Организация уроков домашнего чтения в старших классах

Организация уроков домашнего чтения в старших классах

Домашнее чтение – одно из средств, помогающих стимулировать интерес учащихся к изучению иностранного языка.

В данной работе я хотела бы рассказать об организации уроков домашнего чтения в 9-10 классах. На уроках домашнего чтения подростки знакомятся с лучшими образцами английской и американской прозы, узнают о жизни и творчестве писателей стран изучаемого языка, овладевают приёмами литературного языка.

Все учащиеся группы дома читают один и тот же текст. Готовясь к уроку, школьники выполняют общие для всей группы, а также дифференцированные задания.

Общие задания (Study Questions) могут быть трёх типов.

1.     Recalling Facts and Understanding Ideas

Это вопросы, которые помогают учащимся вспомнить содержание произведения, проследить сюжетную линию.

2.     Interpreting

Задания стимулируют учеников определить мотивацию поступков героев произведения, обозначить конфликт и способы его решения.

3.     Extending

Вопросы этого типа дают ребятам возможность выразить своё отношение к прочитанному, дать собственное решение конфликта произведения.

Дифференцированные задания

1.     Подобрать материал и написать биографический очерк о жизни и творчестве писателя;

2.     Составить план развития сюжета;

3.     Дать характеристику действующих лиц;

4.     Выступить с литературным анализом произведения и т.д.

В качестве примера предлагаю материал для проведения уроков домашнего чтения по рассказу У. Сомерсета Моэма «Луиза».

Study Questions

1.     Recalling Facts and Understanding Ideas.

a)     Did Louise dislike the author? What did she think 0of him?

b)    Why did Louise’s parents worship her?

c)     Who proposed to Louise?

d)    Did Tom Maitland’s life change after he had married Louise?

e)     Did Louise marry again after Tom’s death? Who was her second husband?

f)      Was George Hobhouse prepared to make his wife’s life happy?

g)    Did George outlive Louise?

h)    What did Louise do after her second husband’s death?

i)       Was Iris ready to sacrifice herself for her mother?

j)       Why didn’t Louise want her daughter to marry her young man?

2.     Interpreting.

a)     Did Louise influence her husbands’ lives? In what way?

b)    Why were Tom Maitland and George Hobhouse so unhappy in their married life?

c)     What is Louise’s underlying motivation?

d)    Did Iris take after her mother or was she Louise’s exact opposite?

e)     Why did Louise die?

3.     Extending.

a)     How do you feel about Louise?

b)    Have you ever met people like Louise?

c)     What would you do if you were Iris?

d)    Was Louise’s death a protest or a surrender?

Учащиеся были ознакомлены с принципами изучения и анализа литературных произведений, литературоведческой терминологией, особенностями композиции и стиля. Им предлагался так называемый Guide for Studying Literature.

1.     Writing about the plot.

Plot development.

The plot is the sequence of events in a story. It usually follows the pattern below.

In the exposition the author introduces to us the story’s characters, setting and situation.

The narrative hook is the point which the author catches our attention and establishes the basic conflict that the story will eventually resolve.

The narrative hook marks the beginning of rising action, which adds complications to the story.

The rising action leads up to the climax that usually indicates the way in which the story’s conflict will be solved.

The falling action reveals the outcome of the climax.

The resolution brings the story to a satisfying and logical conclusion.

 

Task: Draw the map of the plot development. If he story “Louise” follows the traditional plot structure, identify its narrative hook, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution.

2.     Writing about characters.

Concepts to remember.

a)     To compare means to examine two or more things, ideas, people for the purpose of noting similarities.

To contrast means to examine two or more items for the purpose of noting differences.

b)    A character may be flat or round. A flat character’s personality is dominated by a single trait; a round character possesses many different traits.

c)     A character may be static or dynamic. A static character does not change from the beginning of the work of literature to the end. A dynamic character changes in some way during the course of the work. This change may be positive or negative.

Questions.

-                     Can you compare or contrast Louise and Tom (George)? Explain how the characters similar or different.

-                     What are Louise’s key traits?

-                     What is her motivation?

-                     Is she a round or a flat character?

-                     Does Louise remain the same from the beginning of the story to the end, or does she change?

3.     Writing about the theme.

Concepts to remember.

A piece of literature may have both a subject and a theme. The subject is the specific topic of the story (novel). The theme is the generalization about life that the story leads you to see.

Task: Identify the major theme of the story “Louise”. How does W.S. Maugham illuminate the theme that selfishness ruins people?

