Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
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Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

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биология
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07.12.2018
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Critical thinking can be presented as "thinking about thinking," meaning the ability to reason on issues of principle and reflect on practical experience. It is assumed that the teachers, as subjects with a pedagogical education and systematically upgrading their skills, these skills are developed and used by them in practical work. Critical thinking is the leading modern pedagogical concept that is relevant for the development of teaching and learning in Kazakhstan. This module assumes the adaptation of a conscious and deliberate approach to the development of critical thinking of both pupils and teachers. Within the framework of this module, we will also touch upon the socio-constructivist approaches to learning offered in Module 1, the effective evaluation for the development of learning (module 3), the differential approach in teaching and learning of pupils of different age categories (Modules 5 and 6).
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ZHETYSU STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER I.ZHANSUGUROV                                                ESSAY Theme: Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training                                                performed by Tleukhanova Meruyert, BA­311                                                                                                                        TALDYKORGAN, 2018 TRAINING TO CRITICAL THINKING           Critical thinking can be presented as "thinking about thinking," meaning the ability to reason on issues of principle and reflect on practical experience. It is assumed that the teachers, as subjects with a pedagogical education and systematically upgrading their skills, these skills are developed and used by them in practical work. Critical thinking is the leading modern pedagogical concept that is relevant for the development of teaching and learning in Kazakhstan. This module assumes the adaptation of a conscious and deliberate approach to the development of critical thinking of both pupils and teachers.           Within the framework of this module, we will also touch upon the socio­constructivist approaches to learning offered in Module 1, the effective evaluation for the development of learning (module 3), the differential approach in teaching and learning of pupils of different age categories (Modules 5 and 6).                                             The general concept of critical thinking           Critical thinking is a disciplinary approach to understanding, evaluating, analyzing and synthesizing information obtained as a result of observation, experience, reflection or reasoning, which may serve as a basis for action in the future. Critical thinking often involves readiness to imagine or take into account alternative solutions, the introduction of new or modified ways of thinking and acting; commitment to organized social action and the development of critical thinking in others.           At a basic level, the critical thinking process includes: collection of relevant information; evaluation and critical analysis of evidence; sound conclusions and generalizations; • • • • Revision of assumptions and hypotheses based on significant experience.           Along with more complex tasks, such as critical thinking about teaching and learning processes, critical thinking can include recognizing unsettled assumptions, values and problems, as   well   as   finding   effective   means   to   solve   them,   understanding   the   importance   of   setting priorities in solving problems.                                        Critical thinking of students in the classroom           Critical thinking is traditionally associated with later stages of education: with students in the upper secondary school and higher education. However, the foundations of critical thinking can also be developed in the work with younger schoolchildren, from the very early stage of their education, in order to develop the necessary skills. The most optimal way for this is to encourage pupils to prove them on the basis of their own experience. We have enough examples about the way of life in different parts of the world and in different periods of history that can be used to motivate students to learn and develop critical thinking skills.                     Critical   thinking   involves   developing   skills   such   as   acquiring   evidence   through observation and listening, taking into account the context and applying the criteria for decision­ making. Included critical thinking skills can be as like: • • surveillance; analysis; • • conclusion; interpretation.            The processes and skills used in studying, for example, history or geography, can include: • • • • collection   and   grouping   of   such   evidence   as   pictures,   photographs,   recording   of memories; evaluation of the main sources and raising questions about them; comparison and discussion of the main sources with situational outputs and temporal generalizations; revision of assumptions and hypotheses as experience is enriched.            At a later stage in the study of their work with subsequent discussions with teachers, reviewing   and   reviewing   their   temporary   conclusions,   children   can   be   helped   to   build   an understanding of their own learning processes, including: evaluation; explanation; • • • Metacognition.                    Below are the steps that junior schoolchildren can take, relying on outside help and supposedly in classroom skills: 1. 1.im with information of a visual or oral nature. The task can be applied to information obtained as a result of reading the main sources, as well as data collected from several sources, such as a textbook, encyclopedia or website. Identify key positions, assumptions or hypotheses that structure the research of evidence or determine the later actions underlying the arguments. 