Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
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07.12.2018
Critical thinking can be presented as "thinking about thinking," meaning the ability to reason on issues of principle and reflect on practical experience. It is assumed that the teachers, as subjects with a pedagogical education and systematically upgrading their skills, these skills are developed and used by them in practical work. Critical thinking is the leading modern pedagogical concept that is relevant for the development of teaching and learning in Kazakhstan. This module assumes the adaptation of a conscious and deliberate approach to the development of critical thinking of both pupils and teachers.
Within the framework of this module, we will also touch upon the socio-constructivist approaches to learning offered in Module 1, the effective evaluation for the development of learning (module 3), the differential approach in teaching and learning of pupils of different age categories (Modules 5 and 6).
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ZHETYSU STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER I.ZHANSUGUROV
ESSAY
Theme: Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of
training
performed by Tleukhanova Meruyert, BA311
TALDYKORGAN, 2018 TRAINING TO CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking can be presented as "thinking about thinking," meaning the ability to
reason on issues of principle and reflect on practical experience. It is assumed that the teachers,
as subjects with a pedagogical education and systematically upgrading their skills, these skills
are developed and used by them in practical work. Critical thinking is the leading modern
pedagogical concept that is relevant for the development of teaching and learning in Kazakhstan.
This module assumes the adaptation of a conscious and deliberate approach to the development
of critical thinking of both pupils and teachers.
Within the framework of this module, we will also touch upon the socioconstructivist
approaches to learning offered in Module 1, the effective evaluation for the development of
learning (module 3), the differential approach in teaching and learning of pupils of different age
categories (Modules 5 and 6).
The general concept of critical thinking
Critical thinking is a disciplinary approach to understanding, evaluating, analyzing and
synthesizing information obtained as a result of observation, experience, reflection or reasoning,
which may serve as a basis for action in the future. Critical thinking often involves readiness to
imagine or take into account alternative solutions, the introduction of new or modified ways of
thinking and acting; commitment to organized social action and the development of critical
thinking in others.
At a basic level, the critical thinking process includes:
collection of relevant information;
evaluation and critical analysis of evidence;
sound conclusions and generalizations;
•
•
•
• Revision of assumptions and hypotheses based on significant experience.
Along with more complex tasks, such as critical thinking about teaching and learning
processes, critical thinking can include recognizing unsettled assumptions, values and problems,
as well as finding effective means to solve them, understanding the importance of setting
priorities in solving problems.
Critical thinking of students in the classroom
Critical thinking is traditionally associated with later stages of education: with students in
the upper secondary school and higher education. However, the foundations of critical thinking
can also be developed in the work with younger schoolchildren, from the very early stage of their
education, in order to develop the necessary skills. The most optimal way for this is to encourage
pupils to prove them on the basis of their own experience. We have enough examples about the
way of life in different parts of the world and in different periods of history that can be used to
motivate students to learn and develop critical thinking skills.
Critical thinking involves developing skills such as acquiring evidence through
observation and listening, taking into account the context and applying the criteria for decision
making. Included critical thinking skills can be as like:
•
•
surveillance;
analysis; •
•
conclusion;
interpretation.
The processes and skills used in studying, for example, history or geography, can include:
•
•
•
•
collection and grouping of such evidence as pictures, photographs, recording of
memories;
evaluation of the main sources and raising questions about them;
comparison and discussion of the main sources with situational outputs and temporal
generalizations;
revision of assumptions and hypotheses as experience is enriched.
At a later stage in the study of their work with subsequent discussions with teachers,
reviewing and reviewing their temporary conclusions, children can be helped to build an
understanding of their own learning processes, including:
evaluation;
explanation;
•
•
• Metacognition.
Below are the steps that junior schoolchildren can take, relying on outside help and
supposedly in classroom skills:
1. 1.im with information of a visual or oral nature. The task can be applied to information
obtained as a result of reading the main sources, as well as data collected from several
sources, such as a textbook, encyclopedia or website.
Identify key positions, assumptions or hypotheses that structure the research of evidence
or determine the later actions underlying the arguments.
2.
3. Analyze how these key components, visual and oral evidence, are integrated and interact
with each other.
4. Compare and explore the similarities and differences between individual images or
between different opinions and memories.
5. Synthesize the data, connecting different sources of information to build an argument or a
series of ideas. ..............................
