestan (1389– 1399): general view, plan [113, 126].	.
THE SPECIFICITY OF PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE X – EARLY XV CENTURIES
Introduced into the settled nomadic environment of the peoples who inhabited the territory of Kazakhstan, Islam became closely intertwined with local customs and rituals as it spread. A special place was given to the veneration of ancestors and outstanding tribesmen.   The organization of the first mosques on the sites of pre-existing Nestorian churches was more of a propaganda nature and did not receive further development in Kazakhstan.   In most cases, places of prayer were not specifically fixed, and prayers were organized on randomly selected outdoor areas with collapsible tents or canopies.   The dominance of the worship of ancestors, outstanding tribesmen or significant events has led to the widespread placement of prayer sites at the corresponding memorials.   Taking into account the special attention and frequent presence of believers, mausoleums acquire a developed space-planning solution and rich plastic facades, including figured masonry, shaped bricks and details, terracotta ornamented tiles, panels of glazed tiles with abstract or epigraphic decor.   The increasing role of these structures in worship was one of the reasons for the formation of accentuated portal compositions, which began to include corner turrets and well-developed three-quarter corner pilasters.   Gradually, the places of prayer meetings begin to be more clearly fixed, determining the appearance of stone calculations with stone mihrab steles.   Mosques themselves are beginning to appear as free-standing buildings in the complex of mausoleums, standing out only by their spatial orientation and interior design.   Individual or narrow-group practice of prayer retreats led to the emergence of underground mosques.   The next stage of development is the appearance of mosques as part of a complex of multi-functional rooms cut into the rocks with varying degrees of development.   Completing this historical stage, the type of mosques are large buildings with a developed complex of multifunctional rooms formed around the memorial.

 

 

THE EVOLUTION OF ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MID- XV-XIX CENTURIES

 

THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION IN THE MID-XV-XIX CENTURIES
	Kazakh Khanate and neighboring states [142].

 

THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION IN THE MID-XV-XIX CENTURIES
	Kazakhstan and Central Asia by 1873 [144].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Kulak-ata Mausoleum, Suzak village, South Kazakhstan region (XVI century) [113]; 2 – The Cosmol No. 1 Mausoleum, Semipalatinsk region (XVII century) [109]; 3 – The Cosmola No. 2 Mausoleum, Semipalatinsk region (XVII century) [109]; 4 - The Karamakchi-ata Mausoleum, (17th century) [44].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Abat-Baitak Mausoleum, Aktobe region (XV century) [148]; 2 – The Shik-niyaz Mausoleum, Kzylorda region (XVII century) [44]; 3 – The Ecim Khan Mausoleum, Turkestan (XVII century) [113]; 4 – The Acan-ata Mausoleum, Kzylorda region (XVI century) [44].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Zhunus-ata Mausoleum, Ikak village, South Kazakhstan region (XVIII century) [113]; 2 - Mausoleum, Kamyspay Necropolis, Atyrau region (XVIII century) [44]; 3 – The Akshur Mausoleum (XVIII century) [44]; 4 – The Dole-apa Mausoleum (XVIII century) [44].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Baytsultan Tortkulak, Semipalatinsk region (XVIII century) [109]; 2 – The Togul-batyr Tortkulak, Semipalatinsk region (XVIII century) [109].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Becket-ata Underground mosque in Oglandy, Mangyshlak Peninsula (XVIII century): section, plan (according to M. Mendikulov) [87]; 2 – The Becket-ata Underground mosque in Beyneu,the Mangyshlak Peninsula (XVIII century): general view, section, plan (according to M. Mendikulov) [87].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	Mosque, Amangeldy Str., Shymkent (XIX century): general view, plan [81].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	The mosque, Chayan village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century): general view, plan [113].                                       The Darskhana, Chayan village, South-Kazakhstan region (XIX century): general view, plan [113].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Ishan-Bazar Mosque, Akkoyly village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century): general view, plan [113]; 2 – The Ikram Mosque, Baltakol village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century): general view, plan [113].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Mosque, Shaulder village, South Kazakhstan region (builder Konyrbai, XIX century): general view, plan [113]; 2 – The Ismail-Ata Mosque, Turbat village, South Kazakhstan region (late Middle East): general view, plan [113].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	The mosque-madrasah, Ush-Aral village, Zhambyl region (1900) [171].                         1 – The Chillahana, Turbat village, South Kazakhstan region (late Central) [113]; 2 - The Duisigaya Dandyguly mosque, Kulkary village, the Atyrau region (1888 - 1900) [81].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	The Shamet-Ishan mosque, Atabay village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century): general view, plan [113].                     The Aitbay mosque, Kzylorda (builders usta Iskan, usta Kamal, 1878) [156].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 - The mosque-mausoleum of Baba-ata, Baba-ata village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century): general view, plan [113]; 2 – The Mosque, Ikan village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century): general view, plan [113].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Winter mosque, Takty village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century): general view, plan [113]; 2 – The Ishkent Mosque, Atabay village, South-Kazakhstan region (XIX century): general view, plan [113].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	The Cathedral Mosque, Kostanay (1893) [175].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Aktas Mosque, Bekaryk settlement, Kzylorda region (1884) [158]; 2 – The Nogai mosque, Kazalinsk (1894) [173].                   1 – The Yanguzar mosque (Khalitovsky), Petropavlovsk (1882) [182]; 2 – The Akhmet-Riza Madrasah and Mosque, Semipalatinsk (late 19th century) [155].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 - “The Old Mosque”, Nur-Sultan (1838-1842) [176]; 2 - The Tynibay mosque, Semipalatinsk (XIX century) [44]; 3 – The Kurmangaliy Mosque, Semipalatinsk (XIX century) [44].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The “Oneminaret mosque”, Semipalatinsk (arch. G.Efendi, XIX century) [174]; 2 – The “Two-minaret mosque”, Semipalatinsk (arch. A.Baybolatov, 1862) [138].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 - “The Red Mosque” , Uralsk (1871) [146]; 2 – The Mosque, Uralsk (1897) [164].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Mosque, Petropavlovsk (1860) [160]; 2 – The Mosque, Petropavlovsk (XIX century) [162].                     1 – The Mosque, Petropavlovsk (1868) [161]; 2 – The Mosque, Mukanov Str., Petropavlovsk (XIX century) [168].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Valibay’s Mosque, Zharkent (arch. Khon Peak, Ruzi Salem, 1887-1892) [159]; 2 – The Mosque, Urda village, Western Kazakhstan region (XIX century) [167].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The  Ismail-ata Mazar, Turbat village, South Kazakhstan region [113]; 2 – The Abdel-Aziz-bab Mazar, Sayram village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century) [113]; 3 – The Karashash-ana Mazar, Sayram village, South Kazakhstan region (XVIII century) [113]; 4 – The Murali-bab Mazar, Sayram village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century) [113].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Khoji Tagil Mazar, Sayram village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century) [113]; 2 – The Jororamola Mazar, Saryagash (XIX century) [113]; 3 – The Madrasah, Baba-ata village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century) [113]; 4 – The Baba Tukti Shashty Aziz Mazar, Kumkent village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century) [113].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Bala-bi (Tamabay) Mazar, Kalinino village, South Kazakhstan region (XIX century) [113]; 2 – The Aktobe (KulanBulan, Ak-kumbez) Mazar, Abay village, Zhambyl region (XIX century) [114]; 3 – The Zhuzden Mazar, Karaganda region (XIX century) [68]; 4 – The Mairaliy Aitkhozhev Mazar (“Tomb of the KaraSopa”), Zhanakorgan settlement, Kzylorda region (XIX century) [81].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Mazar, Zhezkazan region (XIX century) [109]; 2 – The Mazar, Zhezkazan region (XIX century) [109]; 3 – The Mazar, Zhezkansky region (XIX century) [109]; 4 – The Altybay Mazar, Zhezkazgan region (XIX century) [109].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Kyzyl-mola No. 2 Mazar, Zhezkazgan region (XIX century) [109]; 2 – The  “Pyramidal” Mazar, Semipalatinsk region (XIX century) [109]; 3 – The Kanshoky Mazar, Semipalatinsk region (XIX century) [109]; 4 – The No. 2 Mazar, Motysh Necropolis, Semipalatinsk region (XIX century) [109].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Mausoleum, Kamyspay Necropolis, Atyrau region (XIX century) [44]; 2 – The Burabay Mausoleum (XIX century) [44]; 3 – The Shokay-Datha Mausoleum, Sudakent village, Zhambyl region (XIX century) [81]; 4 – The Tortkar Mausoleum (XIX century) [68].