2. 3. Analyze how these key components, visual and oral evidence, are integrated and interact with each other. 4. Compare   and   explore   the   similarities   and   differences   between   individual   images   or between different opinions and memories. 5. Synthesize the data, connecting different sources of information to build an argument or a series of ideas. .............................. 6. Evaluate the validity and reliability of the evidence of your research, and as evidence of support, or contradict your assumptions and emerging ideas. 7. Apply the knowledge gained as a result of interpreting the answers to the questions underlying the study. 8. Explain the conclusions formulated and justify their relevance and significance.                                     Development of critical thinking through dialogue                    Works devoted to the study of communication processes in the classroom show that individual models of interaction ­ research conversation, argumentation and dialogue ­ a way to ensure the development of thinking, intellectual development through training and students in joint actions to understand the meaning and knowledge. Applied study of the class according to the method of dialogical training of Alexander (2004) suggests that in comparison of models in the class, in which the voices of pupils are necessarily taken into account, they are called into question by dialectical and dialogic pedagogy. Immediate consequences with visual and oral sources give children the opportunity to deliberately practice the skills of reasoning and to be trained   in   less   formal,   more   personally   meaningful   ways.   They   "challenge"   the   traditional emphasis on learning through the textbook, and teachers need to rethink their role in guiding and not managing the processes of developing knowledge and research.                    An increasing number of modern studies confirm that children are trained more effectively,   and   their   intellectual   achievements   are   higher   provided   they   participate   in discussions, dialogue and argumentation. Thus, equipping children with the skills and qualities necessary for life in the 21st century is an important and capable goal for educators that can not be ignored. Wolf and Alexander, 2008). Wolf and Alexander, 2008).           Teachers should study ways to resolve tensions between teaching based on the translation of a body of knowledge and established "norms" of reflection, recognizing the legitimacy of alternative perspectives.           Possible methods are defined as "research conversation" or "argumentation", "dialogical training" and "support". Alexander identified five types of dialogue, explored in practice: • Mechanical   memorization   (memorizing   facts,   ideas   and   daily   activities   through • • constant repetition); recitation   (the   accumulation   of   knowledge   and   understanding   through   questions designed to test or stimulate memories of what they had previously encountered, or to give hints to students to think about the answer, based on the hints given in the question); instruction / statement (explaining to the student what to do, and / or transferring information, and / or explaining facts, principles or procedures); • Discussion   (exchange   of   ideas   for   the   purpose   of   information   distribution   and problem solving); • Dialogue (achieving mutual understanding through a structured, cumulative survey and discussion that contribute to reducing alternatives, minimizing risk and mistakes, speeds up the "transfer" of concepts and principles (Alexander, 2001, 2008).            The quality and content of the conversation are an essential factor in learning           In the list of approaches, discussion and dialogue are the most preferable, thanks to their cognitive potential. During the dialogue, students are given alternative perspectives and are invited to consider the point of view of another person in ways that stimulate the development and   deepening   of   their   own   conceptual   understanding.   Such   a   method   is   an   element   of "dialectics", understood as a logical and rational argument that distinguishes dialogue from the prevailing oral or "interactive" training in the usual understanding of most teachers (Wolfe and Alexander, 2008).           Argumentation can be defined as the promotion and alignment of ideas and perspectives. Students are able to explore and reflect critically on alternative positions through dialogical interactions   with   their   peers   or   experts,   assimilating   their   experience   and   striving   for   the development of higher mental activity. Collaborative learning and problem solving processes with a special emphasis on understanding can increase the students' ability to effectively argue.           When questions arise, it is not necessary that the source of knowledge is the teacher, but students and teachers can jointly conduct research using the Internet; teachers can help students think  critically  about  ways to  search,  assess and  select  the  information  they  find.  Dialogic pedagogy means that children and teachers establish relationships in discoveries and learning. Mercer defined three forms of argument when discussing in class, such as: • Dispute talk, when students compete and do not want to accept the other person's • • point of view; a   cumulative   conversation,   in   which   students   are   built   constructively   and benevolently on each other's achievements; a research conversation that continues through critical thinking and reasoning in a situation where proposals can be challenged and contested (Mercer, 2000).           Teachers must harmonize the rules of dialogue and create a dialogical model of the class in which students will interact with each other in order to discover new and better ways of building a   common   meaning.   