6. Evaluate the validity and reliability of the evidence of your research, and as evidence of
support, or contradict your assumptions and emerging ideas.
7. Apply the knowledge gained as a result of interpreting the answers to the questions
underlying the study.
8. Explain the conclusions formulated and justify their relevance and significance.
Development of critical thinking through dialogue
Works devoted to the study of communication processes in the classroom show that
individual models of interaction research conversation, argumentation and dialogue a way to
ensure the development of thinking, intellectual development through training and students in
joint actions to understand the meaning and knowledge. Applied study of the class according to
the method of dialogical training of Alexander (2004) suggests that in comparison of models in
the class, in which the voices of pupils are necessarily taken into account, they are called into
question by dialectical and dialogic pedagogy. Immediate consequences with visual and oral
sources give children the opportunity to deliberately practice the skills of reasoning and to be
trained in less formal, more personally meaningful ways. They "challenge" the traditional emphasis on learning through the textbook, and teachers need to rethink their role in guiding and
not managing the processes of developing knowledge and research.
An increasing number of modern studies confirm that children are trained more
effectively, and their intellectual achievements are higher provided they participate in
discussions, dialogue and argumentation. Thus, equipping children with the skills and qualities
necessary for life in the 21st century is an important and capable goal for educators that can not
be ignored. Wolf and Alexander, 2008). Wolf and Alexander, 2008).
Teachers should study ways to resolve tensions between teaching based on the translation
of a body of knowledge and established "norms" of reflection, recognizing the legitimacy of
alternative perspectives.
Possible methods are defined as "research conversation" or "argumentation", "dialogical
training" and "support". Alexander identified five types of dialogue, explored in practice:
• Mechanical memorization (memorizing facts, ideas and daily activities through
•
•
constant repetition);
recitation (the accumulation of knowledge and understanding through questions
designed to test or stimulate memories of what they had previously encountered, or to
give hints to students to think about the answer, based on the hints given in the
question);
instruction / statement (explaining to the student what to do, and / or transferring
information, and / or explaining facts, principles or procedures);
• Discussion (exchange of ideas for the purpose of information distribution and
problem solving);
• Dialogue (achieving mutual understanding through a structured, cumulative survey
and discussion that contribute to reducing alternatives, minimizing risk and mistakes,
speeds up the "transfer" of concepts and principles (Alexander, 2001, 2008).
The quality and content of the conversation are an essential factor in learning
In the list of approaches, discussion and dialogue are the most preferable, thanks to their
cognitive potential. During the dialogue, students are given alternative perspectives and are
invited to consider the point of view of another person in ways that stimulate the development
and deepening of their own conceptual understanding. Such a method is an element of
"dialectics", understood as a logical and rational argument that distinguishes dialogue from the
prevailing oral or "interactive" training in the usual understanding of most teachers (Wolfe and
Alexander, 2008).
Argumentation can be defined as the promotion and alignment of ideas and perspectives.
Students are able to explore and reflect critically on alternative positions through dialogical
interactions with their peers or experts, assimilating their experience and striving for the
development of higher mental activity. Collaborative learning and problem solving processes
with a special emphasis on understanding can increase the students' ability to effectively argue.
When questions arise, it is not necessary that the source of knowledge is the teacher, but
students and teachers can jointly conduct research using the Internet; teachers can help students
think critically about ways to search, assess and select the information they find. Dialogic
pedagogy means that children and teachers establish relationships in discoveries and learning. Mercer defined three forms of argument when discussing in class, such as:
• Dispute talk, when students compete and do not want to accept the other person's
•
•
point of view;
a cumulative conversation, in which students are built constructively and
benevolently on each other's achievements;
a research conversation that continues through critical thinking and reasoning in a
situation where proposals can be challenged and contested (Mercer, 2000).
Teachers must harmonize the rules of dialogue and create a dialogical model of the class in
which students will interact with each other in order to discover new and better ways of building
a common meaning. This requires an understanding of the characteristics and interests of
students, attention to their relationship and emotions.
Listening and analyzing what children actually say and do, teachers are able to more
effectively support students in their learning the principle of formative evaluation and the
notion of "learning as assessment": not only acquiring knowledge, but also participating in
approaches that form knowledge.
