EASTER IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS AND IN THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND.
The title of the research is Easter in the Republic of Belarus and in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The subject of the research work: Easter in Belarus and Easter in Great Britain.
The aim of our research work: is to compare Easter traditions and symbols in Belarus and Britain, find similarities and differences.
To achieve the aim we are to solve the following objectives:
• to define the term «Easter» and «Пасха»;
• to study the problem of the origin of Easter in Belarus and in Britain;
• to compare Easter traditions in Belarus and in Britain;
• to study and analyze Easter symbols in Belarus and in Britain.
In our research work we used the following methods:
• theoretical (analysis, comparison, planning of the research hypotheses and collation to the results);
• empirical (questioning, interviewing).
пасха.docx
The title of the research is Easter in the Republic of Belarus and in the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .
The subject of the research work Easter in Belarus and Easter in Great
Britain.
The aim of our research work: is to compare Easter traditions and symbols in
Belarus and Britain, find similarities and differences.
To define the term «Easter» and « Пасха »
To study the problem of the origin of Easter in Belarus and in Britain
To compare Easter traditions in Belarus and in Britain
To study and analyze Easter symbols in Belarus and in Britain.
To achieve the aim we are to solve the following objectives:
In our research work we used the following methods:
theoretical (analysis, comparison, planning of the research hypotheses
and collation to the results);
empirical (questioning, interviewing).
In our work we compared Easter in the Republic of Belarus and in the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .
Introduction
They say ‘so many countries, so many customs.’ It’s natural, that different
countries have different cultures, different customs and traditions. Each nationality has
its own features. For example, the English are said to be very conservative, while the
Belarusian are said to be generous and plain. But we have much in common. Children
like the holiday very much. Why? They like the traditions of the holiday. What are
they? What is common in our countries?
Both the Republic of Belarus and the United Kingdom are Christian countries,
so the main Christian holidays in our countries are the same: Christmas and Easter,
although in Belarus we celebrate these holidays 13 days later than in Britain. Belarus
celebrates Christmas on 7th January, while the English celebrate it on 25th December.
Until 1918, Russia had the Julian calendar, whilst the majority of European countries
had adopted the Gregorian calendar long before. By this time the accumulated
difference between the calendars was 13 days. Thus, the same holiday had different
dates in Europe and in Belarus. Easter is the major Christian holiday. This year Easter
is celebrated on the 12th of April in the Republic of Belarus and on the 5th of April in
the United Kingdom.
The term «Easter» and « Пасха»
3 The word “Easter” comes from AngloSaxon “Eostre”, which is the name of the
Goddess of Spring and Dawn. Easter is the major holiday in the Christian world
because on this day Jesus Christ rose from the dead.
The Russian word “Пасха” comes from the Greek “pascha” which comes from
the Hebrew “pesakh” meaning Passover. This is a Jewish spring holiday which dates
back to the days of the Old Testament. After the Pharaoh would not let the people of
Israel leave Egypt, God killed every firstborn in Egypt. However, he spared (passed
over) Jewish families who marked their thresholds with lamb’s blood.
Easter is celebrated every spring. It is always celebrated on Sunday. In Britain
they wish “Merry Easter!” or “Happy Easter!”In Belarus we say “Christos is
resurrected!” and kiss each other three times. Western Christians celebrate Easter on
the first Sunday after the full moon that occurs upon or following the vernal equinox
(March 21st). It means that Easter can fall between March 22nd and April 25th. This
rule was fixed in the 8th century.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, however, a slightly different calculation is
followed. As a result, the Orthodox Easier, although sometimes coinciding with that of
the West, can fall one, four, or five weeks later.
In the 20th century, the possibility of a fixed date for Easter has been discussed
and supported among some Christians; adoption would depend on agreement being
reached among the various churches. The second Sunday in April has been proposed.
The week of Easter begins on Palm Sunday. Why Palm Sunday? Well, in
Roman times it was customary to welcome royalty by waving palm branches. So,
when Jesus arrived in Jerusalem people welcomed him with palm branches in their
hands. In Belarus this day is called Willow Sunday and people try to decorate their
houses with willow branches.
Some Easter observances are older than Christianity. Eggs, for example, have
always been a traditional symbol of resurrection and rebirth. As such, they were
attached to spring ceremonies all over the world well before Christianity, most notably
in China and ancient Egypt.