What does the story have to say about love and people’s relationships?

4.     Writing about the tone.

Concepts to remember.

The tone is the attitude of the author towards the character and events in the presenting the story to the reader.

A writer’s tone may be sarcastic, sympathetic, objective, ironic, bitter, sad, serious, comic.

Task: Identify the tone of “Louise”. How does W.S. Maugham communicate the tone of the story?

How does the word choice communicate the author’s attitude?

Does he sympathize with Louise’s husbands?

Is the author objective about Louise?

5.     A critical evaluation of a story (novel).

Task: Give a critical evaluation of the story “Louise”, using words and word combinations suggested for the literary discussion. 

Word list

the plot – сюжет

subject-matter, contents – содержание

exposition, setting – экспозиция

narrative hook – завязка действий

rising action – развитие событий

climax – кульминация

falling action – развязка

conflict – конфликт

subplot – вторая линия сюжета

events unfold, the action develops – события развёртываются

characters – действующие лица, герои

the author shows the development of the character – образ даётся в развитии

women (men) characters – женские (мужские) образы

positive character – положительный образ

negative character – отрицательный образ

the plot unfolds dynamically / slowly – действие разворачивается быстро (медленно)

the leading (main) characters – главные герои

the general tone of the story is matter-of-fact, ironic, etc. – общий тон рассказа бесстрастный, ироничный …

vivid description – живое повествование

literary and artistic merits – литературные и художественные достоинства

the subject of the novel (story) is drawn from life – тема романа (рассказа) взята из жизни

bitter satire on… - острая сатира на …

profound analysis – глубокий анализ

 

 

Louise
by S. Maugham

I could never understand why Louise bothered with me. She disliked me and I knew that behind my back she seldom lost the opportunity of saying a disagreeable thing about me. She had too much delicacy ever to make a direct statement, but with a hint and a sigh and a little gesture of her beautiful hands she was able to make her meaning plain. It was true that we had known one another almost intimately for five and twenty years, but it was impossible for me to believe that this fact meant much to her. She thought me a brutal, cynical and vulgar fellow. I was puzzled at her not leaving me alone. She did nothing of the kind; indeed, she was constantly asking me to lunch and dine with her and once or twice a year invited me to spend a week-end at her house in the country. Perhaps she knew that I alone saw her face behind the mask and she hoped that sooner or later I too should take the mask for the face.

I knew Louise before she married. She was then a frail, delicate girl with large and melancholy eyes. Her father and mother adored and worshipped her, for some illness, scarlet fever I think, had left her with a weak heart and she had to take the greatest care of herself. When Tom Maitland proposed to her they were dismayed, for they were convinced that she was much too delicate for marriage. 

But they were not too well off and Tom Maitland was rich. He promised to do everything in the world for Louise and finally they entrusted her to him. Tom Maitland was a big strong fellow, very good-looking and a fine athlete. He adored Louise. With her weak heart he could not hope to keep her with him long and he made up his mind to do everything he could to make her few years on earth happy. He gave up the games he played excellently, not because she wished him to, but because it so happened that she always had a heart attack whenever he was going to leave her for a day. If they had a difference of opinion she gave in to him at once for she was the most gentle wife a man could have, but her heart failed her and she would stay in bed, sweet and uncomplaining, for a week. He could not be such a brute as to cross her.

On one occasion seeing her walk eight miles on an expedition that she especially wanted to make, I remarked to Tom Maitland that she was stronger than one would have thought. He shook his head and sighed.

"No, no, she's dreadfully delicate. She's been to all the best heart specialists in the world and they all say that her life hangs on a thread. But she has a wonderfully strong spirit." 

He told her that I had remarked on her endurance.

"I shall pay for it tomorrow," she said to me in her melancholy way. "I shall be at death's door."

"I sometimes think that you're quite strong enough to do the things you want to," I murmured.

I had noticed that if a party was amusing she could dance till five in the morning, but if it was dull she felt very poorly and Tom had to take her home early. I am afraid she did not like my reply, for though she gave me a sad little smile I saw no amusement in her large blue eyes.

"You can't expect me to fall down dead just to please you," she answered.

Louise outlived her husband. He caught his death of cold one day when they were sailing and Louise needed all the rugs there were to keep her warm. He left
her a comfortable fortune and a daughter. Louise was inconsolable. It was wonderful that she managed to survive the shock. Her friends expected her speedily to follow poor Tom Maitland to the grave. Indeed they already felt dreadfully sorry for Iris, her daughter, who would be left an orphan. They redoubled their attentions towards Louise. They would not let her stir a finger; they insisted on doing everything in the world to save her trouble. They had to, because if it was necessary for her to do anything tiresome or unpleasant her heart failed her and she was at death's door. She was quite lost without a man to take care of her, she said, and she did not know how, with her delicate health, she was going to bring up her dear Iris. Her friends asked her why she did not marry again. Oh, with her heart it was out of the question, she answered.

