Learning objective
To use the formulae of work, power and efficiency of current source in problem solving;
Electrical energy
If a charge Q moves between two points in a circuit that have a potential difference of V volts between them the energy gained (or lost) by the charge is given by the formula:
Electrical energy = Charge x Voltage
[Joules ]= [Coulombs x Volts = Amps x Time x Volts]
Electrical energy = I∙t∙V
Joule-Lenz's law
Joule’s law formula: Q = I2 × R × t
Heating effect
Joule’s law can be established as the amount of heat (Q) generated in a wire with resistance (R), when a current (I) passes through it for a period of time (t).
This heat is directly proportional to:
The square of the current.
The resistance of wire.
The time the current flows through the wire.
What are the heating effects caused by electric current?
When a current flows in a wire, thermal energy is generated in it. The heating effects caused by electric current depend on three factors:
The resistance of the wire. Higher resistance produces more heat.
The time that current flows through the wire. The greater the time, the greater the heat generated.
The greater the current, the more heat generation.
Worked example
Calculate the amount of energy supplied by a 4.5 V battery when:(a) a charge of 20 C passes through it(b) a current of 25 mA flows through is for
3 minutes
Solution
Energy = potential difference x
Q = 4.5 x 20 = 90 J(b) Energy = potential difference x Q =
p.d x current x time
Therefore:Energy = 4.5 x 25x10-3 x 180 = 20.25 J
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