Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
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Данные методические указания предназначены для студентов третьего курса дневной формы обучения специальности 40.02.01 Право и организация социального обеспечения.
Сборник специальных текстов разработан для самостоятельной подготовки студентов к домашнему чтению. Такой вид практических занятий является одним из основных способов формирования у студентов навыка перевода по правоведению.
Чтение текстов, отражающих специфику специальности, позволит будущим юристам подготовиться к эффективному решению задач информационного обеспечения и развития научных исследований, что является особенно актуальным в условиях усиления интеграционных процессов.
В сборнике представлены тексты правоведческой тематики, имеющие различную степень сложности, что позволяет преподавателю рекомендовать студентам индивидуальный план работы в соответствии с уровнем знаний и учитывать их интересы. В конце каждого текста дан лексический минимум, что позволяет изучить часто используемые для данной специальности лексические единицы и успешно подготовиться к экзамену по английскому языку.файл содержит пояснительную записку, тексты для домашнего чтения по английскому языку по правоведению
му к пз правоведение.docx
Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение
Бежецкий промышленноэкономический колледж
Методические указания к практическим занятиям
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения
по английскому языку для специальности 40.02.01 Право и организация
социального обеспечения
Составитель:
Шорина Е.Н.,
преподаватель английского языка
1 Бежецк, 2018
Рассмотрены и утверждены
на заседании методической комиссии
ОГСЭД
Протокол № _____ от «____» ______________ 2018 г.
Председатель комиссии _______________Е.Н. Шорина
Составлено в соответствии с рабочей
программой по дисциплине: «иностранный
(английский) язык»
____________________Е.Н. Шорина
2 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Пояснительная записка……………………………………………………….4
Тексты для чтения
THE CONSTITUTION AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS………………………5
CONGRESS, PRESIDENT AND FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS……………6
FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS………………………………………………….8
CHECKS AND BALANCES………………………………………………….10
FEDERALISM: STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS………………….11
3 ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА
Данные методические указания предназначены для студентов третьего
курса дневной формы обучения специальности 40.02.01 Право и организация
социального обеспечения.
Сборник специальных текстов разработан для самостоятельной
подготовки студентов к домашнему чтению. Такой вид практических занятий
является одним из основных способов формирования у студентов навыка
перевода по правоведению.
Чтение текстов, отражающих специфику специальности, позволит
будущим юристам подготовиться к эффективному решению задач
информационного обеспечения и развития научных исследований, что
является особенно актуальным в условиях усиления интеграционных
процессов.
В сборнике представлены тексты правоведческой тематики, имеющие
различную степень сложности, что позволяет преподавателю рекомендовать
студентам индивидуальный план работы в соответствии с уровнем знаний и
учитывать их интересы. В конце каждого текста дан лексический минимум,
что позволяет изучить часто используемые для данной специальности
лексические единицы и успешно подготовиться к экзамену по английскому
языку.
4 ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ
THE CONSTITUTION AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS
The former colonies, now «the United States of America», first operated under
an agreement called the Articles of Confederation (1781). It was soon clear that
this loose agreement among the states was not working well. The central, federal
government was too weak, with too few powers for defence, trade, and taxation. In
1787, therefore, delegates from the states met in Philadelphia. They wanted to
revise the Articles, but they did much more than that. They wrote a completely
new document, the Constitution, which after much argument, debate, and
compromise was finished in the same year and officially adopted by the thirteen
states by 1790.
The Constitution, the oldest still in force in the world, sets the basis form of
government: three separate branches, each one having powers («checks and
balances») over the others. It specifies the powers and duties of each federal
branch of government, with all other powers and duties belonging to the states.
The Constitution has been repeatedly amended to meet the changing needs of the
nation, but it is still the «supreme law of the land». All governments and
governmental groups, federal, state, and local, must operate within its guidelines.
The ultimate power under the Constitution is not given to the President (the
executive branch), or to the Supreme Court (the judicial branch). Not does it rest,
as in many other countries, with a political group of party. It belongs to «We the
People», in fact and in spirit.
In this way, Americans first took for themselves the liberties and rights that
elsewhere were the privileges of an elite few. Americans would manage their own
laws. And, of course, they would make their own mistakes.