Nowadays Easter eggs are usually made of chocolate, marzipan, and other types
of confectionery. Many households still dye, color, or decorate genuine hardboiled
eggs. The most traditional color for dyeing eggs is red. This comes from the legend
that Our Lady stood below the cross with a basket of eggs, and the eggs were
splattered with the blood of Christ.
Another popular Easter symbol in Britain is the Easter hare (or Easter Bunny as
it is known in America. The strong influence of the USA means that in Britain the
Easter hare is now more often referred to as an Easter Bunny). It was believed in Celtic
times that the hare chased away the spirit of winter.
Hares and rabbits are also a symbol of fertility since they often have multiple
births. Some English children spend the Easter morning hunting for eggs that the
Easter Hare has hidden from them, and the child who finds the most eggs wins a prize.
In some parts of Britain the custom of eating hare pie still survives.
4 The main traditions of Easter.
Today, in England, the festivities of Easter begin with Lent, which falls on Ash
Wednesday, and lasts for 40 days. Easter
celebration in England is a lowkey
affair, as people prefer religious
observations as compared to joyous
merriment.
One of the best known of Easter
customs, which has a long history, is
Easter parades, or Easter Bonnet parades
as they are called in the UK. They
originated with the tradition of buying
new clothes for Easter which people wore to church. After church services, everyone
went for a walk around the town. The most famous parades are along Fifth Avenue in
New York and in Battersea Park in London.
Eggrolling is a traditional Easter pastime which still flourishes in Northern
England, Scotland, Ulster, the Isle of Man, and Switzerland. It takes place on Easter
Sunday, or Monday, and consists of rolling colored, hardboiled eggs down a slope
until they are cracked and broken after which they are eaten by their owners. In some
districts this is a competitive game, the winner being the player whose egg remains
longest undamaged, but more usually
the fun consists simply of the rolling
and eating. This is evidently the older
form of the custom, since eggrolling
does not appear to have been originally
a game to be lost or won. At the
beginning of the 20th century we had
the same tradition in Russia, but it was
lost after the Revolution.
There are two Christian holidays
in Britain besides Easter and Christmas which are state holidays. It is Easter Monday
and Good Friday. In Belarus these holidays are not state recognized.
On Good Friday bakers sell hot cross buns, which are toasted and eaten with butter.
Easter Monday is a holiday and many people travel to the seaside for the day or go and
watch one of many sporting events such as football and horseracing.
A characteristic feature of the Belarusian folklore is valachobny songs. The
custom of walking around all the yards on Easter has very ancient roots. They
believed that Valachobniki – boys and girls – walking around the village brought
unity and good luck to the community.
5 Coming up to the window, Valachobniki sang songs praising the host, hostess,
their sons and daughters. The hosts generously presented them with different
delicacies. Valachbny tradition in Belarus was more popular in the central and north
west regions, but not in Polesie. In some places, women went to sing separately from
men. Men often went to sing on the second day of Easter. Valachobny songs were
sang only during the first days of Easter to the accompaniment of a violin, or –
rarely – an accordion. On Easter, people looked at the sun, as it was believed that it
is possible to see the resurrected Christ – the sun is “jumping for joy”.
After the liturgy, the celebration continues at home. People break their fast
with a consecrated egg, and then eat the rest of the consecrated food. Young people
like playing chops – an egg knocking contest. The winner is the one who has his
own egg safe (“brawny fellow”) while gathering eggs that “lost”. Some lucky people
have won as much as a hat full of red eggs. Easter is a moveable feast.
The main symbols of Easter.
Of course as it is a Christian festival one of the main symbols is a cross, often on
a hill. When Jesus was crucified, the cross became a symbol of suffering. In Britain as
well as in Belarus one of the main symbols is an egg. It is a symbol of new and
everlasting life.
In Britain children get chocolate eggs with a small toy inside. They are put in
baskets. Children believe that the Easter Bunny would lay a nest of colored eggs.
Because rabbits are known for producing a lot of young, especially in the springtime,
they symbolize new life.
The Easter Bunny is one more symbol in
Britain. The bunny as an Easter symbol seems to
come to the UK from Germany, where it was first
mentioned in German writings in the 16th
Century. In Russia we dye boiled eggs and bake
kylichi or Easter cakes. Kulich is a kind of Easter
bread that is traditional in the Orthodox Christian
faith and is eaten in countries like Russia, Belarus,
Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Georgia and Serbia, is was often served with cheese
paska bearing the symbol XB. All people in Britain like Hot Cross Buns.