These ideas correspond to the constructivist theory, which positions students as active
participants in the teaching and learning process. "Adjust and e" people to each other in all
situations is formed on trust and respect. Dialogic learning is collective (teachers and children
turn to learning tasks together), facilitating mutual learning (teachers and children listen to each
other, share ideas and view alternative points of view) and supportive (children formulate ideas
freely, without fear, embarrassment due to "wrong "Answer and help each other to achieve
mutual understanding).
Critical thinking of teachers
Teachers who think critically, in accordance with this program, designed for the
professional development of teachers in Kazakhstan, can be based on the structure and processes
described above, regarding the critical thinking of children. But first of all, it is necessary to take
into account the concept of reflexive teaching and the need for critical reflection on the Program.
Critical thinking is presented as a process of singleminded, selfregulating judgment,
using a justified consideration of evidence, context, conceptualization, methods and criteria. In
addition to the skills listed in relation to the development of critical thinking of students, such as
acquiring evidence, through observation and listening, taking into account the context and
applying appropriate criteria for decisionmaking, teachers should also develop:
• The theoretical and methodological base necessary for understanding the educational
concept of the Program and the teaching and learning process;
• Appropriate methods and technologies for the formation of reasoned conclusions and
conclusions.
Reflective teaching
For most teachers, according to their education and vocational training, it is natural to
think about their work, but it is crucial to ensure that this process is systemic and an atmosphere
of cooperation with stakeholders. The concept of "reflexive practitioner" comes from the works
of philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer John Dewey and philosopher, industrial and technological researcher Donald Sean. Dewey's book "How We Think" (1910) had a unique
impact on the education system, defining a reflective thought from the point of view of
intellectualizing the problems to be solved: by developing ideas or hypotheses, initiating and
carrying out studies of practical situations, subjects test the hypotheses in practice.
The logic of the above sequence of processes is associated with Shawn's later view of
reflexive practice as a method by which educators identify the problem and solve it
experimentally in their practical activities. Sean's book "The Reflexive Practitioner: How
Professionals Think in Practice" (1983) had a tremendous impact. His significant contribution is
in concluding "reflections" at the center of understanding what professionals do, thereby denying
the recognition of "technical rationality" as the basis of professional knowledge. Technical
rationalism could not become a dominant paradigm when compared with professionalism. His
concept of "reflection in action" is sometimes referred to as "reflexion on the move." This
presupposes a look at our experience, a connection with our feelings and attention to the theories
used; entails building a new understanding to update our actions in a changing situation. This
process is followed by "reflection after action" a process that is carried out later, in discussion
with colleagues, a mentor, after the recording. The process of "reflection after the action" allows
us to answer the questions: why did we act at a certain moment in this way, and not otherwise?
what happens in a group, etc. At the same time, we define a number of questions and thoughts
concerning our actions and practices.
Some of the following skills are applied in the context of a reflexive teaching:
• Recognizing problems and finding effective ways to solve them;
• Understanding the importance of setting priorities and their priority in solving
problems;
collection and classification of relevant information;
•
accurate and clear description;
•
Identification of unidentified assumptions and values;
•
interpretation of the results for the argumentation of the proof v \
•
formation of reliable conclusions and generalizations;
•
•
confirmation of reached conclusions and generalizations;
• Correct the belief model based on the experience gained.
Critical reflection on what the disciples have learned
Reflexive teaching involves thinking critically about what students are studying, which in
turn requires research, recording, and assessment of the behaviors and critical thinking skills that
they demonstrate. These skills will obviously manifest themselves in the performance of tasks
that require them to consider and discuss certain evidence. Thus, they learn, for example, about
travel and transport, as this reflects the needs of people and affects their lives; on the permanence
and changes in certain historical periods, on the relationship between technology and the
environment and their impact on socioeconomic life and many others. etc. Also, it is possible to
discuss any aspect of sociology or the humanities, for example, childhood and family, food,
cooking and eating, clothing and shopping, leisure and sports, music and entertainment. The
main features considered in the critical thinking of students:
Rationality. The desire to find a better explanation, posing questions instead of asking for
categorical answers; requiring and recording any evidence; reliance on the cause, and not on the emotions (although the emotion takes place and can relate to the selfconsciousness mentioned
below).
Openmindedness. Evaluation of all conclusions; consideration and recognition of many
possible perspectives or perspectives; the desire to remain open to alternative interpretations.
