Organization. All things are made of chemicals, but in living things the chemicals are packaged into highly organized structures. The basic structure of life is the cell. Cells themselves contain small organelles that carry out specific functions.
Reproduction. Reproduction is the ability to produce other individuals of the same species. It may be sexual or asexual. Reproduction involves the replication of DNA. This chemical contains genetic information which determines the characteristics of an organism, including how it will grow and develop.
Growth and development. All organisms must grow and develop to reach the size and level of complexity required to complete their life cycle. Growth is a relatively permanent increase in size of an organism. It is brought about by taking in substances from the environment and incorporating them into the internal structure of the organism..
Feeding. Living things are continually transforming one form of energy into another to stay alive. Although energy is not destroyed during these transformations, heat is always formed. Heat is a form of energy which cannot be used to drive biological processes, so it is sometimes regarded as `wasted energy`.
Living things have to renew their energy stores periodically from their environment, to continue transforming energy and to replace the `wasted energy`. They also have to obtain nutrients – chemicals that make up their bodies or help them carry out their biological processes
Characteristics of living organisms.docx
Characteristics of living organisms
Organization. All things are made of chemicals, but in living things the chemicals are packaged into
highly organized structures. The basic structure of life is the cell. Cells themselves contain small
organelles that carry out specific functions.
Reproduction. Reproduction is the ability to produce other individuals of the same species. It may be
sexual or asexual. Reproduction involves the replication of DNA. This chemical contains genetic
information which determines the characteristics of an organism, including how it will grow and develop.
Growth and development. All organisms must grow and develop to reach the size and level of
complexity required to complete their life cycle. Growth is a relatively permanent increase in size of an
organism. It is brought about by taking in substances from the environment and incorporating them into
the internal structure of the organism..
Feeding. Living things are continually transforming one form of energy into another to stay alive.
Although energy is not destroyed during these transformations, heat is always formed. Heat is a form of
energy which cannot be used to drive biological processes, so it is sometimes regarded as `wasted
energy`.
Living things have to renew their energy stores periodically from their environment, to continue
transforming energy and to replace the `wasted energy`. They also have to obtain nutrients – chemicals
that make up their bodies or help them carry out their biological processes
Respiration. Living things need energy to stay alive and to do work. Although food contains energy, this
is not in a directly usable form. It has to be broken down.
The energy released during the breakdown is used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in a process
called respiration. ATP is an energy rich molecule and is the only fuel that can be used directly to drive
metabolic reactions in living organisms.
Excretion. The energy transformations that take place in an organism involve chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions that occur in organisms are called metabolic reactions.
Waste products are formed in these reactions, some of which are poisonous, so they must be disposed of
in some way. The disposal of metabolic waste products is called excretion.
Responsiveness. All living things are sensitive to certain changes in their environments (stimuli) and
respond in ways that tend to improve their chances of survival.
The degree of responsiveness depends on an organism`s complexity: a bacterium may be limited to
simple responses, such as moving towards favorable stimuli or away from harmful ones; people can make
highly sophisticated responses to a wide variety of stimuli which they may perceive either directly or
with the aid of technological devices.
Movement. Responses usually involve some form of movement. Movement of whole organisms from one
place to another is called locomotion. Plants and other organisms that are fixed in one place do not
display locomotion, but they can move parts of their bodies
Homeostasis. All living things are, to some extend, able to control their internal conditions so that their
cells have a constant chemical and physical environment in which they can function effectively. The regulation and maintenance of a relatively constant set of conditions within an organism is called
homeostasis
Russian equivalent
Evolution. Living things are able to change into new forms of life. This evolution usually takes place
gradually over successive generations in response to changes in the environment.
№ English term
to accept
1.
to accompany
2.
to acquire
3.
advance
4.
to allow
5.
apparent
6.
to arise
7.
arrangement
8.
9.
to arrange
10. because of
11. blood
12.
13. capacity
14.
15. cause (n.)
16.
17. certain
18. circumstance
19. coded
принимать
сопровождать
приобретать
продвижение (вперед), прогресс
позволять
очевидный , явный
возникать; появляться
устройство; расположение
располагать; устраивать
из-за, вследствие
кровь
вызывать
способность
выполнять; осуществлять
причина
вызывать
определенный; некий; некоторый
обстоятельство
закодированная информация
to bring about
to cause (v.)
to carry out
20.
complete
заканчивать; завершать;
information
to
(v.)
21. complete (adj.) полный
22.
to contain
сoдержать 23.
to define
определять
Have scientists provided a universally accepted definition of life?
What is a living thing?
What is a nonliving thing?
What can living things do that nonliving things can not?
What do cells contain?
What does genetic information determine?
How is growth brought about?
Can heat be used to drive biological processes?
How do living things acquire energy and nutrients?
What do living things need to stay alive?
What does the degree of responsiveness depend on?
How do movements of living things differ from those of nonliving?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
A.
C.
D.
What is homeostasis?
1. The boundaries of the biosphere are
determined
H.
3. What is the role of the ozone layer in
preserving life on Earth
a. permafrost
b.
c.
B.
conditions necessary for the life
of organisms
food links between organisms of
different species
I.
J.
K.
L.
a.
absorbs infrared radiation
b. prevents meteor showers
c.
absorbs ultraviolet radiation
d.
the cycle of substances in it
E.
2. Preservation of the biosphere
contributes
F.
G.
a.
the creation of agricultural lands
2) construction of reservoirs
b. maintaining biodiversity 4)
changing ecosystems
d. prevents evaporation of water
from the atmosphere
M.
4. Protection of the environment from
pollution contributes to the conservation
and sustainable development of the
biosphere, as
N.
O.
a.
communities do not change
during the year b. do not change the composition
and properties of the habitat of
organisms
P.
c.
the lithosphere is not destroyed
Q.
