Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be releasedto fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.[4]
Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that serve as short-term stores of energy, enabling its transfer to drive other reactions: these compounds are reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis.docx
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light
energy into chemical energy that can later be releasedto fuel the organisms' activities. This
chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized
from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs,
"light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a
waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such
organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and
maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic
compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.[4]
Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins
when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain
green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held
inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria
they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these lightdependent reactions, some energy is
used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The
hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that
serve as shortterm stores of energy, enabling its transfer to drive other reactions: these
compounds are reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, longterm energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by
a subsequent sequence of lightindependent reactions called the Calvin cycle; some bacteria use
different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle, to achieve the same end. In the Calvin
cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon
compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).[5] Using the ATP and NADPH produced by
the lightdependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form
further carbohydrates, such as glucose.
Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food
directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light. However, not all organisms use
carbon dioxide as a source of carbon atoms to carry out photosynthesis; photoheterotrophs use
organic compounds, rather than carbon dioxide, as a source of carbon.[4] In plants, algae, and
cyanobacteria, photosynthesis releases oxygen. This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by
far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms. Although there are some
differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, the overall
process is quite similar in these organisms. There are also many varieties of anoxygenic
photosynthesis, used mostly by certain types of bacteria, which consume carbon dioxide but do
not release oxygen.
Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation; photosynthesis
captures energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrate. Carbon fixation is an
endothermic redox reaction. In general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular
respiration: while photosynthesis is a process of reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate,
cellular respiration is the oxidation of carbohydrate or other nutrients to carbon dioxide.
Nutrients used in cellular respiration include carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids. These
nutrients are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water, and to release chemical energy to
drive the organism's metabolism. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are distinct processes, as they take place through different sequences of chemical reactions and in different cellular
compartments.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage, lightdependent reactions or light reactions
capture the energy of light and use it to make the energystorage molecules ATP and NADPH.
During the second stage, the lightindependent reactions use these products to capture and reduce
carbon dioxide.
Most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the lightdependent
reactions, although at least three use shortwave infrared or, more specifically, farred radiation.
Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis. Some archaea use a
simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals. The
bacteriorhodopsin changes its configuration in response to sunlight, acting as a proton pump.
This produces a proton gradient more directly, which is then converted to chemical energy. The
process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen, and seems to have
evolved separately from the more common types of photosynthesis.
In photosynthetic bacteria, the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell
membranes. In its simplest form, this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself.
However, the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids, or
bunched up into round vesicles called intracytoplasmic membranes. These structures can fill
most of the interior of a cell, giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore
increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb.
In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts. A typical plant
cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts. The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane. This
membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane, a phospholipid outer membrane, and
an intermembrane space. Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma.
Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids (grana), which are the site of
photosynthesis. The thylakoids appear as flattened disks. The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the
thylakoid membrane, and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space. Embedded
in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the
photosynthetic system.
Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll. The green part of the light spectrum
is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color. Besides
chlorophyll, plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls. Algae also use
chlorophyll, but various other pigments are present, such as phycocyanin, carotenes, and
xanthophylls in green algae, phycoerythrin in red algae (rhodophytes) and fucoxanthin in brown
algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors.
These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins. In such
proteins, the pigments are arranged to work together. Such a combination of proteins is also
called a lightharvesting complex.
Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts, the majority of those are found
in specially adapted structures called leaves. Certain species adapted to conditions of strong
sunlight and aridity, such as many Euphorbia and cactus species, have their main photosynthetic
organs in their stems. The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf, called the mesophyll, can contain
between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf. The surface of the
leaf is coated with a waterresistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive →
2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 3 ATP + O2
evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating.
The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells
where most of the photosynthesis takes place.
In the lightdependent reactions, one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon
and loses one electron. This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called
pheophytin, which passes the electron to a quinone molecule, starting the flow of electrons down
an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH. In addition,
this creates a proton gradient (energy gradient) across the chloroplast membrane, which is used
by ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP. The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the
electron it lost when a water molecule is split in a process called photolysis, which releases a
dioxygen (O2) molecule as a waste product.
