сообщение на тему Law of Russia

Report on “Low of Russia”

Russia employs the civil law tradition, where comprehensive legal codes and written statutes are the primary sources of law. The supreme law is the Federal Constitution, which holds the highest legal force, and all other legal acts, including constitutions of the federation's subjects, must comply with it. Other key sources include federal constitutional laws, federal laws, and subordinate legislation like presidential decrees and government resolutions. While judicial precedent is not a formal source of law, the explanatory rulings of the Supreme Court are highly influential for ensuring uniform application. Major areas of Russian law include constitutional, civil, criminal, administrative, labor, and family law, each typically governed by a dedicated code.

Article 33 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees that citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to make personal appeals, as well as individual and collective appeals to state and local government bodies.

The practical implementation of this constitutional norm is primarily governed by the Federal Law "On the Procedure for Considering Appeals from Citizens of the Russian Federation." This law mandates that all government agencies, from federal ministries to municipal administrations, must establish procedures for receiving and processing citizens' appeals. They are legally obliged to register each appeal, consider it on its merits, and provide a substantive response within 30 days.

There are numerous examples of this article in action across Russia. A common instance is when residents of an apartment building file a collective complaint with their municipal administration regarding poor maintenance of the building or a malfunctioning elevator. The administration is constitutionally and legally required to review this complaint and take action, such as issuing an order to the managing company to perform repairs.

Another significant example occurred in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many individual entrepreneurs and small business owners, facing financial hardship due to lockdown restrictions, sent collective appeals to the government at both regional and federal levels. These petitions, requesting financial support and tax breaks, were formally considered, and in many cases, influenced the development of state support programs. Furthermore, when a citizen believes their rights have been violated by a specific official, they can file a personal appeal to a higher state body or the prosecutor's office, triggering an official review of the official's actions. Thus, Article 33 serves as a vital, everyday tool for civic engagement in Russia

Nadezhda Kovaleva YUPR-22