This   requires   an   understanding   of   the   characteristics   and   interests   of students, attention to their relationship and emotions.           Listening and analyzing what children actually say and do, teachers are able to more effectively support students in their learning ­ the principle of formative evaluation and the notion of "learning as assessment": not only acquiring knowledge, but also participating in approaches that form knowledge.           These ideas correspond to the constructivist theory, which positions students as active participants in the teaching and learning process. "Adjust and e" people to each other in all situations is formed on trust and respect. Dialogic learning is collective (teachers and children turn to learning tasks together), facilitating mutual learning (teachers and children listen to each other, share ideas and view alternative points of view) and supportive (children formulate ideas freely, without fear, embarrassment due to "wrong "Answer and help each other to achieve mutual understanding).                                                       Critical thinking of teachers           Teachers   who   think   critically,   in   accordance   with   this   program,   designed   for   the professional development of teachers in Kazakhstan, can be based on the structure and processes described above, regarding the critical thinking of children. But first of all, it is necessary to take into account the concept of reflexive teaching and the need for critical reflection on the Program.           Critical thinking is presented as a process of single­minded, self­regulating judgment, using a justified consideration of evidence, context, conceptualization, methods and criteria. In addition to the skills listed in relation to the development of critical thinking of students, such as acquiring   evidence,   through   observation   and   listening,   taking   into   account   the   context   and applying appropriate criteria for decision­making, teachers should also develop: • The theoretical and methodological base necessary for understanding the educational concept of the Program and the teaching and learning process; • Appropriate methods and technologies for the formation of reasoned conclusions and conclusions.                                                             Reflective teaching           For most teachers, according to their education and vocational training, it is natural to think about their work, but it is crucial to ensure that this process is systemic and an atmosphere of cooperation with stakeholders. The concept of "reflexive practitioner" comes from the works of philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer John Dewey and philosopher, industrial and technological researcher Donald Sean. Dewey's book "How We Think" (1910) had a unique impact   on   the   education   system,   defining   a   reflective   thought   from   the   point   of   view   of intellectualizing the problems to be solved: by developing ideas or hypotheses, initiating and carrying out studies of practical situations, subjects test the hypotheses in practice.           The logic of the above sequence of processes is associated with Shawn's later view of reflexive   practice   as   a   method   by   which   educators   identify   the   problem   and   solve   it experimentally   in   their   practical   activities.   Sean's   book   "The   Reflexive   Practitioner:   How Professionals Think in Practice" (1983) had a tremendous impact. His significant contribution is in concluding "reflections" at the center of understanding what professionals do, thereby denying the   recognition   of  "technical   rationality"   as   the   basis  of   professional   knowledge.   Technical rationalism could not become a dominant paradigm when compared with professionalism. His concept of "reflection in action" is sometimes referred to as "reflexion on the move." This presupposes a look at our experience, a connection with our feelings and attention to the theories used; entails building a new understanding to update our actions in a changing situation. This process is followed by "reflection after action" ­ a process that is carried out later, in discussion with colleagues, a mentor, after the recording. The process of "reflection after the action" allows us to answer the questions: why did we act at a certain moment in this way, and not otherwise? what happens in a group, etc. At the same time, we define a number of questions and thoughts concerning our actions and practices.           Some of the following skills are applied in the context of a reflexive teaching: • Recognizing problems and finding effective ways to solve them; • Understanding   the   importance   of   setting   priorities   and   their   priority   in   solving problems; collection and classification of relevant information; • accurate and clear description; • Identification of unidentified assumptions and values; • interpretation of the results for the argumentation of the proof v \ • formation of reliable conclusions and generalizations; • • confirmation of reached conclusions and generalizations; • Correct the belief model based on the experience gained.                               Critical reflection on what the disciples have learned           Reflexive teaching involves thinking critically about what students are studying, which in turn requires research, recording, and assessment of the behaviors and critical thinking skills that they demonstrate. These skills will obviously manifest themselves in the performance of tasks that require them to consider and discuss certain evidence. Thus, they learn, for example, about travel and transport, as this reflects the needs of people and affects their lives; on the permanence and   changes   in   certain   historical   periods,   on   the   relationship   between   technology   and   the environment and their impact on socio­economic life and many others. etc. Also, it is possible to discuss any aspect of sociology or the humanities, for example, childhood and family, food, cooking and eating, clothing and shopping, leisure and sports, music and entertainment. The main features considered in the critical thinking of students:           Rationality. The desire to find a better explanation, posing questions instead of asking for categorical answers; requiring and recording any evidence; reliance on the cause, and not on the emotions (although the emotion takes place and can relate to the self­consciousness mentioned below).           