They stated in the first ten Constitutional Amendments, known together as the
Bill of Rights, what they considered to be fundamental rights of any American.
Among these rights are the freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the right of
peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs.
Other rights guarded the citizens against unreasonable searches, arrests, and
seizures of property, and established a system of justice guaranteeing orderly legal
5 procedures. This included the right of trial by jury, that is, being judged by one's
fellow citizens.
The great pride Americans have in their Constitution, their almost religious
respect for it comes from the knowledge that these idealsfreedoms and rights were
not given to them by a small ruling class. Rather, they are seen as the natural
«unalienable» rights of every American, which had been fought for and won. They
cannot be taken away by any government, court, official or law.
The federal and state governments formed under the Constitution, therefore,
were designed to serve the people and to carry out their majority wishes (and not
the other way around). One thing they did not want their government to do is to
rule them. Americans expect their government to serve them and tend to think of
politicians and governmental officials as their servants. This attitude remains very
strong among Americans today.
Over the past two centuries, the Constitution has also had considerable influence
outside the United States. Several other nations have based their own forms of
government on it. It is interesting to note that Lafayette, a hero of the American
Revolution, drafted the French declaration of rights when he returned to France.
And the United Nations Charter also has clear echoes of what once was considered
a revolutionary document.
to operate under an agreement – действовать в соответствии с соглашени
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
ем
Articles of Confederation – Договор об образовании конфедерации 13ти
английских колоний в Северной Америке (1я конституция США) (ист.)
with too few powers for – слишком слабый, чтобы
taxation – налогообложение.
to revise the articles – вносить поправки в Конституцию
to be adopted – быть принятым (о законе)
in force – действующий (о законе)
to amend – вносить изменения (в законопроект)
to meet needs – отвечать, соответствовать законам, нуждам
to operate within its guidelines – действовать в рамках директив (закона,
конституции и т. д.)
ultimate power – основная власть
liberties and rights – свободы и права
the Bill of Rights– Билль о Правах (так называемые 10 поправок к Консти
туции США)
assembly – сбор, собрание
wrongs – нарушение законных прав
seizure – захват
trial by jury – судебное разбирательство, выполняемое судом присяжных
6 «unalienable» rights of every American – «неотъемлемые» права всех амери
канцев
servants – слуги
attitude – отношение (к чемулибо)
the United Nations Charter – Устав ООН
CONGRESS, PRESIDENT AND FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS
Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government, is made up of the
Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 100 senators, two from each
state. One third of the Senators are elected every two years for sixyear terms of
office. The Senators represent all of the people in a state and their interests.
The House has 435 members. They are elected every two years for twoyear
terms. They represent the population of «congressional districts» into which each
state is divided. The number of Representatives from each state is based upon its
population. For instance, California, the state with the largest population, has 45
Representatives, while Delaware has one. There is no limit to the number of terms
a Senator or a Representative may serve.
Almost all elections in the United States follow the «winnertakeall» principle:
the candidate who wins the largest number of votes in a Congressional district is
the winner.
Congress makes all laws, and each house of Congress has the power to introduce
legislation. Each can also vote against legislation passed by the other. Because
legislation only becomes law if both houses agree, compromise between them is
necessary. Congress decides upon taxes and how money is spent. In addition, it
regulates commerce among the states and with foreign countries. It also sets rules
for the naturalization of foreign citizens.
The President of the United States is elected every four years to a fouryear term
of office, with no more than two full terms allowed. As is true with Senators and
Representatives, the President is elected directly by the voters (through state
electors). In other words, the political party with the most Senators and
Representatives does not choose the President. This means that the President can
be from one party and the majority of those in the House of Representatives or
Senate (or both) from another. This is not uncommon.
Thus, although one of the parties may win a majority in the midterm elections
(those held every two years), the president, even though his party may not have a
majority in either house. Such a result could easily hurt his ability to get legislation
through Congress, which must pass all laws, but this is not necessarily so. In any
case, the President's policies must be approved by the House of Representatives
and the Senate before they can become law. In domestic as well as in foreign
policy, the President can seldom count upon the automatic support of Congress,
even when his own party has a majority in both the Senate and the House.
7 Therefore, he must be able to convince Congressmen, the Representatives and
senators, of his point of view.