The overall equation for the lightdependent reactions under the conditions of noncyclic
electron flow in green plants is:
2 H2O + 2 NADP+ + 3 ADP + 3 Pi + light
Not all wavelengths of light can support photosynthesis. The photosynthetic action spectrum
depends on the type of accessory pigments present. For example, in green plants, the action
spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophylls and carotenoids with absorption
peaks in violetblue and red light. In red algae, the action spectrum is bluegreen light, which
allows these algae to use the blue end of the spectrum to grow in the deeper waters that filter out
the longer wavelengths (red light) used by above ground green plants. The nonabsorbed part of
the light spectrum is what gives photosynthetic organisms their color (e.g., green plants, red
algae, purple bacteria) and is the least effective for photosynthesis in the respective organisms.
The "Z scheme"
In plants, lightdependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where
they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH. The lightdependent reactions are of two forms:
cyclic and noncyclic.
In the noncyclic reaction, the photons are captured in the lightharvesting antenna complexes of
photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments (see diagram at right). The
absorption of a photon by the antenna complex frees an electron by a process called
photoinduced charge separation. The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of
the photosystem II reaction center. That freed electron is transferred to the primary electron
acceptor molecule, pheophytin. As the electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain
(the socalled Zscheme shown in the diagram), it initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic
potential by pumping proton cations (H+) across the membrane and into the thylakoid space. An
ATP synthase enzyme uses that chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during
photophosphorylation, whereas NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z
scheme. The electron enters a chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I. There it is further excited
by the light absorbed by that photosystem. The electron is then passed along a chain of electron
acceptors to which it transfers some of its energy. The energy delivered to the electron acceptors
is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. The electron is
eventually used to reduce the coenzyme NADP with a H+ to NADPH (which has functions in
the lightindependent reaction); at that point, the path of that electron ends. The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the noncyclic, but differs in that it generates only ATP,
and no reduced NADP (NADPH) is created. The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem
I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem, the electron is passed down the electron
acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I, from where it was emitted, hence the name
cyclic reaction.
In the lightindependent (or "dark") reactions, the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO2 from the
atmosphere and, in a process called the Calvin cycle, it uses the newly formed NADPH and
releases threecarbon sugars, which are later combined to form sucrose and starch. The overall
equation for the lightindependent reactions in green plants is[24]:128
→
C3H6O3phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 Pi + 6 NADP+ + 3
3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H+
H2O
Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation
Carbon fixation produces the intermediate threecarbon sugar product, which is then converted
into the final carbohydrate products. The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis are
then used in the forming of other organic compounds, such as the building material cellulose, the
precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis, or as a fuel in cellular respiration. The latter
occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants is passed through a
food chain.
Overview of C4 carbon fixation
In hot and dry conditions, plants close their stomata to prevent water loss. Under these
conditions, CO2 will decrease and oxygen gas, produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis,
will increase, causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose1,5
bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and decrease in carbon fixation. Some plants have evolved
mechanisms to increase the CO2 concentration in the leaves under these conditions.[28]
Plants that use the C4 carbon fixation process chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the
mesophyll by adding it to the threecarbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), a reaction
catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase, creating the fourcarbon organic acid
oxaloacetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then translocated to
specialized bundle sheath cells where the enzyme RuBisCO and other Calvin cycle enzymes are
located, and where CO2 released by decarboxylation of the fourcarbon acids is then fixed by
RuBisCO activity to the threecarbon 3phosphoglyceric acids.
Xerophytes, such as cacti and most succulents, also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon
dioxide in a process called Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). In contrast to C4 metabolism,
which spatially separates the CO2 fixation to PEP from the Calvin cycle, CAM temporally
separates these two processes. CAM plants have a different leaf anatomy from C3 plants, and fix
the CO2 at night, when their stomata are open. CAM plants store the CO2 mostly in the form of
malic acid via carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate, which is then reduced to
malate. Decarboxylation of malate during the day releases CO2 inside the leaves, thus allowing
carbon fixation to 3phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO. Sixteen thousand species of plants use
CAM.
Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood, the overall
photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century. Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid17th century when he carefully
measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew. After noticing
that the soil mass changed very little, he hypothesized that the mass of the growing plant must
come from the water, the only substance he added to the potted plant. His hypothesis was
partially accurate – much of the gained mass also comes from carbon dioxide as well as water.
However, this was a signaling point to the idea that the bulk of a plant's biomass comes from the
inputs of photosynthesis, not the soil itself.