Open­mindedness. Evaluation of all conclusions; consideration and recognition of many possible perspectives or perspectives; the desire to remain open to alternative interpretations.           Judgment. Recognition of the degree and significance of evidence; recognition of the relevance and dignity of alternative assumptions and perspectives.           Discipline. The desire to be precise, comprehensive and exhaustive (taking into account all available evidence and taking into account all points of view).           Self­awareness.   Awareness   of   the   subjectivity   of   one's   own   assumptions,   prejudices, points of view and emotions.           In general, critically thinking students are active in the process of raising questions and analyzing evidence, consciously applying strategies to determine meanings; they are skeptical in relation to visual, oral and written evidence; open to new ideas and perspectives.           Below is a structure that can be used to reflect critically on one's own teaching and teaching of students: 1. Read the evidence you received as a result of observing the process of teaching students. 2. Define the learning objectives, based on which the tasks are structured. 3. Analyze the relationship between the aims of learning, on the one hand, and the ways students work and their achievements, on the other. 4. Compare the different levels of understanding and skills demonstrated by individual students. 5. Synthesize, connect sources of information and your observations for the purpose of general reflections on the results of the activity, in general, on the scale of the whole class. 6. Evaluate, drawing conclusions about the relative success or failure of activities relating to the training of students. 7. Use   the   knowledge   you   acquired   as   a   result   of   critical   evaluation   in   planning   a subsequent task or project. 8. Justify   the   use   of   critical   thinking   for   argumentation,   drawing   conclusions   and conclusions; use of results in teaching and teaching general science.                Visit the Reflective Teaching website for an introduction to the "Learning Concept in Learning in the Classroom". ESTIMATION FOR TRAINING AND ESTIMATION OF TRAINING           Classroom   assessment   is   not   just   a   technical   technique.   Teachers   evaluate   ¬ evaluating in writing or in oral form. Behind any form of evaluation they use, they mean not only objective or insufficiently objective norms and standards, but also concepts of the development, training and motivation of the student, as well as values  relating to such categories as self­esteem, ability and effort (Alekseander, 2001).           Appraisal is a category used to describe activities aimed at the systematic summation of learning outcomes in order to make decisions about further training.           Differences between formative and summative (summing) evaluation objectives have been established since the 1960s, although the values of each are not clearly defined. A more obvious difference, having almost the same meaning, is held between the evaluation of the training conducted for direct marking and quantitative reporting, and the evaluation for learning, the explicit purpose of which is to use assessment as part of teaching to promote student learning.           Evaluation aimed at identifying opportunities for improving learning, methods and forms of implementing these opportunities is a formative, otherwise evaluation for teaching (OD). The concept of "Assessment for Learning" gained its notoriety in 1999 after the publication of the brochure under the same name (ODO), which was written by the AssessmentReformGroup of the UK academics working together with 1989, with the aim of preparation of evidence for informing teachers and developers of techniques.           If the purpose of the evaluation is to summarize the training for marking out, certifying or recording  the progress of training, then  the evaluation  by its function is summative  and is sometimes referred to as the evaluation of training. In the event that a cumulative assessment is used to make decisions that can affect the status or future of a student, teacher, or school (that is, having a deterministic value), it is necessary to ensure the reliability of measurements, which is possible when using special tests that establish control over the content of information and the conditions for its formation.                                           What is the purpose of the assessment?           Often, the purpose of the assessment is to understand each teacher's methods and methods of conducting it in the classroom (often in the form of testing), the purpose and the estimated contingent. A number of priority evaluation objectives are summarized below. 1. Definition   of   learning   difficulties.   For   this   purpose,   tests   can   be   used   in   secondary schools to determine problems in the field, for example, literacy or arithmetics; after which specific corrective training and post­test testing can be conducted. 2. Providing feedback, indicating achievements (for students, teachers and parents). Such feedback can range from an informal assessment of "impressions" to formal written tests, but the main goal is to constantly inform pupils and teachers about achievements and development, for example, knowledge, understanding, skills, etc. 3. Development of motivation. Often feedback acts as a motive. Prospects of a test or exam as   an   incentive   usually   concentrate   the   thinking   and   actions   of   some   students   and teachers. Such an external stimulus can be a source of encouragement for learning, but with the same probability without careful monitoring can become a tool of coercion. 