He must bargain and compromise. This is a major difference between the
American system and those in which the nation's leader represents the majority
party of parties, that is parliamentary systems.
Within the Executive Branch, there are a number of executive departments of
State, Treasury, Defence Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labour, Health
and Human Resourses, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy,
and Education. Each department is established by law, and, as their names indicate,
each is responsible for a specific area. The head of each department is appointed by
the President. These appointments, however, must be approved by the Senate.
None of these Secretaries, as the department heads are usually called, can also be
serving in Congress or in another part of the government. Each is directly
responsible to the President and only servos as long as the President wants him or
her to. They can best be seen, therefore, as Presidential assistants and advisers.
When they meet together, they are termed «the President's Cabinet». Some
presidents have relied quite a bit on their Cabinets for advice, and some very little.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
legislative – законодательный
to be made up of – состоять из
the Senate – Сенат
the House of Representatives – Палата Представителей
to be elected – быть избранным
term of office – срок полномочий
for instance – например
votes – голоса избирателей
to win votes – получить голоса избирателей
legislation – законы
taxes – налоги
to decide upon smth. – принимать решение относительно чеголибо
to regulate commerce – регулировать торговлю
naturalization – принятие (иностранца) в гражданство
term of office – срок полномочий
a majority – большинство (мест, голосов)
to be approved by – быть одобренным, утвержденным
domestic policy – внутренняя политика
foreign policy – внешняя политика
to count upon – рассчитывать на
to convince smb. of one's point of view – убедить коголибо в своей точке
зрения
to bargain and compromise – приходить к соглашениям и компромиссам
the executive branch – исполнительная ветвь власти
8 department – министерство
Department of State – министерство иностранных дел
Department of Defence – министерство обороны
Department of Interior – МВД США
to be responsible for – отвечать за
to be appointed by the President – быть назначенным Президентом
FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS
The department of State, headed by the Secretary of State, advises the President
of foreign relations. This department handles all peaceful dealings with other
countries, and issues passports to American citizens who wish to travel abroad, and
visas to visitors to the United States.
The Treasury Department manages government finances, collects taxes, mints
coins and prints paper money. The Secret Service, which protects the President and
the Vice President, their families and some other dignitaries, is also part of the
Treasure Department. So are the Bureau of Customs and the Internal Revenue
Service.
The Department of Defence is responsible for the nation's security. The
Secretary of Defence is assisted by the Secretaries of the Army, Navy and Air
Force.
The Department of Justice, headed by the Attorney General, acts for the
government in legal matters and moves against violators of federal laws. The FBI
and federal prisons are under his jurisdiction.
The Department of the Interior protects and develops the nation's natural
resources and manages the national parks. It also enforces federal hunting and
fishing laws, checks on the safety of mines and is responsible for the welfare of the
Indian tribes.
The Department of the Agriculture aids food production and looks after the
interests of farmers. It issues numerous reports on the supply and prices of farm
products, conducts scientific studies of agriculture and lends money to build rural
electric systems. Most farms today are served by electricity.
The Department of Labour is concerned with the working conditions, safety and
welfare of the nation's nonfarm workers. It enforces, among others, the laws on
minimum wages and maximum hours for workers. The department's mediation and
conciliation service helps employers and workers to settle labour disputes.
The Department of Commerce helps develop domestic commerce as well as
trade with other countries, particularly in the mining, manufacturing and
transportation industries. One of its important branches issues patents for new
inventions; other test products to be sure they meet high standards and report on
weather conditions.
In 1979, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare was reorganized into
two separate agencies: the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and
9 the Department of Education, HHS administers many of the nation's social services
programmes on a federal level. The Department of Education administers and co
ordinates more than 150 federal aidtoeducation programmes.
