Lesson: 12
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Heat Engines
✓ Describe transformations of energy in heat engines;
✓ Explain working principles internal combustion engine
Subject Learning:
Learners can Describe transformations of energy in heat engines
Language Learning:
✓ Learners can interpret sketch graphs to Explain working principles internal
combustion engine (speaking and listening skills OR reading and writing
skills)
SubjectSpecific Vocabulary and Terminology:
thermodynamic systems , thermally isolated system , heat reservoir ,
processes, energy, transfer
(термодинамикалықжүйелер, термиялықоқшауланғанжүйе, жылурезервуары,
процестер, энергия, трансфер,)
heat engine any cyclic device that converts heat to work
Heat does not flow spontaneously from a colder body to a warmer body.
KevinPlanck Statement
Chemistry
Projector or Smart board for power point presentation
Previous Learning: Heat
The first law of thermodynamics
Planned
timings
12 min
310 min
Resources
presentatio
n
sides:
Lesson’s plan
Planned Activities
I. Organization moment:
Greeting.
II. Cheking home task.
Find 1 problem of The First Law of Thermodynamics.
First law of thermodynamics
The change in internal energyΔU of a closed system will be equal to
the energy Q added to the system minus the work W done by the system
on the surroundings.
ΔU = Q + W
The First Law of Thermodynamics is a statement of energy conservation
for thermodynamic systems.
∆U = Q + W
Q : heat
∆U : change in internal energy
W: work
Sign Convention (Very Important!)
The system is the gas, fluid, etc. you are analyzing. 1135 min
19
+Q means heat added to the system
Q means heat removed from the system
+W means work done on the system (compression)
W means work done by the system (expansion)
III. Introduction new topic:
Although the law of conservation of energy and the first law of
thermodynamics do not allow for the possibility of a perpetual motion
machine of the first kind, they do not forbid the possibility of a
perpetual motion machine of the second kind. This machine would
simply create an amount of energy equal to that required to run it, thus
opening the possibility of its running itself forever, once started.
Although the laws of physics referred to above do not prohibit such a
machine, another law of physics does (the second law of
thermodynamics). Use what you know about friction to explain why a
perpetual motion machine of the second kind could not work.
Answer: Friction between the parts would convert some of the energy to
heat, which could not be totally retrieved.
Perpetual motion machines don’t exist, but perpetual motion does.
Example: planets orbit the sun.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Clausius Statement: Heat does not flow spontaneously from a colder
body to a warmer body. This does not mean heat can not flow from a
colder body to a warmer body, it just can not take place spontaneously.
• KevinPlanck Statement: In a thermal cycle, heat energy cannot be
completely transformed to mechanical work. This does not mean energy
is not conserved – it just means that 100% of heat energy cannot be
converted to mechanical work in a cycle.
• It is impossible to construct an operational perpetual motion machine.
• The total entropy of the universe increases in every natural process.
Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps
heat engine any cyclic device that converts heat to
work.
It absorbs heat (Qhotor Qin) from a high temperature reservoir , does net
work (Wnet), and exhausts heat (Qcoldor Qout) to a lowtemperature
reservoir.
Note the width of the arrow for Qin is equal to the combined widths of
Qoutand Wnet, reflecting the conservation of energy.
Example: The Otto Cycle (p. 404 in text)
the theoretical process cycle developed by Geman engineer Nickolas
Otto (18321891). He used his design to build one of the first successful gasoline engines.
εth) of a heat
thermal efficiency (
engine is defined as the ratio of its work output and its heat
input.
εth= Wnet
Qin
the thermal efficiency per cycle of a heat engine is:
Since Wnet = Qhot – Qcold,
εth= Wnet = Qhot –
Qcold = 1 Qcold
Qhot
Qhot
Qhot
“Efficiency is what you get out for
what you put in.”
An air conditioner is an example of a thermal pump.
With work input, it transfers heat (Qcold) from a low–temperature
reservoir (inside the house) to a hightemperature reservoir (outside). 3540 min
IV. Home task: Find 1 problem of The First Law of Thermodynamics.
Reflection:
Name one thing you would like to know more
Give one thing which you find difficult
Name one thing you liked most
The topic of the lessons First law of thermodynamics
The topic of the lessons First law of thermodynamics
The topic of the lessons First law of thermodynamics
The topic of the lessons First law of thermodynamics
The topic of the lessons First law of thermodynamics
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