4. Forecasting and selection. By assessing the available knowledge and skills, teachers are trying to predict future behavior and development of students. The results of the state examination system are often used for the purposes of selection, in particular, for access to further (higher) education or employment. Within the school, there is usually a form of evaluation before pupils are selected for distribution into groups and classes. 5. Control and implementation of standards. The evaluation can be conducted with the purpose of awarding a qualification, establishing the level of education and issuing the corresponding document. In this case, it is necessary to have reasonable guarantees that persons with "qualifications" meet the established standards. For example, the analysis of data   obtained   through   international   tests,   such   as   PISA   (International   Program   for Evaluation  of  Students' Educational  Achievement),  is aimed  at  meeting  international standards. To control compliance with standards at micro and macro levels, state tests are used, as well as tests developed by the education organization. 6. Control   over   the   content   of   the   educational   program   and   the   style   of   teaching   and learning. For many teachers, this control is secondary, not directly related to the main purpose of evaluation. However, there is no doubt that the techniques and frequency of evaluations   and   examinations   have   a   significant   impact   on   both   the   content   of   the educational program and the teaching methodology.                                        Importance of assessment for learning           The statement of the question is grounded: why the Evaluation Approach for Training (hereinafter ­ ODO) is the focus of the solution of the problem of improving the teaching and learning processes. The understanding was confirmed by many teachers, pupils and their parents, according to which evaluation is an action carried out after teaching and learning. The assertion that evaluation is an integral part of teaching and learning requires a fundamental change in our consciousness, which is what Estimation requires for Learning.                                            The essence of the assessment process           It is no accident that the category "evaluation" means, in Latin, "sitting next to each other," since the characteristic feature of evaluation is that one person closely observes what the other says or does, or in case of self­evaluation reflects on his own knowledge, understanding or behavior. This assumption applies to the whole spectrum of assessment: from formal tests and examinations to informal assessments conducted by teachers in classes hundreds of times a day. Despite this, the form that assessment takes may be different: some tests are conducted with a pencil in hand and paper, while others are based on posing questions in the course of ordinary communication   in   the   classroom.   All   types   of   evaluation   have   common   characteristics   and involve processes: • Observations; • • Conclusions for determining further actions. interpretation of the received data;                                                                    Observation           In order to conduct the assessment, it is necessary to find out what the students know and are able to do, and also about the difficulties they face. Observing the behavior in the classroom, listening to the communication of the children, watching the students performing the task, or verifying   their   performance   of   class   or   homework,   you   can   get   the   necessary   information. Although in some cases, it may be necessary to use a special, thought­out way of obtaining the necessary information. So, a written assignment or test can contribute to the achievement of the above goals, but no less effective can be a professionally formulated oral question. The answers of students to questions should be interpreted by the teacher. In other words, the evaluator must determine the value of the received data.                                                         Interpretation           Interpretation is carried out with respect to what is of interest, for example, special skills, points of view or different types of knowledge. Such parameters are often called criteria and refer them to the objectives of training or tasks. Usually, observation as part of the evaluation is done according to pre­defined criteria, but sometimes teachers observe unplanned interactions or results and apply the criteria retrospectively. With the help of interpretation one can describe or try   to   explain   behavior;   either   the   interpretation   appears   as   a   logical   conclusion   from   the behavior, for example, what the disciple says is the result of his mental reflection. In this connection, interpretation is sometimes called a logical conclusion.                                                                Conclusion            Based on the interpretation of the data, it is concluded that it involves a procedure for assessment. At this stage, the evaluation process is presented in different ways in accordance with different goals and uses of information.                                                       Evaluation for training           In the case of OD, observation, interpretation and criteria may be similar to the criteria used in the process of assessing learning, but the nature of the conclusions and decisions taken on their basis will be different. Essentially, OD concentrates on the data obtained about the stage at which students are in the process of learning, in particular, the nature and causes of their strengths and weaknesses. Thus, the conclusion of the Odo is focused on what the teacher and students can take to develop further.            