Подготовка к международному экзамену по английскому языку CAE (Use of English).

Инверсия: Never before have I seen such a beautiful painting! Never had his wife looked more beautiful. – никогда еще … Under no circumstances must/should/can you tell … - не при каких обстоятельствах At no time did she consider any other possibility. - - не при каких обстоятельствах Not until she had failed to make contract for over 24 hours did they contact the police. – только после того как Only when I saw him again did I realise just how good… - только после того, как … Hardly had I arrived in Paris when I received a call telling me I had to return home urgently. – не успел я … Past Perfect No sooner had he closed (did I close) than - не успел он… Past Perfect Scarcely had we just ordered - как только, едва Seldom has this city been – редко когда Present Perfect Rarely have I seen – редко Present Perfect Little did I know that they were planning to replace me as project leader. – я и не подозревал… Not only have you failed – не только ты… Subjunctive mood It is necessary/essential/imperative that sb/smth (should) V Smb insist / demand/ suggest that sb V May as well V likely to happen May very well V likely to happen Likely V likely to happen Bare infinitives 1) Modals 2) Let make have smb V1 3) Would rather (than) / had better 4) Help, dare (можно с to) 5) Why (not) bother / say / speak your mind (=why don’t) 6) All he ever does is V1 7) Subjunctive mood It is necessary/essential/imperative that sb/smth All I wanna do is V1 (should) V Smb insist / demand/ suggest V I wish/If only… I wish I didn’t have to… - I wish sb V2 – настоящее, будущее I wish I hadn’t quit my job – I wish sb had V3 – сожаление о прошлых действиях I wish my colleague would stop borrowing – I wish sb would V – будущее; раздражающие привычки, If only the neighbors would stop making so much noise! If only sb would V – критика чьего-то поведения I wish I could learn to be a bit tidier. - I wish sb could V - качество, которое мы хотели бы иметь If only people could learn to be…!- If only sb could V – для более сильных чувств, часто с ! I’d rather you didn’t tell me every single… - I’d rather sb V2 – предпочтения для настоящего/будущ. I’d rather you hadn’t invited Tim. I’d rather sb had V3 – что мы хотели, чтобы случилось в прошлом It’s high time I wrote and told you… - It’s high time sb V2 It’s about time you went to bed. It’s about time sb V2 Использование It: 1) Как вводящий объект: I find it very strange the way you never tell me where you’re going. 2) предложение с препозицией контрастивного элемента Julia gave Sally a bag for her birthday It was Julia who gave Sally a bag for her birthday. It was Sally whom Julia gave a bag to. It was a bag that Julia gave Sally for her birthday. 1) Вероятность Модальные глаголы: - can/could – теоретическая вероятность Can there be life on other planets? - may / might / could + V1 – в настоящем или будущем He may be on a holiday. - may / might / could have V3 – в прошлом He might have decided to go home early. 2) Уверенность - must – в настоящем или прошлом He must be the new teacher. / He must have been asleep because he didn’t hear the phone ringing. - сan’t / couldn’t – в отрицательных предложениях в настоящем и прошлом That can’t be your mum. She looks so young. 2) Долженствование, запрет, необходимость - must / mustn’t - have to (have got to) – давление над нами кем-то другим - need to 3) отсутствие необходимости -Don’t need to/needn’t to - needn’t have V3 – не было необходимости это делать (но сделал) - didn’t need to – не было необходимости, но мы не знаем сделал это человек или нет 4) возможность - can – описание типичного поведения или ситуаций It can be difficult to find a summer job - could/ was/were able to – в прошлом - could have V3 – неосуществленная возможность в прошлом I could have learnt to ski , but I preferred skating 5) should – совет (ought to – более формально) - should have V3 – критика поведения себя или других людей I should have told him Причастие 1) -ing = which/who…. 2) – ed – which was V3 – заменяет пассив 3) Причина, состояние, результат – realizing (because I realized), having decided (after he had decided), seen (when/if you see) Пассив в письменной речи Is/was claimed/said/thought/reported/ believed that Relative clauses 1) Определяющие объект – без запятых 2) Дающие информацию, которую можно опустить – с запятыми Chris is the man who I met last year. The shop, where I was working as a student, is closing. Глагол не меняется в прошлом времени, если: 1) Общепринятая истина 2) Информация, которую сказали случилась недавно Косвенная речь She said that she ’ll tell you about it tomorrow (все -еще тот же день) 3) Информация с логическим умозаключением с модальными глаголами-could, must, would, might, ought to She said that she thought that he could be late. 4) Past Perfect Изменения 1) Now = at that moment, then, immediately 2) Last = the previous 3) Ago=before 4) Next= the following Reporting verbs 1) Agree, claim, decide, offer, promise, refuse, threaten + to V1 2) Advise, beg, encourage, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, 3) Accept, admit, claim, doubt, explain, promise, recommend, say, tell, warn + sb+ to V1 suggest + that 4) Promise, remind, tell, warn + sb + that … 5) Admit, deny, recommend, regret, suggest + Ving 6) Apologise for, insist on, object to + Ving 7) Accuse sb of, blaim sb for, congradulate sb on, discourage (отвадить) sb from, forgive sb for + Ving 8) Describe, explain, know, wonder + Wh -word + to V 9) Ask, remain, tell + sb+ wh-word + to V 1) Was going to – для несбывшихся намерений в Будущее в прошлом прошлом I was going to call you but my phone ran out of battery. 