Oddly enough more than one young man showed himself quite ready to undertake the charge and a year after Tom's death, however, she allowed George Hobhouse to lead her to the altar. He was a fine fellow and he was not at all badly off. I never saw anyone so grateful as he for the privilege of being allowed to take care of this frail little thing.

"I shan't live to trouble you long," she said.

He was a soldier and an ambitious one, but he threw up his career. Louise's health forced her to spend the winter at Monte Carlo and the summer at Deauville. He prepared to make his wife's last few years as happy as he could.

"It can't be very long now," she said. "I'll try not to be troublesome."

For the next two or three years Louise managed, in spite of her weak heart, to go beautifully dressed to all the most lively parties, to gamble very heavily, to dance and even to flirt with tall slim young men. But George Hobhouse had not the strength of Louise's first husband and he had to brace himself now and then with a drink for his day's work as Louise's second husband. It is possible that the habit would have grown on him, which Louise would not have liked at all, but very fortunately (for her) the war broke out. He rejoined his regiment and three months later was killed. It was a great shock to Louise. She felt, however, that in such a crisis she must not give way to a private grief; and if she had a heart attack nobody heard of it. In order to distract her mind she turned her villa at Monte Carlo into a hospital for convalescent officers. Her friends told her that she would never survive the strain.

"Of course it will kill me," she said, "I know that. But what does it matter? I must do my bit."

It didn't kill her. She had the time of her life. There was no convalescent home in France that was more popular. I met her by chance in Paris. She was lunching at a restaurant with a tall and very handsome young Frenchman. She explained that she was there on business connected with the hospital. She told me that the officers were very charming to her. They knew how delicate she was and they wouldn't let her do a single thing. They took care of her, well - as though they were all her husbands. She sighed.

"Poor George, who would ever have thought that I with my heart should survive him?"

"And poor Tom!" I said.

I don't know why she didn't like my saying that. She gave me her melancholy smile and her beautiful eyes filled with tears.

"You always speak as though you grudged me the few years that I can expect to live."

"By the way, your heart's much better, isn't it?"

"It'll never be better. I saw a specialist this morning and he said I must be prepared for the worst."

"Oh, well, you've been prepared for that for nearly twenty years now, haven't you?"

When the war came to an end Louise settled in London. She was now a woman of over forty, thin and frail still, with large eyes and pale cheeks, but she did not look a day more than twenty-five. Iris, who had been at school and was now grown up, came to live with her.

"She'll take care of me," said Louise. "Of course it'll be hard on her to live with such a great invalid as I am, but it can only be for such a little while, I'm sure she won't mind."

Iris was a nice girl. She had been brought up with the knowledge that her mother's health was very weak. As a child she had never been allowed to make a noise. She had always realized that her mother must on no account be upset. And though Louise told her now that she would not hear of her sacrificing herself for a tiresome old woman the girl simply would not listen.

With a sigh her mother let her do a great deal.

"It pleases the child to think she's making herself useful," she said.

"Don't you think she ought to go out more?" I asked.

"That's what I'm always telling her. I can't get her to enjoy herself. Heaven knows, I never want anyone to give up their pleasures on my account."

And Iris, when I talked to her about it, said: "Poor dear mother, she wants me to go and stay with friends and go to parties, but the moment I start off anywhere she has one other heart attacks, so I much prefer to stay at home."

But presently she fell in love. A young friend of mine, a very good lad, asked her to marry him and she consented. I liked the child and was glad that she would be given at last the chance to lead a life of her own. But one day the young man came to me in great distress and told me that the marriage was postponed for an indefinite time. Iris felt that she could not desert her mother. Of course it was really no business of mine, but I made the opportunity to go and see Louise. She was always glad to receive her friends at teatime and now that she was older she cultivated the society of painters and writers.

"Well, I hear that Iris isn't going to be married," I said after a while.

"I don't know about that. She's not going to be married as soon as I wished. I've begged her on my bended knees not to consider me, but she absolutely refuses to leave me."

"Don't you think it's rather hard on her?"

"Dreadfully. Of course it can only be for a few months, but I hate the thought of anyone sacrificing themselves for me."