A traditional favourite on Good Friday in England, Hot Cross Buns are a spicy
currant or raisin studded yeast bun, topped with a Cross of lemon flavoured icing.
While Christians have adopted the cake and the symbolism of the cross, it wasn't
always so. To Pagans then as now, the cross was symbolic of the sun wheel, which
symbolizes perfect balance at the time of the
Spring Equinox.
Hot Cross Buns were probably originally
used in ceremonies and rituals and the Christian
Church attempted to ban the buns, although
they proved too popular. Left with no
6 alternative but defeat, the church did the next best thing and Christianized the bread
with Queen Elizabeth I passing a law which limited the bun's consumption to proper
religious ceremonies, such as Christmas, Easter or funerals.
There is a story of a widow whose son was a sailor. He asked his mother to bake
him hot cross buns on his return on Good Friday. But he never came back. Every Good
Friday his mother made a new bun for him and hoped that he would come back. She
collected all the buns in a net. When she died her old cottage was replaced by a pub.
The Widow's Son where the buns can be seen today. Every year a sailor adds a new
bun to the collection in the net. Sailors from around Britain come to the pub and sing
and pray for the widow.
Hot cross buns, now eaten throughout the Easter season, were first baked in
England to be served on Good Friday. These small, lightly sweet yeast buns contain
raisins and sometimes chopped candied fruit. Before baking, a cross is slashed in the
top of the bun.
The Friday before Easter Sunday (also called
Good Friday) and the Monday after are bank
holidays in the UK. Besides over Easter schools in
the UK are closed for two weeks. In Belarus we
have no holidays on Easter. In both countries people
go to churches with the food they have prepared
before to sanctify it.
Exchanging and eating Easter eggs is a popular custom in many countries. In
Britain there are Easter egg games. These can be competitions to see who can collect
the most eggs or something else. For example in the north of England they still carry
out the custom of egg rolling. Hard boiled eggs are rolled down the slope of a hill to
see whose egg goes furthest.
In other places another game is played. You hold an egg in the palm of the hand
and bang against your opponent’s egg. The loser is the one whose egg breaks first.
This game is also known in Belarus.
Conclusions:
According to our research results, 98% are
wellinformed about Easter in Belarus. About
41% can name Bunnie as one of the main Easter
symbols in Britain, but nobody knows anything
about Hot Cross Buns. 72% of our pupils can
enumerate the main Easter traditions and customs
in Belarus but only 15% of them are aware of
Easter traditions in Britain. Nobody knows that
the celebration of Easter is a mixture of the three
traditions – Pagan, Hebrew and Christian.
As we have seen, there some peculiarities about Easter traditions and symbols
which make our country different from Britain. Our countries are different. We have
7 different customs and traditions. But we are Christians and that’s why we have much
in common. People in both countries stick to such customs as eggtapping, eggslop
rolling, lighting Easter candles, attending churches, spending the holiday of Easter at
home with families, welcoming guests and making presents.
8 While we were writing our research work we used the next
literature:
1. Julie K. Hogan Treasury of Easter Celebrations
2. Tanya Gulevich The Encyclopedia of Easter, Carnival, and Lent.
3. Божерянов И. Как праздновал и празднует народ русский Рождество
Христова, Новый год. Крещение и Масленицу.
4. Ивашкевич Н.П. Пасхальный стол. Традиции, обычаи, кулинарные рецепты. Л.,
1990.
5. Газета “The English”, March №12/1997.
6. Газета “The English”, March №12/1995.
7. Steve Roud Penguin Guide to the Superstitions of Britain and Ireland, 2006
9 Supplement 1
Research results
98% of our pupils
41% of our pupils
0%( nobody knows anything
about it)
72% of our pupils
15% of our pupils
0% (nobody knows anything
about it)
are wellinformed about
Easter in Belarus
can name Bunnie as one of the main
Easter symbols in Britain
knows anything about Hot
Cross Buns
can enumerate the main Easter traditions
and customs in Belarus
are aware of Easter traditions
in Britain
Nobody knows that the celebration of
Easter is a mixture of the three traditions –
Pagan, Hebrew and Christian.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
10 Supplement 2
DIFFERENCES
Belarus
№
1 We use the Julian calendar, that is
why Easter is celebrated on the
12th of April in the Republic of
Britain
People in Britain use the Gregorian
calendar that is why Easter is
celebrated on the 5th of April in the
Belarus.