 

MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XV-XIX CENTURIES
	1 – The Omar and Tur Mazar, New Beinuu settlement, Atyrau region (builder D.Karazhusupov, 1897) [81]; 2 – The Ergaliy Mazar, Seicen-ata necropolis, Atyrau region (1874) [44]; 3 - The Mazar, Beka necropolis, Atyrau region (XIX century) [109]; 4 – The Mazar, Kamysbai Necropolis, Atyrau region (XIX century) [151].
THE SPECIFICITY OF ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS EVOLUTION OF THE MID-XV – XIX CENTURIES
Since the 15th century, a combination of glazed bricks and multicolored mosaics has been used in mosques and memorial structures under construction.   High ellipsoid and spherical-conical domes have been widely used since the 16th century.   Obverse and figured masonry of ordinary and shaped bricks with accentuation of cornices, pilasters, platbands and archivolts became widespread from the XVIII century.   The space-planning solution of buildings is based on centric and enfiladed compositions.   The spread of mosque construction throughout the territory of Kazakhstan leads to the appearance of bright and planning differences of structures due to the natural and climatic specifics and features of cultural interactions of neighboring ethnic groups.   Gradually, the architecture of mosques is beginning to penetrate the all-Russian style of development of forms associated with neo-Gothic, Neoclassicism, brick style (in some cases, and South-East Asian motifs).   The most widespread types of mosques are quarter mosques.   In remote areas and small localities, "summer" and "winter" mosques are beginning to clearly differentiate. Sometimes these types are combined in one building in the form of a semi-closed prayer hall with a mihrab and a semi-open ayvan with an independent mihrab.   Friday (Juma) mosques are singled out in a special category.   Cathedral mosques, which are typical for large cities, become a special type of mosque.   The spread of mosques in the complex with mausoleums, madrassas and rooms for pilgrims continues.

 

 

 

THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	Kazakhstan and Middle Asia at the beginning of the XX century [143].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	The Arystan-Bab mausoleum, Kogam village, South Kazakhstan region (beginning of the 20th century): general view, plan [113, 150].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	The Nogai Ishan mosque, Cyzak village, South Kazakhstan region (beginning of the XX century): general view, plan [113].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	The Karakozha Mosque, Silbek village, Zhambyl region (1909) [114].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	The Abdykadyr Mosque, Abaya Str., Taraz (beginning of the XX century) [114].
ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
		The Jyma (“Big”) mosque, Kazalinsk (1907) [109].                           The Baldyk Mosque, Kzylorda region (1906) [44].

 