"My dear Louise, you've buried two husbands, I can't see why you shouldn't bury at least two more."

"Oh, I know, I know what you've always thought of me. You've never believed that I had anything the matter with me, have you?"

I looked at her full and square.

"Never. I think you've carried out a bluff for twenty-five years. I think you're the most selfish and monstrous woman I have ever known. You ruined the lives of those two unhappy men you married and now you're going to ruin the life of your daughter."

I should not have been surprised if Louise had had a heart attack then. I fully expected her to fly into a passion. She only gave me a gentle smile.

"My poor friend, one of these days you'll be so dreadfully sorry you said this to me."

"Have you quite decided that Iris shall not marry this boy?"

"I've begged her to marry him. I know it'll kill me, but I don't mind. Nobody cares for me. I'm just a burden to everybody."

"Did you tell her it would kill you?"

"She made me."

"Nobody can make you do anything that you yourself don't want to do."

"She can marry her young man tomorrow if she likes. If it kills me, it kills me."

"Well, let's risk it, shall we?"

"Haven't you got any pity for me?"

"One can't pity anyone who amuses one as much as you amuse me," I answered.

A spot of color appeared on Louise's pale cheeks and though she smiled her eyes were hard and angry.

"Iris shall marry in a month's time," she said, "and if anything happens to me I hope you and she will be able to forgive yourselves."

Louise was as good as her word. A date was fixed, a rich trousseau was ordered, and invitations were sent. Iris and the lad were very happy. On the wedding-day, at ten o'clock in the morning, Louise, that devilish woman, had one of her heart attacks — and died. She died gently forgiving Iris for having killed her.

 

EXERCISES

Pre-reading Tasks

1. Practice the pronunciation of the words from the story. 

Louise, disagreeable, delicacy, cynical, brutal, mask, melancholy, worship, dismay, endurance, murmur, inconsolable, orphan, altar, privilege, ambitious, career, Monte Carlo, crisis, convalescent, invalid, desert, trousseau, sacrifice.

[lu’iːz], [ˌdɪsə’griːəbl], [‘delɪkəsɪ], [‘sɪnɪk(ə)l], [‘bruːtl], [mɑːsk], [‘melənk(ə)lɪ ], [‘wɜːʃɪp], [dɪs’meɪ], [ɪn’djuər(ə)n(t)s], [‘mɜːmə], [ˌɪnkən’səuləbl], [‘ɔːf(ə)n], [‘ɔːltə], [‘prɪv(ə)lɪʤ], [æm’bɪʃəs], [kə’rɪə], [ˌmɔntɪ’kɑːləu], [‘kraɪsɪs], [ˌkɔnvə’les(ə)nt], [‘ɪnvəlɪd], [‘dezət]/[dɪ’zɜːt], [‘truːsəu], [‘sækrɪfaɪs]

Vocabulary and Grammar Tasks

1. Find in the story the English for:

за чьей-либо спиной, оставить в покое, принимать за что-либо, обожать, заботиться о ком-либо, сделать предложение кому-либо, быть убежденным, быть состоятельным, уступать кому-либо, пережить кого-либо, пальцем не пошевелить, воспитывать, об этом не может быть и речи, поддаваться горю, превратить что-либо в, наслаждаться жизнью, быть несправедливым по отношению к кому-либо, жертвовать (собой), бывать в обществе, иметь личную жизнь, отложить на неопределенное время, хоронить, жалость к, жалеть кого-либо, сдержать слово, назначить день, сердечный приступ.

2. Fill each gap with one of the words or word combinations in an appropriate form.

to give in

to turn smth into

to sacrifice

to be convinced

to survive

to lead a life of one’s own

to bury

to take smth for

to bring smth up

to go out

1. She hoped that sooner or later I should __________ the mask __________ the face.

2. Her parents __________ that she was much too delicate for marriage.

3. If they had a difference of opinion she __________ to him.

4. It was wonderful that she managed to __________ the shock.

5. She didn’t know how, with her delicate health, she was going to __________ her dear Iris.

6. In order to distract her mind she __________ her villa at Monte Carlo __________ a hospital.

7. Don’t you think she ought __________ more?

8. I was glad that she would be given at last the chance __________.

9. I hate the thought of anyone __________ themselves for me.

10. My dear Louse, you __________ two husbands, I can’t see why you shouldn’t __________ at least two more.

3. Replace the italicized words and word combinations with a synonym in an appropriate form.

to worship

to leave smb alone

to have the time of one’s life

behind smb’s back

to be as good as one’s word

to postpone

to be well off

to take care of

1. She never said a disagreeable thing straight to my face.

2. I was puzzled at her not leaving me in peace.

3. Tom adored Louise.

4. He was a fine fellow and he was well-to-do.

5. It didn’t kill her. She enjoyed her life.

6. But one day the young man came to me in great distress and told me that the marriage was put off for an indefinite time.