The Evaluation Reform Team (2002) proposes the following evaluation definition for training:           Evaluation for learning is a process of searching and interpreting data used by students and their teachers to determine the stage at which the students are in the process of their education, the direction in which to develop, and how to best achieve the required level. One of the significant elements of this definition is the emphasis on the use of data by students. Attention is drawn to the fact that teachers are not the only evaluators. Students can be involved in the process of evaluating their classmates and themselves, and even when teachers actively conduct evaluation, students should be equally active in this process.           Only those who study can be able to learn and, in this connection, in order to improve their education, it is necessary to react to information received as a result of feedback, which requires understanding, motivation and desire to act. The above conclusion is extremely important and relevant for the practice of teaching and learning.                                                          Evaluation of training           The purpose of evaluating learning, on the contrary, is to summarize what the student has learned at this particular moment. In essence, it is not directed directly to the contribution to the future teaching, although testing that is of crucial importance can also have a negative impact on the   learning   process   (Assessment   Reform   Group,   2002b).   When   assessing   learning,   the conclusion is made after the ratio of the student's achievements with the established norms or levels achieved by a group of students, for example, of the same age. Such conclusions can be formulated in the form "conforms / does not correspond" to the standard or are presented in the form of a scorecard or levels and other symbolic designations of the criteria and standards on which they are based.              The presentation in such a short but, unfortunately, not always exhaustive form, is convenient in cases where it is necessary to provide statistical data to any parent organizations, as well as parents, new teachers at the time of their replacement by other teachers, managers , interested in monitoring the educational activities of schools at local and state levels. Reporting, selection   and   monitoring,   therefore,   are   the   obvious   purpose   of   this   type   of   information assessment.                                         Can the summary data be used formatively?            The scores and levels of the student groups are often referred to as "data". Collected summative data contribute to the identification of works and the special attention of teachers to groups working above or below the expected level. International studies, such as the OECD International Assessment of Educational Achievement (PISA), are designed to collect "data" from participating countries in order to establish the level of knowledge and skills necessary for full participation in society received by students upon completing a mandatory course education. At the same time, it is equally important to know the methodology for collecting these "data", and also to analyze the findings of the study. Schools also collect "data" in order, in the future, to establish the reasons for these or other results and develop a plan for further action. In the same way, at the level of an individual student, a cumulative assessment is used to determine the levels of   achievement   and   subsequent   levels   set   as   a   goal   for   the   student's   further   development. However, if the provision of support for students at further stages is a key aspect, the rationale and criteria for determining scores and levels should be studied particularly carefully. It is important that qualitative information on the main aspects of the fulfilled task can be used for feedback to students. For example, if you simply inform the student that he has reached a certain level, this will not help him understand what to do in order to achieve a better result; while if, together with the student, to analyze what in his work led to this result and explain the evaluation criteria, it will allow him to understand what to do next to improve this result. In this context, summative estimation (in numerical form) is not the main thing, and the teacher returns to the data (observation and interpretation) on which it is based. Then the teacher makes a formal assessment (orally) about how these data determine the level of the student's training, what level he needs to achieve and how best to do it.            By changing the nature of the evaluation, the evaluation of learning can be transformed into assessment for learning. However, in view of the fact that it was not planned to extract data directly contributing to training, it may be less suitable for this purpose compared with the estimate   planned   for   OD.   External   tests   are   even   more   problematic   than   the   cumulative assessment carried out by teachers, since teachers rarely have access to sufficient data on which scores and levels are scored, but the teacher can use analysis of typical errors.                                                                     Conclusion            In one of the studies in the field of teaching and learning, the original technical metaphor of the class as a "black box" was used and, accordingly, the use of evaluation for learning became known as "work inside the black box" (Figure 13).                       The study mentioned above has shown that the improvement of learning through evaluation depends on five deceptively simple at first glance key factors: 1. Providing effective feedback to students. 2. Active participation of students in their own training. 3. Change of teaching taking into account the results of evaluation. 4. Recognize the significant impact of evaluation on the motivation and self­esteem of students, which in turn has a decisive influence on learning. 5. The   need   for   students   to   evaluate   themselves   and   understand   how   to   improve   their learning.

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training

Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
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07.12.2018