The Cabinetlevel Department of Housing and Urban Development was created in
1965 to help provide adequate housing, particularly for lowincome groups, and to
foster largescale urban renewal programmes. In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson
proposed, and Congress approved the establishment of a department of
Transportation to coordinate transportation activities previously carried on by
several government agencies.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
the Department of State – МИД США
the Secretary of State – Госсекретарь, министр иностранных дел США
to advise smb. – консультировать коголибо
to handle dealings – управлять, регулировать деловые отношения
to issue passports – выписывать паспорта
the Treasury Department – министерство финансов США
to manage finances – управлять финансами
to collect taxes – собирать налоги
to mint coins – чеканить монеты
to print paper money – печатать бумажные деньги
the Secret Service – разведка и контрразведка
dignitaries – сановники, прелаты
the Bureau of Customs – Таможня
the Internal Revenue Service – Служба Внутренних Налогов
Department of Defence – Министерство Обороны
Department of Justice – Министерство Юстиции
the Attorney General – Генеральный Прокурор США
violators of law – нарушители закона
Department of the Interior – MВД США
to protect – защищать
to enforce hunting and fishing laws – следить за соблюдением правил охо
ты и рыбной ловли
to be responsible for ... – отвечать за .....
Welfare – благосостояние
to lend money – занимать деньги
rural – местный . to be concerned with ... – иметь дело с ...
minimum wages – минимальная зарплата
mediation and conciliation service – служба ходатайств и примирения
to settle labour disputes – устанавливать, решать споры по вопросам рабо
ты
Department of Commerce – министерство торговли
aidtoeducation programmes – программы помощи образованию
10 lowincome groups – группы населения с низким доходом
largescale – широкомасштабный
CHECKS AND BALANCES
The Constitution provides for three main braches of government which are
separate and distinct from one another. The powers given to each are carefully
balanced by the powers of the other two. Each branch serves as a check on the
others. This is to keep any branch from gaining too much power or from misusing
its powers. The chart below illustrates how the equal branches of government are
connected and how each is dependent on the other two.
Congress has the power to make laws, but the President may veto any act of
Congress. Congress, in its turn, can override a veto by a two thirds vote in each
house. Congress can also refuse to provide funds requested by the President. The
President can appoint important officials of his administration, but they must be
approved by the Senate. The President also has the power to name all federal
judges; they, too, must be approved by the Senate. The courts have the power to
determine the constitutionality of all acts of Congress and of presidential actions,
and to strike down those they find unconstitutional.
The system of checks and balances makes compromise and consensus necessary.
Compromise is also a vital aspect of other levels of government in the United
States. This system protects against extremes. It means, for example, that new
presidents cannot radically change government policies just as they wish. In the
US, therefore, when people think of «the government», they usually mean the
entire system, that is, the Executive Branch and the President, Congress, and the
courts. In fact and in practice, therefore, the President (i.e. «the Administration») is
not as powerful as many people outside the US seem to think he is. In comparison
with other leaders in systems where the majority party forms «the government», he
is much less so.
to provide for – предусматривать
to be separate and distinct from one another – существовать отдельно друг
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
от друга
a check on the others – проверка для других
to gain power – получить власть
to veto – налагать запрет, вето
in its turn – в свою очередь
to override a veto – отвергать запрет
to provide funds – обеспечивать ценные бумаги (фонды)
to appoint officials – назначать официальных должностных лиц
to be approved by the Senate – быть одобренным Сенатом
11 to determine the constitutionality of all acts – определять правомерность
всех актов (действий)
to strike down (acts) – отменять (законы)
a vital aspect – крайне необходимый аспект
the entire system – вся система целиком
the Executive Branch – Исполнительная власть, Президент и его
правительство
the courts – судебная система
he is much less so – он имеет гораздо меньше (власти)
FEDERALISM: STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
The fifty are quite diverse in size, population, climate, economy, history and
interests. The fifty state governments often differ from one another, too. Because
they often approach political, social, or economic questions differently, the states
have been called «laboratories of democracy». However, they do share certain
basis structures. The individual states all have republican forms of government
with a senate and a house. (There is one exception, Nebraska, which has only one
legislative body of 49 «senators»). All have executive branches headed by state
governors and independent court systems. Each state has also its own constitution.
But all must respect the federal laws and not make laws that interfere with those of
the other states (e.g., someone who is divorced under the laws of one state is
legally divorced in all). Likewise, cities and local authorities must make their laws
and regulations so that they fit their own state's constitution.
The Constitution limits the federal government to specific powers, but the
modern judicial interpretations of the Constitution have expanded federal
responsibilities. All others automatically belong to the states and to the local
communities. This has meant that there has always been a battle between federal
and state's rights. The traditional American distrust of a too powerful central
government has kept the battle fairly even over the years. The states and local
communities in the US have rights that in other countries generally belong to the
central government.