7. She was quite lost without a man to look after her.

8. Louise kept her word.

4. (A) In which of the following sentences is would used to express:

a) a repeated action in the past?

b) insistence?

1. Louise wouldn’t leave him alone.

2. Her heart failed her and she would stay in bed for a week.

3. They would not let her stir a finger.

4. She would spend the winter in Monte Carlo.

    (B) Say what Louise would do and what Iris would not do. Make use of the prompts below.

 To ask smb for lunch; to go out; to listen to; to say a disagreeable thing about smb behind smb’s back; to desert; to have a heart attack; to go to all the most lively parties; to marry.

5. (A) Say which of the italicized verbs is followed by:

a) the full infinitive?

b) the bare infinitive?

Fill the gaps. 

1. They wouldn’t let her ____ do a single thing.

2. She wants me ____ go and stay with friends.

3. I can’t get her ____ enjoy herself.

4. I saw her ____ walk eight miles on an expedition that she especially wanted to make.

5. Her friends expected her ____ speedily follow poor Tom.

6. Nobody can make you ____ do anything that you yourself don’t want to.

(B) Make the sentences complete using the complex objects from the list Flirt with tall slim young men; do a great deal; tell her; fall down dead; do a single thing; give up their pleasures; marry the young man; spend the winter; fill with tears; fly into a passion. 

1. You can’t expect me _______ just please you.

2. Louise’s health made her _______ at Monte Carlo.

3. He saw her _______ at the parties.

4. The officers were charming. They wouldn’t let her _______.

5. He saw her beautiful eyes _______.

6. With a sigh her mother let her _______.

7. I don’t want anyone _______ on my account.

8. I fully expected her _______.

9. She made me _______ it would kill her.

10. I’ll get her _______ tomorrow.

 

Reading Comprehension and Discussion Tasks

1. Answer the following questions:

1. How long had the author known Louise?

2. What was her attitude to him?

3. What was she like when he first knew her?

4. Why did she have to take the greatest care of herself?

5. Why did her parents agree to her marrying Tom Maitland?

6. What kind of husband did Tom make? What kind of wife did Louise make?

7. What made the author think that Louise was stronger than one would have thought?

8. How did Tom catch his death? What did he leave Louise?

9. Why did Louise’s friends redouble their attention toward her?

10. What was her second husband like?

11. How did Louise spend the two or three years after her second marriage?

12. Where did George find his death?

13. How did Louise try to distract her mind?

14. What did she do when the war came to an end?

15. Why did her daughter Iris come to stay with her in London?

16. How had Iris been brought up?

17. Why did she prefer to stay at home rather than go out?

18. Why was her marriage postponed for an indefinite time? 

19. How did the author manage to make Louise agree to Iris’s marriage?

20. What happened on the wedding-day? 

2. Match the adjectives on the left with the nouns on the right according to the story. Say which of the characters of the story each word combination refers to.

large and melancholy selfish and monstrous direct wonderfully strong disagreeable brutal, cynical and vulgar big, strong and good-looking frail delicate tall slim

spirit statement fellow girl eyes young men woman thing fellow

3. Tell the story of Louise according to the outline below.

1. Louise and the author.

2. Louise and her first husband.

3. Louise and her second husband.

4. Louise and her friends.

5. Louise and her daughter.

6. Louise: the face and the mask.

4. Discuss the following:

1. Why do you think Louise could always find a man to take care of her? Why did her two husbands give up everything to make her happy?

2. Why did her second husband have to brace himself now and then with a drink for his day’s work of Louise’s husband? What kind of work do you think it was?

3. Why do you think Louise turned her villa at Monte Carlo into a hospital? Did she really mean to distract her mind?

4. Why didn’t she look at forty a day more than twenty-five?

5. Was Louise’s health really very weak or did she ‘carry out a bluff for twenty-five years’ as the author put it? Was she ‘the most selfish and monstrous woman’?

6. Did she ‘ruin the lives of those two unhappy men she married’? Was she going to ruin the life of her daughter?

7. ‘She died gently forgiving Iris for having killed her’. What does the final sentence of the story mean? Why do you think Louise died on the wedding day?

8. What’s your personal reaction to the story?