2) Was/were to have V3; was/were meant (supposed, due) to– будущие действия, которые не случились The company was to have opened 3 years ago. (но что-то пошло не так) The meeting was supposed to start at 3-30 but the client arrived late. 3) Was/ were to V1 – для будущих действий, которые случились Adele was to become a best -selling-artist by the age of 22 4) Was/were about to, was/were thinking of – будущие действия, которые были прерваны I was about to call you (was thinking of calling you) when you called me! Глагольные формы 1) -Ving : admit, appreciate, delay, deny, detest, escape, face, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, involve, keep, mention, miss, postpone, practise, put off , recommend, resent, risk, understand 2) Object + Ving: discover, forbid, notice, observe, overhear, prevent from 3) To V: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, bear, begin, care, choose, consent, decide, determine, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, remember, seem, start, swear, try, want, wish 4) Object + to V: advise, allow, ask, cause, command, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, instruct, intend, invite, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, press, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, want, warn, wish 5) Object + V: make, let, hear, help 6) Разные значения глаголов: Remember/forget + Ving -сначала сделал, потом об этом вспомнил Remember / forget + to V – сначала вспомнил, потом сделал Regret + Ving – сожалеть о том, что случилось в прошлом Regret _ to V – сожалеть о настоящем событии Try + Ving – попытаться совершить эксперимент, который может быть успешным или нет Try + to V – совершить усилие даже через силу Whatever – может переводиться как «Все равно» или может выражать критику или удивление Whenever - в значении «в любое время» или «Я не знаю точно когда» Усилительные наречия: Перед прилагательными без степени сравнения Absolutely Really Utterly Quite Amazing, disastrous, fantastic, furious, impossible, immense Перед прилагательными со степенями сравнения Bitterly (cold, ashamed, disappointed, divided) – крайне, весьма Barely (alive, comprehensive) – едва, только Deeply (serious, painful, sorry) Somewhat – немного, до некоторой степени Seriously (worried, hurt) Really Practically Entirely (convinced, satisfactory) – всецело, вполне Pretty (hopeless) Completely (serious, honest) Quite Scarcely – едва, почти Totally Very Артикли: 1) С числами: a hundred, a thousand, a million Связь в предложении: 1) Заменяем сущ. словом one 2) Заменяем глагол на to do so 3) Союзы: and, or, but, so, nor, yet (тем не менее), after, although, as, as far as, as if – словно, как будто, as long as – пока, при условии, as soon as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, since, so, so that, than, unless – не считая, помимо, until, when, whenever – когда бы ни, всякий раз когда, where, whereas – принимая во внимание, wherever, while. Сравнение: Considerably (гораздо), far, much, a lot, a great deal more/less + сравнит. степень прилагат. Very much More and more A bit, slightly, a little No Not any – уже не, больше не Just/quite/ easily as …… as Almost/ not quite as……as Not nearly – совсем не, далеко не /nowhere near as …. as – отнюдь не, далеко не Like (nothing like as) Условные предложения: 1) Общеизвестные факты: if, when, unless – Pr.Simple + Pr. Simple 2) 1 условное предложение: Future Simple + Present Simple/Present Cont/ 3) 2 условное предложение: Past Simple/ Past Cont + would/could/ + V1 4) 3 условное предложение: Past Perfect + would have V3 Present Perfect If you are visiting Santa Cruz in February, you will be able to enjoy the carnival Unless you have managed to get really good references, you won’t get the grant. If I were you, I would try and eat less bread If I had had any idea he would make such a fuss, I wouldn’t have said anything about it. If I had finished my law degree, I would probably be a lawyer now. Present Simple+ Past Perfect: If you don’t like hot weather, you shouldn’t have booked to go to Paris in July. 5) Смешанные условия: Past Perfect + would V1 6) Дополнительные связки: if, as/so long as, unless, even if, whether, providing, provided that, on condition that, in the event of, in case 7) Если мы хотим выразить слабую надежду, то мы используем – If sb (should) happen to V1 – если получится … If you should happen to run into my old friend Simon, do say hello to him from me. - + Pr Simple - что может случиться, или случилось Suppose 8) Suppose/ what if - - someone hears you. 2 тип + Past Simple – что вряд ли случиться в будущем Suppose you got a great job abroad. Would you emigrate? 3 тип + Past Perfect – что-то что могло случиться в прошлом, но не случилось Suppose we had never met. Do you think you would have married Silvia? 9) If + will/would – выражение вежливой просьбы If you would be kind enough to supply the additional documentation, we will then be able to offer… Союзы: 2) Добавить информацию: and, nor 1) Выражение контраста: although, while, whereas, yet (тем не менее) The task wasn’t difficult, yet Tom found he couldn’t complete it on time. = While the task wasn’t difficult, Tom found he couldn’t complete it on time. He wasn’t afraid of taking risks and he didn’t worry about the potential consequences. = ! He wasn’t afraid of taking risks nor did he worry about the potential consequences. Исчисляемые / неисчисляемые существительные: Не считаем Cheese – как вид Tea – как вид Time – общее значение Считаем Cheeses – конкретной страны A tea – в значении чашечка A fantastic time Space – пространство Room - место Spaces - пропуски A room - комната Усиление значения со словом what Many people fail to understand that their actions have a major impact on the environment. = What many people fail to understand is that their actions have a major impact on the environment.