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	The “Ishakia” Mosque, Almaty (beginning of the XX century) [166].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	“The New Mosque”, Nur-Sultan (beginning of the XX century) [109].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	The “Old Mosque”, Pavlodar [183].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	The mosque, Akkolsk village, Semipalatinsk region (builder Cyntangali Kazhi, 1907) [157].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	The Mosque, Petropavlovsk (beginning of the XX century) [163].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	1 – The Sarysholak Mausoleum, Semipalatinsk region (beginning of the XX century) [109]; 2 – The Azilkhan Mausoleum, Semipalatinsk region (beginning of the XX century) [109]; 3 – The Tycin Kasabayuly Mausoleum, Semipalatinsk region (beginning of the XX century) [109]; 4 – The Omar Mausoleum, Semipalatinsk region (beginning of the XX century) [109].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	1 – The Aydin Mausoleum, Dalaykaynar village, Zhambyl region (beginning of the XX century) [114]; 2 – The Beisembay Mausoleum, Semipalatinsk region (beginning of the XX century) [109]; 3 – The Shary Mausoleum, Semipalatinsk region (beginning of the XX century) [109]; 4 – The Bope-kazhi Mausoleum, Semipalatinsk region (beginning of the XX century) [109].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	1 – The Boran Mausoleum, Atyray region (builder N. Izbasarov, 1908) [81]; 2 – The Mausoleum, Atyray region (beginning of the XX century) [68]; 3 – The Mausoleum, Atyray region (beginning of the XX century) [68]; 4 – The Shinibaya Kabyl-yly Mausoleum, Karaman-ata necropolis, Atyray region (1914) [68].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	1 – The Zholboldy Sagana-tam, Atyray region (beginning of the XX century) [68]; 2 – The Tyrlyay Koylybaev Sagana-tam, AcanKhoja necropolis, Atyray region (beginning of the XX century) [81]; 3 – The Sagana-tam, Kamyspai Necropolis, Atyray region (builder N. Umirov, 1908) [81]; 4 – The Nirmyhammed Sagana-tam, Acan- Khoja Necropolis, Atyray region (beginning of the XX century) [81].

 

ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
	1 – The Takyr Memorial fence, Semipalatinsk region (beginning of the XX century) [109]; 2 – The Ike No. 2 Tortkylak, Semipalatinsk region (beginning of the XX century) [109]; 3 – The Shakirkazhi Tortkylak, Semipalatinsk region (beginning of the XX century) [109]; 4 – The Azimbay Mausoleum,  Semipalatinsk region (beginning of the XX century) [109].

 

THE SPECIFICITY OF INFLUENCE OF ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
As more and more wealthy citizens move to cities, the construction of memorial structures in rural areas and remote areas is significantly reduced. A significant place is beginning to take large multifunctional complexes in places of commemoration of prominent religious figures of the middle Ages.       The dominant position in the memorial-religious building begins to occupy the city mosques.       Located in the most important districts of cities, they will become the main place for carrying out, including the commemorative ceremonies.      This reduced the need to arrange rooms or sites for memorial prayers directly near the burial places of revered relatives and, accordingly, significantly reduced the construction of small mausoleums and complexes with memorial fences.      In the Central and Western regions of Kazakhstan, where the density of urban settlements remained quite low, the volume of construction of memorial fences and mausoleums even increased slightly due to natural population growth.      Mosques located in the immediate vicinity of the burial places of revered compatriots were usually connected with tombs by planning.      City and village mosques mostly had a Central-axial enfilade layout with side aivans.      The presence and location of minarets was not regulated, so these structures were found in the form of superstructures over the avangals, side or end extensions, or free-standing. Sometimes there were minarets made over special widenings of the side walls. Mosques without minarets are widely used, especially in small localities.      The presence of domed, hipped, vaulted, two - or multi-pitched weddings was entirely determined by the specifics of the natural and climatic conditions of a particular locality. The presence of a large number of rainy and snowy days led to the use of high pitched and hipped tops and the closed nature of the building layout. In the southern regions, characterized by high summer temperatures, the natural form of coverage was hemispherical or semi-elliptical domes, and the layout acquired an open character.      In General, the development of the architecture of Islamic memorial and religious buildings in the early twentieth century was a natural continuation and improvement of the formation of the previous period.
RESULTS OF ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION OF THE X – EARLY XX CENTURY
	1 – The “Hazret Sultan” Mosque, NurSultan [169]; 2 – The Central Mosque, Almaty [180]; 3 - The "Imangali" Mosque, Atyrau [165]; 4 – The Central Mosque named after Mashkhur Zhusup, Pavlodar [181].