All education at any level, for example, is the concern of the states. The local
communities have the real control at the public school level. They control
administration of the schools. They elect the school board officials, and their local
community taxes largely support the schools. Each individual school system,
therefore, hires and fires and pays its own teachers. It sets its own policies within
broad state guidelines. Similarly, there is no national police force, the FBI
influence being limited to a very few federal crimes, such as kidnapping. Each
state has its own state police and its own criminal laws. The same is true with, for
example, marriage and divorce laws, driving laws and licences, drinking laws, and
voting procedures. In turn, each city has its own police force that it hires, trains,
controls, and organizes. Neither the President not the governor of a state has direct
12 power over it. By the way, police departments of counties are often called
«sheriff's departments». Sheriffs are usually elected, but state and city police
officials are not.
There are many other areas which are also the concern of cities, towns, and
villages. Among these are opening and closing hours for stores, street and road
repair, or architectural laws and other regulations. Also, one local community
might decide that a certain magazine is pornographic and forbid its sale, or local
school board might determine that a certain novel should not be in their school
library. (A court, however, may later tell the community or school board that they
have unfairly attempted to exercise censorship.) But another village, a few miles
down the road, might accept both. The same is true of films.
Most states and some cities have their own income taxes. Many cities and
counties also have their own laws saying who may not own a gun. Many airports,
some of them international, are owned and controlled by cities or counties and
have their own airport police. Finally, a great many of the most hotly debated
questions, which in other countries are decided at the national level, are in America
settled by the individual states and communities. Among these are, for example,
laws about drug use, capital punishment, abortion, and homosexuality.
A connecting thread that runs all the way through governments in the US is the
«accountability» of politicians, officials, agencies, and governmental groups. This
means that information and records on crimes, fires, marriages and divorces, court
cases, property taxes, etc. are public information. It means, for example, that when
a small town needs to build a school or buy a new police car, how much it will cost
(and which company offered what at what cost) will be in the local newspaper. In
some cities, meeting of the city council are carried live on the radio. As a rule,
politicians in the US at any level pay considerable attention to public opinion.
Ordinary citizens participate actively and directly in decisions that concern them.
In some states, such as California, in fact, citizens can petition to have questions
(i.e., «propositions») put on the ballot in state elections. If the proposition is
approved by the voters, it then becomes a law. This «grass roots» character of
American democracy can also be seen in New England town meetings or at the
public hearings of local school boards.
Adding this up, America has an enormous variety in its governmental bodies. Its
system tries to satisfy the needs and wishes of people at the local level, while at the
same time Constitution guarantees basic rights to anyone anywhere in America.
This has been very important, for instance, to the Civil Rights Movement and its
struggle to secure equal rights for all Americans, regardless of race, place of
residence, or state voting laws. Therefore, although the states control their own
elections as well as the registration procedures for national elections, they cannot
make laws that would go against an individual's constitutional rights.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
diverse – различный, отличный от, несходный
13 to differ from one another – отличаться друг от друга
to share certain basis structures – иметь общие основные структуры
legislative – законодательный
body – правительственный орган
executive branch – исполнительная власть
to head – управлять, руководить
independent – независимый, самостоятельный
to respect laws – соблюдать законы
to interfere – мешать, быть помехой
to be divorced – развестись
likewise – подобным образом
authorities – местные власти
to expand responsibilities – расширять ответственность
to belong to – принадлежать
distrust – недоверие, сомнение, подозрение
to elect – избирать
to hire – нанимать на работу
to fire – увольнять с работы
to set its own policies – вести свою собственную политику
neither ... nor ... – ни ... ни ...
by the way – между прочим
to be the concern of smb. – являться прерогативой коголибо
repair – починка, ремонт
unfairly – несправедливо
to exercise censorship – провести цензуру
to own smth. – иметь чтолибо во владении
a great many of – очень многие из
laws against drug use – законы против применения наркотиков
capital punishment – смертный приговор
a connecting thread – связующая нить
accountability – ответственность
to be carried live on the radio – транслироваться прямиком (не в записи) по
радио
to pay attention to – обращать внимание на
public opinion – общественное мнение
14
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
Сборник специальных текстов по правоведению для домашнего чтения по английскому языку
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