PHY_10_3_V1_TG_defining acceleration of a body moving on an inclined plane

THEORETICAL MATERIALS FOR LESSON

An object placed on a tilted surface will often slide down the surface. The rate at which the object slides down the surface is dependent upon how tilted the surface is; the greater the tilt of the surface, the faster the rate at which the object will slide down it. In physics, a tilted surface is called an inclined plane. Objects are known to accelerate down inclined planes because of an unbalanced force. To understand this type of motion, it is important to analyze the forces acting upon an object on an inclined plane. The diagram at the right depicts the two forces acting upon a crate that is positioned on an inclined plane (assumed to be friction-free). As shown in the diagram, there are always at least two forces acting upon any object that is positioned on an inclined plane - the force of gravity and the normal force. The force of gravity (also known as weight) acts in a downward direction; yet the normal force acts in a direction perpendicular to the surface (in fact, normal means "perpendicular").

The Abnormal Normal Force

The first peculiarity of inclined plane problems is that the normal force is not directed in the direction that we are accustomed to. Up to this point in the course, we have always seen normal forces acting in an upward direction, opposite the direction of the force of gravity. But this is only because the objects were always on horizontal surfaces and never upon inclined planes. The truth about normal forces is not that they are always upwards, but rather that they are always directed perpendicular to the surface that the object is on.

The Components of the Gravity Force

The task of determining the net force acting upon an object on an inclined plane is a difficult manner since the two (or more) forces are not directed in opposite directions. Thus, one (or more) of the forces will have to be resolved into perpendicular components so that they can be easily added to the other forces acting upon the object. Usually, any force directed at an angle to the horizontal is resolved into horizontal and vertical components. However, this is not the process that we will pursue with inclined planes. Instead, the process of analyzing the forces acting upon objects on inclined planes will involve resolving the weight vector (F_grav) into two perpendicular components. This is the second peculiarity of inclined plane problems. The force of gravity will be resolved into two components of force - one directed parallel to the inclined surface and the other directed perpendicular to the inclined surface. The diagram below shows how the force of gravity has been replaced by two components - a parallel and a perpendicular component of force.

The perpendicular component of the force of gravity is directed opposite the normal force and as such balances the normal force. The parallel component of the force of gravity is not balanced by any other force. This object will subsequently accelerate down the inclined plane due to the presence of an unbalanced force. It is the parallel component of the force of gravity that causes this acceleration. The parallel component of the force of gravity is the net force.

The task of determining the magnitude of the two components of the force of gravity is a mere manner of using the equations. Theequationsfortheparallelandperpendicularcomponentsare:

In the absence of friction and other forces (tension, applied, etc.), the acceleration of an object on an incline is the value of the parallel component (m*g*sine of angle) divided by the mass (m). Thisyieldstheequation

(in the absence of friction and other forces)

Simplifying an Inclined Plane Problem

In the presence of friction or other forces (applied force, tensional forces, etc.), the situation is slightly more complicated. Consider the diagram shown at the right. The perpendicular component of force still balances the normal force since objects do not accelerate perpendicular to the incline. Yet the frictional force must also be considered when determining the net force. As in all net force problems, the net force is the vector sum of all the forces. That is, all the individual forces are added together as vectors. The perpendicular component and the normal force add to 0 N. The parallel component and the friction force add together to yield 5 N. The net force is 5 N, directed along the incline towards the floor.

The above problem (and all inclined plane problems) can be simplified through a useful trick known as "tilting the head." An inclined plane problem is in every way like any other net force problem with the sole exception that the surface has been tilted. Thus, to transform the problem back into the form with which you are more comfortable, merely tilt your head in the same direction that the incline was tilted. Or better yet, merely tilt the page of paper (a sure remedy for TNS - "tilted neck syndrome" or "taco neck syndrome") so that the surface no longer appears level. Thisisillustratedbelow.

Once the force of gravity has been resolved into its two components and the inclined plane has been tilted, the problem should look very familiar. Merely ignore the force of gravity (since it has been replaced by its two components) and solve for the net force and acceleration.

As an example consider the situation depicted in the diagram at the right. The free-body diagram shows the forces acting upon a 100-kg crate that is sliding down an inclined plane. The plane is inclined at an angle of 30 degrees. The coefficient of friction between the crate and the incline is 0.3. Determine the net force and acceleration of the crate.

Begin the above problem by finding the force of gravity acting upon the crate and the components of this force parallel and perpendicular to the incline. The force of gravity is 980 N and the components of this force are F_parallel = 490 N (980 N • sin 30 degrees) and F_{perpendicular} = 849 N (980 N • cos30 degrees). Now the normal force can be determined to be 849 N (it must balance the perpendicular component of the weight vector). The force of friction can be determined from the value of the normal force and the coefficient of friction; F_frict is 255 N (F_frict = "mu"*F_norm= 0.3 • 849 N). The net force is the vector sum of all the forces. The forces directed perpendicular to the incline balance; the forces directed parallel to the incline do not balance. The net force is 235 N (490 N - 255 N). The acceleration is 2.35 m/s/s (F_net/m = 235 N/100 kg).

Additianal problem for differentiaition

Determine which one of the velocity-time graph would represent the motion of the tire as it rolls down the incline.

The F_grav can be calculated from the mass of the object.

F_grav = m • g = (2 kg) • (9.8 m/s/s) = 19.6 N

The parallel and perpendicular components of the gravity force can be determined from their respective equations:

F_parallel = 19.6 N  • sin (30 degrees) = 9.8 N

F_{perpendicular} = 19.6 N  • cos (30 degrees) = 17.0 N

The acceleration of the tire is the ratio of net force to mass:

a = F_net / m = (9.8 N) / (2 kg) = 4.9 m/s/s

The correct graph is Graph B since the tire will accelerate (speed up) down the hill.

In each of the following diagrams, a 100-kg box is sliding down a frictional surface at a constant speed of 0.2 m/s. The incline angle is different in each situation. Analyzeeachdiagramandfillintheblanks.

The F_grav can be calculated from the mass of the object.

F_grav = m • g = (100 kg) • (9.8 m/s/s) = 980 N

The parallel and perpendicular components of the gravity force can be determined from their respective equations:

F_parallel = m • g • sin (45 degrees) = 693 N

F_{perpendicular} = m • g • cos (45 degrees) = 693 N

For a constant speed motion, the forces parallel to the incline must balance each other. Thus, the F_frict is equal to the F_parallel.

F_frict = 693 N

The forces directed perpendicular to the incline balance each other. ThusF_norm isequaltoF_{perpendicular}.

F_norm = 693 N

Useful links

 https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-3/Inclined-Planes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Scp08vzaacs

DOUGLAS C. GIANCOLI, Physics principles with applications

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osuniversityphysics/chapter/5-7-drawing-free-body-diagrams/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnLecnq1WXc

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/inclined-planes-forces-d_1305.html

http://problemsphysics.com/forces/inclined_planes_problems.html

https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/54-inclined-planes

Скачано с www.znanio.ru