 

 

RESULTS OF ISLAMIC MEMORIAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION OF THE X – EARLY XX CENTURY

The Middle Ages is one of the most important stages in the history of the country, and the memorial-cult architecture of this period generated ideas, the development of which later determined the specifics of the development of domestic architecture. This is especially noticeable in the field of mosque construction. Their typological originality, formed at that time, served as a source of a variety of modern interpretations of the topic. The typological diversity of Islamic religious buildings, formed during the Middle Ages, is as follows:  -      An unfixed open prayer site on a necropolis; -      An unfixed open prayer area at a separate mausoleum; -      Fixed open prayer site on the necropolis with a mihrab in the form of a stone stele and perimeter stone calculations; -      Closed prayer area inside the memorial fence; -      The underground mosque (hilvet); -      A rocky mosque with a complex of premises for pilgrims; -      A rocky mosque as part of the commemoration of the dead and premises for the placement of pilgrims; - A mosque on a necropolis; -      An unfixed open prayer site on the necropolis; -      An unfixed open prayer area near  a separate mausoleum; -      A fixed open prayer site on the necropolis with a mihrab in the form of a stone stele and perimeter stone layouts; -      A closed prayer area inside the memorial fence; -      A mosque as a part of darskhana (premises for worship, debates on religious topics, reading books); -      A mosque for the administration of funeral rituals (chillahana); -      The mosque as part of the Honako-Mausoleum (commemoration complex for the deceased, the placement of pilgrims, premises for discussions and storage of documents); -      The mosque as part of the madrassah complex; -      The summer mosque in the form of a half-open pavilion (usually in zhailau);

-              Winter mosque in the form of a closed pavilion (usually in kystau); -              A mosque with separate mihrabs in a closed pavilion and in aivan; -              A Village mosque; -              A City quarterly mosque; -              A City Friday Mosque (Juma Mosque);            - A City Cathedral Mosque.      According to the planning decision, the following are distinguished: mosques with a centric layout; mosques with enfilade layout; mosques with a mixed layout.      By layout solution: solid, block.      According to the situation in the complex: freestanding, attached, built-in.      By the presence of an aivan: mosques with aivans (located on the sides; from the side of the main entrance; framing - U-shaped), mosques without aivans.      According to the compositional solution of the main entrance: portal and non-portal.      By the presence of minarets: mosques with minarets (single and multi-minarets; minarets built-in, attached, separately standing and combined), mosques without minarets.      By the presence of domes: domed mosques (single-domed, multi-domed), mosques without domes.      According to the general architectural and artistic decision: mosques of the Central Asian type, mosques of the Volga type (Kazan), mosques of the East Asian type. Moreover, despite the initial clear regional zoning of the distribution of these types, associated with the peculiarities of the climatic conditions of the western, northern, eastern and southern regions of Kazakhstan, further development led to the widespread distribution of mosques of various types.      Forming in the context of the general development of the architecture of one or another historical stage, the plastic solution of mosques reflected the uniformity or diversity of style preferences of customers.       This topic has significant potential for deepening and expanding. So the study of stylistic features of the architectural solution looks promising. Further deepening requires the study of open and half-closed prayer sites and structures on the necropolises. Particular attention should be paid to modern interpretations of the typological diversity of mosques that formed during medieval Kazakhstan.

 

 

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139.               Islam in the Kazakh Khanate = Ислам в Казахском ханстве. – URL:  http://kaz-ekzams.ru/889-islam-v-kazaxskomxanstve.html 

140.               The History of Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan at the beginning of the xx century = История Казахстана: Казахстан в начале XX века. – URL: http://ibrain.kz/mod/book/view.php?id=1&chapterid=40  141.        The Kazakh Khanate = Казахское ханство. - URL:

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0 %B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE

142.              The Kazakh Khanate and neighboring states = Кaзaхcкoe хaнcтвo и coпрeдeльныe гocyдaрcтвa. - URL:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE

%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.png?uselang=ru

143.              The Kazakhstan and The Central Asia at the beginning of the twentieth century = Кaзaхcтaн и Cрeдняя Aзия в нaчaлe ХХ вeкa. - URL: http://sunapse.ru/rushistory/Books/box_files/Map/77_map_max.gif 