Joseph Priestley, a chemist and minister, discovered that, when he isolated a volume of air under
an inverted jar, and burned a candle in it (which gave off CO2), the candle would burn out very
quickly, much before it ran out of wax. He further discovered that a mouse could similarly
"injure" air. He then showed that the air that had been "injured" by the candle and the mouse
could be restored by a plant.
In 1778, Jan Ingenhousz, repeated Priestley's experiments. He discovered that it was the
influence of sunlight on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours.
In 1796, Jean Senebier, a Swiss pastor, botanist, and naturalist, demonstrated that green plants
consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of light. Soon afterward,
NicolasThéodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not
be due only to uptake of CO2 but also to the incorporation of water. Thus, the basic reaction by
which photosynthesis is used to produce food (such as glucose) was outlined.
Cornelis Van Niel made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis. By studying
purple sulfur bacteria and green bacteria he was the first to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a
lightdependent redox reaction, in which hydrogen reduces (donates its – electron to) carbon
dioxide.
Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson, along with James Bassham, elucidated the path of carbon
assimilation (the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle) in plants. The carbon reduction cycle is
known as the Calvin cycle, which ignores the contribution of Bassham and Benson. Many
scientists refer to the cycle as the CalvinBenson Cycle, BensonCalvin, and some even call it the
CalvinBensonBassham (or CBB) Cycle.
Nobel Prizewinning scientist Rudolph A. Marcus was able to discover the function and
significance of the electron transport chain.
Otto Heinrich Warburg and Dean Burk discovered the Iquantum photosynthesis reaction that
splits the CO2, activated by the respiration
In 1950, first experimental evidence for the existence of photophosphorylation in vivo was
presented by Otto Kandler using intact Chlorella cells and interpreting his findings as light
dependent ATP formation. In 1954, Daniel I. Arnon et al. discovered photophosphorylation in
vitro in isolated chloroplasts with the help of P32.
TEST
1. Have photosynthetic of ceramictile of
photosystem:
A. only the first
B. only the second
C. and the first and second
D. no photo systems yet
2. Photo system 2 appears for the first time:
A. the green ceramictile
B. have purple ceramictile
C.
D. singlecelled algae
in cyanobacteria(bluegreen) 3. Photo systems are located
A. root pressure and evaporation of
A. in the membranes of tylakoids
B.
C.
D. in the intermembrane space
inside tilakoid
in the stroma
4. Protons accumulate in the light phase of
photosynthesis:
A. in the membranes of tylakoids
B.
C.
D. in the intermembrane space
inside tilakoid
in the stroma
5. Dark phase reactions of photosynthesis
occur
A. in the membranes of tylakoids
B.
C.
D. in the intermembrane space
inside tilakoid
in the stroma
6. In the light phase of photosynthesis
occurs
A. ATP formation
B. formation of NADP*H2
C. release of oxygen
D. all the above processes
7. The process, accompanied by the
movement of excited electrons and the
formation of macroergic bonds in the ATP
molecule, occurs when:
A. lipid synthesis
B. synthesis of mRNA
C. photosynthesis
D. the duplication of DNA
8. In the dark phase occurs:
A. ATP formation
B. formation of NADP*H2
C. release of oxygen
D. the education of uglevodov
9. In photosynthesis, oxygen is released
during the decomposition of molecules:
A. H2O
B. Is c6h12o6
C. CO2 and H2O
D. CO2
10. The flow of water into the plant,
necessary for photosynthesis, depends on
B.
water by leaves
the speed of the outflow of nutrients
from leaves to all organs
C. plant growth and development rates
D. the process of division and growth of
root cells
11. Which contains the pigment
chlorophyll?
A. the shell of the chloroplast
B. prixes
C. stroma
D. kernel
12. Does the CO2 molecule break down in
the synthesis of carbohydrates?
A. only in the dark
B. Yes
C. No
D. only in the light
13. In the process of photosynthesis occurs
A. synthesis of carbohydrates and
B.
oxygen release
the evaporation of water and
absorption of oxygen
C. gas exchange and lipid synthesis
D. the emission of carbon dioxide and
the synthesis of proteins
14. Which plants produce the most biomass
and release the most oxygen
A. unicellular alga
B. multicellular algae
C. seed
D. spore
15. In the light reaction, the electrons,
excited by the energy of light, descend from
their orbits and accumulate
A. on both sides of the membrane
B.