The Russian word “Пасха”
comes from the Greek “pascha”
which comes from the Hebrew
“pesakh” meaning Passover. This
is a Jewish spring holiday.
In Belarus we say “Christos is
resurrected!” and kiss each other
three times.
UK.
The word “Easter” comes from
AngloSaxon “Eostre”, which is the
name of the Goddess of Spring and
Dawn.
They wish “Merry Easter!” or
“Happy Easter!”
The week of Easter begins on
The week of Easter begins on Palm
Willow Sunday
Hardboiled eggs
Sunday.
Easter eggs are usually made of
chocolate, marzipan.
Kulich is a kind of Easter bread.
Hot Cross Buns were first baked in
2
3
4
5
6
7 We haven’t got is the Easter hare.
8
9
Valachobniki – boys and girls –
walking around the village
brought unity and good luck to
the community. Coming up to
the window, Valachobniki sang
songs praising the host, hostess,
their sons and daughters.
In Belarus these holidays are not
state recognized.
England.
The popular Easter symbol in
Britain is the Easter hare.
One of the best known of Easter
customs, which has a long history, is
Easter parades. They originated with
the tradition of buying new clothes
for Easter which people wore to
church. After church services,
everyone went for a walk around the
town.
There are two Christian holidays in
Britain besides Easter and Christmas
which are state holidays. It is Easter
Monday and Good Friday.
11 Supplement 3
Hot cross buns, hot cross buns,
one a penny, two a penny,
Hot cross buns.
If you have no daughters,
give them to your sons,
One a penny, two a penny,
Hot cross buns.
1 C milk, 2 T yeast
1/2 C sugar, 2 tsp. salt
1/3 C butter, melted and cooled
1 tsp. cinnamon, 1/2 tsp. nutmeg
4 eggs, 5 C flour
1 1/3 C currants or raisins
1 egg white
Glaze:
1 1/3 C confectioner's sugar,1 1/2 tsp. finely chopped lemon, 1 2 T milk, C: cup T:
tablespoon tsp: teaspoon
Recipe:
In a small saucepan, heat milk to very warm, but not hot (45°C if using a candy
thermometer). Fit an electric mixer with a dough hook. Pour warm milk in the bowl of
mixer and sprinkle yeast over. Mix to dissolve and let sit for 5 minutes.
With mixer running at low speed, add sugar, salt, butter, cinnamon, nutmeg and
eggs. Gradually add flour, dough will be wet and sticky, and continue kneading with
dough hook until smooth, about 5 minutes. Detach bowl, cover with plastic wrap and
let the dough ›rest‹ for 3045 minutes.
Return bowl to mixer and knead until smooth and elastic, for about 3 more
minutes. Add currants or raisins and knead until well mixed. At this point, dough will
still be fairly wet and sticky. Shape dough in a ball, place in a buttered dish, cover with
plastic wrap and let rise overnight in the refrigerator (see note at right if you're in a
hurry). Excess moisture will be absorbed by the morning.
Let dough sit at room temperature for about a halfhour. Line a large baking pan
(or pans) with parchment paper (you could also lightly grease a baking pan, but
parchment works better). Divide dough into 24 equal pieces (in half, half again, etc.,
etc.). Shape each portion into a ball and place on baking sheet, about 1/2 inch apart.
Cover with a clean kitchen towel and let rise in a warm, draftfree place until doubled
in size, about 1 1/2 hours.
In the meantime, preheat oven to 200° C.
When buns have risen, take a sharp or serrated knife and carefully slash buns
with a cross. Brush them with egg white and place in oven. Bake for 10 minutes, then
12 reduce heat to 175° C, then bake until golden brown, about 15 minutes more. Transfer
to a wire rack. Whisk together glaze ingredients, and spoon over buns in a cross
pattern. Serve warm, if possible (Hot Cross Buns).
13
Исследовательская работа "Пасха"
Исследовательская работа "Пасха"
Исследовательская работа "Пасха"
Исследовательская работа "Пасха"
Исследовательская работа "Пасха"
Исследовательская работа "Пасха"
Исследовательская работа "Пасха"
Исследовательская работа "Пасха"
Исследовательская работа "Пасха"
Исследовательская работа "Пасха"
Исследовательская работа "Пасха"
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