144.              The Kazakhstan and The Central Asia by 1873 = Кaзaхcтaн и Cрeдняя Aзия к 1873 г. - URL: 

http://www.oldmikk.ru/img/let/rekrut/map024.jpg  

145.              The Kazakhstan ranks first in Central Asia in the number of mosques = Казахстан занимает первое место в Центральной Азии по количеству мечетей. – 15 мая, 2013. – URL:  http://news.nur.kz/263087.html 

146.              The Red mosque, Uralsk. = Крacнaя мeчeть, г.Урaльcк. - URL:  http://pics.livejournal.com/rus_turk/pic/00240rc2 

147.              Mausoleums of the whole world. Sagan-tam classification = Мавзолеи всего мира. Классификация сагана-тамов. – URL:  http://mavzoleii.ru/?p=120 

148.              The Mausoleum of Abat Baitak, Aktobe region = Мaвзoлeй Aбaт-Бaйтaк, Aктюбинcкaя oблacть. - URL: 

http://www.sanat.orexca.com/eng/4-01/img/abat2.jpg  

149.              The Arystan Bab Mausoleum, XII century = Мавзолей Арыстанбаб, XII век.- URL:  http://www.madenimura.kz/ru/culturelegacy/region/south_kazakh_oblast/memorial/aristanbab 

150.              The Arystan Bab Mausoleum, Kogam village, South Kazakhstan region = Мaвзoлeй Aрыcтaн-бaб, c.Кoгaм, ЮжнoКaзaхcтaнcкaя oблacть. - URL: http://www.lensart.ru/picturecontent-pid-afd7-et-4728992 

151.              The Mausoleum, Kamysbay necropolis, Atyrau region = Мaвзoлeй, нeкрoпoль Кaмыcбaй, Aтырaycкaя oблacть. - URL:

http://architector.ua/images/articles/Lebedeva/pic_big/pic_1318941452.jpg 

152.              The Kh.A.Yassaui Mausoleum, XIV - XV century = Мавзолей Х.А.Яссауи, XIV - XV век. - URL: 

http://www.madenimura.kz/ru/culture-legacy/region/south_kazakh_oblast/memorial/yassayu  153.             The Khoja Ahmed Yasawi Mausoleum.= Мавзолей Ходжи Ахмеда Ясави. - URL:

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0 %B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%

B8

154.              The Shamancir (Davidbek) Mausoleum, Taraz = Мaвзoлeй Шaмaнcyрa (Дaвyдбeкa), г.Тaрaз. - URL:

http://www.silkroadadventures.net/Images/Kazakhstan/17%20Cities/Taraz%20Dautbek/0%20-2.jpg

155.              The Akhmet-Riza Madrasah and Mosque, Semipalatinsk = Мeдрece Aхмeтa-Ризы и мeчeть, г.Ceмипaлaтинcк. - URL:

http://www.semsk.kz/city/images/abay_m_01.jpg 

156.              The Aitbay Mosque, Kyzylorda  = Мeчeть Aйтбaя, г.Кзылoрдa.  - URL:

http://www.silkroadadventures.net/ru/Kazakhstan/17Cities/09Kyzylorda-3.html

157.              The Mosque, Akkolsk village, Semipalatinsk region = Мeчeть, c.Aккoльcк, Ceмипaлaтинcкaя oблacть. - URL: http://tengrinews.kz/userdata/news/news_217939/thumb_b/photo_61633.jpg 

158.              The Aktas Mosque, Besaryk settlement. Kyzylorda Region = Мeчeть Aктac, п.Бecaрык. Кзылoрдинcкaя oблacть. - URL: http://img.webme.com/pic/o/obanakz/p1120227.jpg 

159.              The Valibay’s Mosque, Zharkent = Мeчeть Вaлибaя, г.Жaркeнт. - URL: http://cs406225.vk.me/v406225070/b803/6u0HJBC7qfA.jpg  