C.
D. outside the membrane of the
in stroma
inside the membrane of the thylakoid
thylakoid
16. The scientist who showed how the
formation of carbohydrates in the dark phase
of photosynthesis
A. M. Schleiden
B. M. Calvin C. T. Schwann
D. S. N. Vinogradsky
17. In chemosynthetic organisms
chlorophyll
A. presents
B. absents
C. accumulates during the day
D. activated by light
18. Able to synthesize organic matter using
an inorganic carbon source
A. chemoautotrophs and
photoautotrophs
B. photoautotrophs and
chemoheterotrophs
C. saprotrophs and autotrophs
D. any heterotrophs
19. Able to synthesize organic substances
using only organic carbon source
A. the chemoautotraphs
B. photoautotrophs
C. saprotrophs
D. any heterotrophs
20. The formation of ATP occurs
A. in the light phase
in the dark phase
B.
C.
in the photolysis of water
D. and in light, and in the dark phase
21. Part of the electrons with the
participation of protons restores NADP+ to
NADP*N
A. in the light phase
in the dark phase
B.
C.
in the photolysis of water
D. and in light, and in the dark phase
22. In the process of chemosynthesis
organisms use energy
A. sunlight
B. natural radiation
C. chemical bonds of inorganic
substances
D. chemical bonds of polysaccharide
molecules
23. H. Krebs is a scientist who studied and
described the process
A. protein biosynthesis
B. oxidation of pyruvic acid
C. photolysis of water
D. formation of carbohydrates in the
dark phase of photosynthesis
24. Macroanalitica chemical bonds the
molecule contains
A. primary structure polypeptide
B. starch polysaccharide
C. deoxyribonucleic acid
D. adenosine triphosphate
25. The consumer of carbon dioxide in the
biosphere is:
A. oak
B. earthworm
C. eagle
D. soil bacteria
26. Organic substances from inorganic can
create:
A. E. coli
B. pale toadstool
C. chicken
D. cornflower
27. In the light stage of photosynthesis,
photons of light excite molecules:
A. chlorophyll
B. ATP
C. glucose
D. water
28. The ability to photosynthesis have:
A. the simplest
B. viruses
C. plants
D. mushrooms
29. The light phase of photosynthesis
occurs:
A. on the inner membrane of
chloroplasts
B. on the outer membrane of
chloroplasts
in the stroma of chloroplasts
C.
D. in the mitochondrial matrix
30. In plant cells, unlike human cells, animal
cells, fungi, occurs
A. metabolism
B. aerobic respiration
C. synthesis of glucose D. protein synthesis
Photosynthesis
convert
light energy
released
to fuel
perform
largely responsible
maintaining
supplies
absorbed
abundant
strip
suitable
substances
freed
splitting of water
enabling
removed
varieties
captures
fixation
endothermic redox reaction
outline
oxidized
employ
embedded
phycocyanin, carotenes, and xanthophylls
arranged
palisade mesophyll cells
photon
ultimately regains
split in a process
resembles
separation
generates
emitted
hence
precursors
influence
significance
interpreting
findings
Vocabular
Фотосинтез
конвертировать
световая энергия
выпущенный
подпитывать
выполнять
во многом ответственный
обслуживающий
припасы
поглощенный
обильный
полоса
подходящий
примеси
освобожденный
расщепление воды
уполномочивающий
удаленный
разновидности
захватит
фиксация
эндотермическая окислительно
восстановительная реакция
контур
окисленный
использовать
встроенный
фикоцианин, каротины и ксантофиллы
организованный
палисадных клеток мезофилла
фотон
в конечном счете восстанавливает
разделение в процессе
походит
разделение
генерирует
испускаемый
следовательно
исходное вещество
влияние
важность
интерпретирующий
полученные данные
Glossary Photosynthesis is the transformation of the radiant energy of the Sun into the energy of chemical
bonds of organic substances by green plants and photosynthetic microorganisms. Photosynthesis
takes place with the participation of lightabsorbing pigments, especially chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis provides all terrestrial organisms with chemical energy.
Assimilation the process of formation of chemicals needed by the body, through the
assimilation and conversion of nutrients in animals and photosynthesis in green plants. When the
assimilation uses the energy of ATP.