5. A necessary condition for sustainable
development of the biosphere
R.
S.
T.
U.
a.
b.
the creation of artificial
agriculture
reduction of the number of
predatory animals
c. development of industry taking
into account environmental laws
d. destruction of pests of
agricultural crops
V.
W. 4.The basis of the stable existence of the
biosphere provides
X.
Y.
Z.
AA.
AB.
AC.
e.
the presence of predators in it
f.
application in the fields of high
agricultural technology
g.
creation of protected areas
h. biological cycle of substances
5.The reason for the expansion
of desert area in the biosphere is
AD.
AE.
AF.
AG.
AH.
i.
j.
accumulation of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere
reduction of the territory
occupied by forests
k.
extension of the biotic
relationships of organisms
l.
depletion of soils with minerals
6. Conservation of biological diversity in
the biosphere contributes to
AI.
AJ.
AK.
a.
creation of reserves and reserves
b.
c.
introduction of new species into
the ecosystem
shooting predators 4) plowing
steppes
AL.
7. The boundaries of the biosphere are
determined
AM.
AN.
conditions unsuitable for life 2)
fluctuations in positive temperatures 3)
the amount of precipitation 4)
cloudiness of the atmosphere
AO.
8. Carbon dioxide enters the biosphere as a
result of
AP.
AQ.
a. photosynthesis 2) recovery of
minerals
b. decay of organic residues 4)
thunderstorm discharges in the
atmosphere
AR.
9.
. The absence of any gas in the primary
atmosphere of the Earth limited the
development of life
AS.
a. hydrogen 2) oxygen 3) nitrogen
4) methane
AT.
10. In accordance with the ideas of V. I.
Vernadsky to the bioinert bodies of the
nature referred
AU.
a.
soil 2) minerals 3) atmosphere
gases 4) animals
AV.
11. Living matter of the biosphere is the
totality of all
AW. a. plants and animals of the planet
2) multicellular organisms of
the planet
b. microorganisms of the planet 4)
living organisms of the planet
AX.
AY.
12. Solving the problem of sustainable
development of the biosphere
contributes
AZ.
a.
b.
reduction in the number of
species
introduction of new species into
communities
c. destruction of pests of
d.
agricultural crops
elimination of environmental
pollution
BA.
13. The shell of the Earth inhabited by
living organisms is
BB.
a.
ecosystem 2) community 3)
biosphere 4) atmosphere
BC.
14. The biosphere is
BD.
a.
b.
a complex of species living in a
certain area
the shell of the Earth inhabited
by living organisms
c. hydrosphere inhabited by living
organisms
BE.
BF.
BG.
d.
a set of terrestrial biogeocenoses
BH.
15. The accumulation of gas in the primary
atmosphere of the Earth caused the rapid
development of life on land?
BI.
a. hydrogen sulfide 2) oxygen 3)
nitrogen 4) carbon dioxide
BJ.
16. One of the factors supporting the
balance in the biosphere
BK.
BL.
BM.
BN.
a. diversity of species and
relationships between them
b. adaptability to the environment
c.
seasonal changes in nature
d. natural selection
BO.
17. For nutrients in the biosphere include
BP.
a. plant seeds 2) bacterial spores
BQ.
b. coal 4) volcanic ash
BR.
18. On the scale of geological time, a large
role in the transformation of matter and
energy belongs to
BS.
a.
atmosphere 2) living matter 3)
water 4) soil
BT.
19. The biosphere is a global ecosystem, the
structural components of which are
BU.
BV.
a.
classes and divisions of plants
2) population
b. ecosystems 4) the classes and
types of animals
BW.
20. The cosmic role of plants on Earth is
that they
BX.
BY.
BZ.
CA.
a.
accumulate solar energy
b. absorb from the environment
minerals
c.
absorb from the environment
carbon dioxide .
d.
release oxygen
CB.
21. Living organisms or traces of their
activity are present
CC. a.
in all parts of the earth's shells
that are part of the biosphere
b. only in Lito and hydrosphere 3)
only in Lito and atmosphere
CQ.
CR.
CS.
b. ecological niche
c. primary biological products
CD.
CE.
c.
everywhere except Antarctica
and the Arctic
CF.
22. Ecosystem change contributes to
CG.
CH.
CI.
a.
b.
c.
increased fertility of organisms
with increased food abundance
changes in the habitat of
organisms in the course of their
life
seasonal changes 4) change of
the phases of the moon
CJ.
23. The sphere of human influence on the
biosphere is called
CK.
a.
atmosphere 2) lithosphere 3)
noosphere 4) hydrosphere
CL.
24. . The main role in the evolution of the
biosphere plays
CM.
CN.
a.
atmospheric composition 2)
water regime
b. mountain building 4) living
matter
CO.
25. The total amount of matter of the whole
population of organisms in the
biogeocenosis and the biosphere is
CP.
a.
ecological pyramid
d. biomass of living matter
CT.
26. The biosphere is an open system, as in it
CU.
a. Solar energy is used
CV.
CW.
CX.
b. organisms combined biotic
relationships
c.
ecosystems are linked
d. homogeneous conditions of
existence for the organisms
CY.
27. One of the provisions of the teachings of
VI Vernadsky on the biosphere is the
following statement:
CZ.
DA.
DB.
DC.
a.
b.
c.
d.
living mattera set of living
organisms on Earth
living organisms have growth
and development
all living organisms form
species
living organisms are related to
the environment
DD.
28. . The structural and functional unit of
the biosphere is
DE.
a. biogeocenosis 2) species 3)
population 4) individual
Characteristics of living organisms
Characteristics of living organisms
Characteristics of living organisms
Characteristics of living organisms
Characteristics of living organisms
Characteristics of living organisms
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