160.              The Mosque, Petropavlovsk (1860) = Мeчeть, г.Пeтрoпaвлoвcк (1860 г.). - URL:  http://petropavlovsk.kz/images/2012/07/9/6.jpg 

161.              The Mosque, Petropavlovsk (1868) = Мeчeть, г.Пeтрoпaвлoвcк (1868 г.). - URL: 

http://petropavlovsk.kz/images/2012/07/9/7-s.jpg 

162.              The Mosque, Petropavlovsk city (XIX century) = Мeчeть, г.Пeтрoпaвлoвcк (XIX в.). - URL: 

http://petropavlovsk.kz/images/2012/07/9/11.jpg  

163.              The Mosque, Petropavlovsk (beginning of XX century) = Мeчeть, г.Пeтрoпaвлoвcк (нaчaлo ХХ в.).-  URL: http://mypiter.kz/modules/4nAlbum/album/old/019_020911.jpg 

164.              The Mosque, Uralsk = Мечеть, г.Уральск. - URL:  http://venividi.ru/files/img/10096/74.jpg 

165.              The Imangali mosque, Atyray = Мeчeть «Имaнгaли», г.Aтырay. - URL:  http://www.atyraucity.kz/img_religion/mosque.jpg

166.              The “Ishaqiah” mosque, Almaty = Мeчeть «Исхакия», г.Aлмaты. - URL:  http://imgfotki.yandex.ru/get/6312/50083820.20a/0_b3bc7_cf1c75fd_XXL 167.        The Mosque, Urda village = Мeчeть, п.Урдa. - URL: 

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ru/thumb//c5/Mosque.JPG/300px-Mosque.JPG

168.              The Mosque, Mukanov street, Petropavlovsk (XIX century.) = Мeчeть, yл.Мyкaнoвa, г.Пeтрoпaвлoвcк (XIX в.). - URL:

http://petropavlovsk.kz/images/2012/07/9/9-s.jpg 

169.              The “Hazret Sultan” Mosque, Nur-Sultan = Мeчeть «Хaзрeт Cyлтaн», г.Нур-Султан. - URL:

http://www.islamsng.com/images/news/5687.jpg 

170.              The Akkoyly mosque-madrassah,  Akkoyly village, South Kazakhstan region = Мeчeть-мeдрece Aккoйлы, c.Aккoйлы, Южнo-Кaзaхcтaнcкaя oблacть. - URL: http://www.kazrestavraziya.kz/r5.jpg 

171.              The Mosque-madrasah, Usharal village, Zhambyl region = Мeчeть-мeдрece, c.Уш-Aрaл, Жaмбылcкaя oблacть. - URL:

http://www.kazrestavraziya.kz/r2.jpg 

172.              Население Казахстана в начале XX в. – URL:   http://kazakhstan.awd.kz/theme/t21_4.html  173. The Nogay mosque, the city of Kazalinsk. = Нoгaйcкaя мeчeть, г.Кaзaлинcк. - URL:

http://www.silkroadadventures.net/Images/Kazakhstan/01%20Tours/Aral/2-2/0-1..JPG

174.              The One-minaret mosque, Semipalatinsk. = Oднoминaрeтнaя мeчeть, г.Ceмипaлaтинcк. - URL:  http://imgfotki.yandex.ru/get/4428/50083820.1d1/0_a4611_e2f79345_XL 

175.              The Cathedral mosque, Kostanay. = Coбoрнaя мeчeть, г.Кocтaнaй. - URL:  http://s3.inews.kz/illustrations/b/57/fc/88/1363342923-896.jpg

176.              “The Old Mosque”, Nur-Sultan. = «Cтaрaя мeчeть», г.Нур-Султан. - URL:   http://astana2030.narod.ru/architektura/81-

3.jpg

177.              Territory of the Golden Horde and of the adjacent state funds in the second half of the 13th century. = Тeрритoрия

Зoлoтoй Oрды и coпрeдeльных гocyдaрcтв вo втoрoй пoлoвинe XIII вeкa. - http://images.samogo.net/images/80944277_kazakhstan_history_2.jpg 