Atelinae plant a plant whose photosynthetic role of bodies, have green stems.
Bacterial photosynthesis is the cleavage of hydrogen sulfide by photosynthetic bacteria. In
bacterial photosynthesis hydrogen sulfide serves as a donor. Bacterial photosynthesis occurs
without the release of oxygen.
Bacteriochlorophyll pigment contained in capable of photosynthesis of green and purple
bacteria. Distinguish bacteriomorphic red pigment and a green pigment bacteriochlorin.
Biosynthesis is the process of formation of substances necessary for the body, occurring in its
cells with the participation of enzymes. In the process of biosynthesis of the original substances
are formed more complex compounds: proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and others.
Gas exchangemoving and changing the composition of gases within the body, during which:
when breathingoxygen is taken from the consumed gas mixtures of the atmosphere and carbon
dioxide is released, a lot of minor gas impurities, inert nitrogen and water vapor;
the gas power plant gets carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.
Heliotrop autotrophic organism that synthesizes organic substances from inorganic ones by
using the energy of sunlight.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is a coenzyme of some dehydrogenase enzymes
that catalyze redox reactions in living cells. NADP takes over the hydrogen and electrons of the
oxidized compound and transfers them to other substances. Reduced NADP is one of the main
products of light reactions of photosynthesis.
The transformation of energythe transformation of the incoming solar radiation energy to the
Earth in the energy of chemical bonds. Energy conversion is carried out by green plants in the
process of photosynthesis.
Photoreduction is the process of bacterial photosynthesis.
Photoreceptorin a broad sensea lightsensitive formation that can absorb light and induce
photobiological processes in the body. The photoreceptor human physiology receptor retina, irritation of which causes a visual
sensation.The photoreceptor of vertebrates consists of the outer and inner segments, the body of
the photoreceptor and synaptic legs.
Photosynthetic bacteriapigmented (purple, green) bacteria that can absorb solar energy with the
release of hydrogen atoms.
Photosynthetic phosphorylation is the addition of inorganic phosphate to ADP using radiant
energy. There are cyclic and noncyclic photosynthetic phosphorylation.
Phototroph is a photosynthetic organism that uses light energy for photosynthesis.
Hlorenhima parenhimnye cages containing a large number of chloroplasts. The main function
of chlorenchyma is photosynthesis. Usually chlorenchyma lies under the transparent epidermis in
the leaves. In the form of cells chlorenchyma is divided into columnar and spongy.
Chloroplasts are intracellular organoids of plant cells in which photosynthesis is carried out.
Chloroplasts are painted green. The presence of its own genetic apparatus and belokrinitsa
systems provide the chloroplasts relative autonomy.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment of plants contained in chloroplasts. In the process of
photosynthesis chlorophyll absorbs light energy and turns it into the energy of chemical bonds of
organic compounds.
Chlorophyllchemical structurea complex cyclic compound porphyrin containing a magnesium
atom. There are several types of chlorophylls similar in chemical structure.
Photo system I (the first photo system, photo system one, FSI), or plastocyaninferredoxin
oxidoreductase — the second functional complex of the electron transport chain (etc) of
chloroplasts. It takes an electron from the plastocyanin and, absorbing light energy, forms a
strong reducing agent P700, capable through a chain of electron carriers to realize
NADF+reduction.
Photosystem II (second photosystem, photosystem two, FS), or H2Oplastoceridae first
functional complex of the electron transport chain (etc) of chloroplasts. It is located in the
membranes of tylakoids all plants, algae and cyanobacteria. Absorbing the energy of light during
the primary photochemical reactions, it forms a strong oxidizerchlorophyll a (P680+) dimer,
which through a chain of oxidationreduction reactions can cause oxidation of water.
Questions
What is photosynthesis for?
What organisms can perform the process of
photosynthesis?
What cells have the pigment necessary for
photosynthesis?
What is plastid?
What types of plastids are in the cell?
What is chloroplast? What is a palisade cell?
What are sponge cells?
Why do I need a photo system 1?
What is photo system 2?
Where are the photosynthetic cells of
plants ?
What products stand out in the process of
photosynthesis?
Can bacteria photosynthesize?
Who first described the role of
photosynthesis and compared plants to a
green factory?
What conditions are needed for
photosynthesis?
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
Brief description of the key points of photosynthesis
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