ict

LESSON OUTLINE

Lesson 1. Review of the covered material

The purpose of the lesson: to acquaint students with the tasks and goals of studying a computer science course; update the material of the 1st course.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Acquaintance with the goals and objectives for the new academic year.

This academic year, we will familiarize ourselves with the following topics:

Automated information processing

Information and informatics

General information about computing

Information processing technologies

Functional and structural organization of a personal computer

Personal computer architecture

Types of storage and transmission of information

VT software

Operating systems and shells

Personal computer software

Protecting computers from viruses

Application software. Word processors

Spreadsheets

Database management systems

Graphic editor

Presentation software

III. Updating the studied material

Let's remember what information is. How do you understand it, what is the role of information in a person's perception of the surrounding world? We all know from last year's material that a person can perceive visual information, information in the form of sound, information about taste, tactile information. What information can you get about an object, such as a pumpkin, using your senses? (The pumpkin is smooth to the touch, orange in color, makes a dull sound when tapped on it, has a peculiar smell). What is the name of the information obtained in this way? (Organoleptic).

What forms of information presentation do you know?

(1. Sign, writing, consisting of various signs, among which it is customary to distinguish:

a) symbolic in the form of text, numbers, special characters (for example, text of a textbook);

b) graphic (for example, a geographic map);

c) tabular (for example, a table for recording the course of a physical experiment).

2. Presentation of information in the form of gestures or signals (for example, signals from a traffic controller).

3. Oral verbal form (for example, conversation)).

Any information is transmitted using a special language - formal or natural. What is the basis of each language? (Alphabet). This presentation of information is called coding. Explain what is code and coding? (Code is a set of symbols (conventions) to represent information. Coding is the process of representing information in the form of a code). What alphabet is used to represent information in technical devices (computers)? (Binary, consisting of two characters - 0 and 1, the so-called bits). We know that a bit is the smallest unit of measure for the amount of information. What other units for measuring the amount of information do you know? (Kilobits, megabits, gigabits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes).

IV. Introduction of new material

Informatics concept

It should be noted that there are many definitions of informatics in the modern literature. This is due to the fact that this area of ​​knowledge is relatively new and the corresponding conceptual apparatus is not completely settled. The analysis of the definitions made it possible to single out their essential part and to formulate the definition that is given below.

Informatics - the field of human activity associated with the processes of information transformation with the help of computers and other computer technology. One of the following concepts is often associated with informatics: it is either a branch of production, or fundamental science, or an applied discipline, or a set of certain means used to transform information. In accordance with this, the structure of informatics is different depending on the invested content. It is shown in Fig. 1.1. The hardware includes computers and related peripheral devices (monitors, keyboards, printers and plotters, modems, etc.), communication lines, office equipment, etc. those material resources that provide the transformation of information, and the computer plays the leading role in this list.

Figure 1.1 Structure of Informatics

Software tools (products) include operating systems, integrated shells, programming and design systems for software products, various application packages such as text and graphics editors, accounting and publishing systems, etc. The specific application of each software product is specific and serves to solve a certain range of problems of an applied or systemic nature.

Mathematical methods,models and algorithms are the basis that underlies the design and manufacture of any software or hardware due to their exceptional complexity and, as a consequence, the impossibility of a speculative approach to creation. The above three resource components of informatics play different roles in the process of informatization of society. So, the totality of software and technical means available in a particular society makes it possible to make it informational, when every member of the society has the opportunity to obtain practically any (excluding, of course, secret) information of interest to him (such information consumers are called end users). At the same time, the complexity of technical and software systems forces the use of existing technical and software products, as well as the necessary methods, models and algorithms for the design and production of new and improvement of old technical and software systems. In this case, we can say that the means of converting information are used to produce their own kind. Then their user is a computer scientist and not an end user.

Thus, the main function of informatics is to develop methods and means of converting information using a computer, as well as to apply them in organizing the technological process of converting information. This determined the structure of this textbook: information, computer and information process - these are the concepts that determined the structure of the textbook. In fulfilling its function, computer science solves the following tasks:

ü    explores information processes in social systems;

ü    develops information technology and creates the latest information transformation technologies based on the results obtained in the course of research on information processes;

ü    solves scientific and engineering problems of creation, implementation and ensuring the effective use of computer equipment and technology in all spheres of human activity.

ü    Within the framework of the applied discipline of computer science, the following issues are studied:

Concept and characteristics of information

Information is information about the surrounding world (object, process, phenomenon, event), which is the object of transformation (including storage, transmission, etc.) and is used to develop behavior, to make a decision, to control or for training.

The characteristic features of the information are as follows:

ü    It is the most important resource of modern production: it reduces the need for land, labor, capital, and reduces the consumption of raw materials and energy.

ü    It gives rise to new industries.

ü    It is a commodity, and the seller of information does not lose it after the sale.

ü    Gives added value to other resources, in particular labor. Indeed, an employee with a higher education is valued more than with a secondary one.

ü    Information can accumulate.

As follows from the definition, three concepts are always associated with information (their relationship is shown in Figure 2.1): source of information
 - that element of the surrounding world, information about which is the object of transformation;

consumer of information - that element of the surrounding world that uses information;

signal - a material medium that captures information for transferring it from source to consumer.

So, the source of information that the reader of this textbook is currently receiving is informatics as a sphere of human activity; the consumer is the reader himself, and the signal is paper with text (in this case, they say that the information has a hard copy). Once read and memorized by the student, this information will acquire another carrier - biological, when it is "written" into the student's memory. Obviously, the source and the consumer do not change in this case.

 
Fig. 2.1. The diagram of the relationship of the basic concepts of information

V. Homework. General: analysis of the abstract, selective: abstract on the topic "Information", "Informatics".

Скачано с www.znanio.ru