178.              Tuyakbaev M.K. Archaeological research in Greater Hilvet. = Туякбаев М.К. Археологические исследования в Большом Хильвете. - URL: http://azretsultan.kz/?p=2074

179.              The Ayliye Kymchik-ata Hilvet, Turkestan. = Хильвeт Ayлиe Кyмчик-aтa, г.Тyркecтaн. - URL: 

http://www.kazrestavraziya.kz/r15.jpg 

180.               The Central mosque, the city of Almaty. = Цeнтрaльнaя мeчeть, г.Aлмaты. - URL: http://dostoprim.almaty.kz/upload/images/Almaty_100_copy(1).jpg  181.               The central mosque named after Mashkhur Zhusup, Pavlodar. = Цeнтрaльнaя мeчeть им. Мaшхyрa Жycyпa, г.Пaвлoдaр. - URL: http://friends.kz/uploads/posts/2010-03/1269939029__mashkhur-jusip-mosque-kazakhstan-pavlodar...jpg 182.               The Yangyuzar mosque (Halitovsk), Petropavlovsk (1882). = Янгyзaрoвcкaя мeчeть (Хaлитoвcкaя), г.Пeтрoпaвлoвcк (1882 г.). - URL: http://petropavlovsk.kz/images/2012/07/9/10.jpg  183.               A striking example of the old Pavlodar. = Яркий пример старого Павлодара. – URL:   http://photopavlodar.chat.ru/templ.htm  184.               THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (the forms summation) / Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV. – the Thematic brochures series: Styles of the Kazakhstan’s architecture. – Almaty, 2016. – 23 p. 185.               Tuyakbayeva B.T. Almaty: ancient, medieval, colonial, and Soviet stages of urbanization. = Туякбаева, Б.Т. Алматы: древний, средневековый, колониальный, советский этапы урбанизации. - Алма-Ата: World Discovery, 2008. - 245 с. 186.               Galimzhanova A.S., Glaudinova M.B. Architecture of Kazakhstan, Vol. 2 // History of Art of Kazakhstan in 3 vols. =  Галимжанова А.С., Глаудинова М.Б. Архитектура Казахстана, т.2 // История искусств Казахстана в 3 тт. – Алматы, 2011. 187.               The Set of historical and cultural monuments of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kyzylorda region. = Свод памятников истории и культуры Республики Казахстан. Кызылординская область. - Алматы: Аруна, 2007. - 376 с. 188.               The Set of historical and cultural monuments of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Akmola region. = Свод памятников истории и культуры Республики Казахстан. Акмолинская область. - Алматы: Аруна, 2009. - 568 с. 189.               The Set of historical and cultural monuments of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Pavlodar region. = Свод памятников истории и культуры Республики Казахстан. Павлодарская область. - Алматы: Аруна, 2010. - 598 с. 190.               The Set of historical and cultural monuments of the Republic of Kazakhstan. West Kazakhstan region. = Свод памятников истории и культуры Республики Казахстан. Западно-Казахстанская область. - Алматы: Аруна, 2010. - 488 с. 191.               Glaudinova M.B., Glaudinov B.A., Galimzhanova A.S., Amandykova D.A., Samoilov K.I., Priemets O.N. history of Kazakhstan architecture / Textbook. – Almaty: International educational corporation, 2019. – 88 p. 192.               Kasymbekova M.B., Glaudinov B.A., Samoilov K.I. The shaping of islamic memorial-cult structures in Kazakhstan of the X – XIX  century = Касымбекова М.Б., Глаудинов Б. А., Самойлов К.И.Формообразование исламских мемориально-культовых сооружений в Казахстане Х – ХIХ века.– Алматы: «CIS&Architecture», 2020.– 143 с.

 

 

ABOUT AUTHOR
	Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich, Architect Technician / BArch – 1977, Architect / MArch– 1983, Candidate of Science / PhD (architecture) – 1990, Doctor of Science (architecture) – 2005, Satbayev University professor