Judgment. Recognition of the degree and significance of evidence; recognition of the
relevance and dignity of alternative assumptions and perspectives.
Discipline. The desire to be precise, comprehensive and exhaustive (taking into account
all available evidence and taking into account all points of view).
Selfawareness. Awareness of the subjectivity of one's own assumptions, prejudices,
points of view and emotions.
In general, critically thinking students are active in the process of raising questions and
analyzing evidence, consciously applying strategies to determine meanings; they are skeptical in
relation to visual, oral and written evidence; open to new ideas and perspectives.
Below is a structure that can be used to reflect critically on one's own teaching and
teaching of students:
1. Read the evidence you received as a result of observing the process of teaching students.
2. Define the learning objectives, based on which the tasks are structured.
3. Analyze the relationship between the aims of learning, on the one hand, and the ways
students work and their achievements, on the other.
4. Compare the different levels of understanding and skills demonstrated by individual
students.
5. Synthesize, connect sources of information and your observations for the purpose of
general reflections on the results of the activity, in general, on the scale of the whole
class.
6. Evaluate, drawing conclusions about the relative success or failure of activities relating to
the training of students.
7. Use the knowledge you acquired as a result of critical evaluation in planning a
subsequent task or project.
8. Justify the use of critical thinking for argumentation, drawing conclusions and
conclusions; use of results in teaching and teaching general science.
Visit the Reflective Teaching website for an introduction to the "Learning Concept in
Learning in the Classroom". ESTIMATION FOR TRAINING AND ESTIMATION OF TRAINING
Classroom assessment is not just a technical technique. Teachers evaluate ¬
evaluating in writing or in oral form. Behind any form of evaluation they use, they mean
not only objective or insufficiently objective norms and standards, but also concepts of the
development, training and motivation of the student, as well as values relating to such
categories as selfesteem, ability and effort (Alekseander, 2001).
Appraisal is a category used to describe activities aimed at the systematic summation of
learning outcomes in order to make decisions about further training.
Differences between formative and summative (summing) evaluation objectives have been
established since the 1960s, although the values of each are not clearly defined. A more obvious
difference, having almost the same meaning, is held between the evaluation of the training
conducted for direct marking and quantitative reporting, and the evaluation for learning, the
explicit purpose of which is to use assessment as part of teaching to promote student learning.
Evaluation aimed at identifying opportunities for improving learning, methods and forms
of implementing these opportunities is a formative, otherwise evaluation for teaching (OD). The
concept of "Assessment for Learning" gained its notoriety in 1999 after the publication of the
brochure under the same name (ODO), which was written by the AssessmentReformGroup of
the UK academics working together with 1989, with the aim of preparation of evidence for
informing teachers and developers of techniques.
If the purpose of the evaluation is to summarize the training for marking out, certifying or
recording the progress of training, then the evaluation by its function is summative and is
sometimes referred to as the evaluation of training. In the event that a cumulative assessment is
used to make decisions that can affect the status or future of a student, teacher, or school (that is,
having a deterministic value), it is necessary to ensure the reliability of measurements, which is
possible when using special tests that establish control over the content of information and the
conditions for its formation.
What is the purpose of the assessment?
Often, the purpose of the assessment is to understand each teacher's methods and methods
of conducting it in the classroom (often in the form of testing), the purpose and the estimated
contingent. A number of priority evaluation objectives are summarized below. 1. Definition of learning difficulties. For this purpose, tests can be used in secondary
schools to determine problems in the field, for example, literacy or arithmetics; after
which specific corrective training and posttest testing can be conducted.
2. Providing feedback, indicating achievements (for students, teachers and parents). Such
feedback can range from an informal assessment of "impressions" to formal written tests,
but the main goal is to constantly inform pupils and teachers about achievements and
development, for example, knowledge, understanding, skills, etc.
3. Development of motivation. Often feedback acts as a motive. Prospects of a test or exam
as an incentive usually concentrate the thinking and actions of some students and
teachers. Such an external stimulus can be a source of encouragement for learning, but
with the same probability without careful monitoring can become a tool of coercion.
4. Forecasting and selection. By assessing the available knowledge and skills, teachers are
trying to predict future behavior and development of students. The results of the state
examination system are often used for the purposes of selection, in particular, for access
to further (higher) education or employment. Within the school, there is usually a form of
evaluation before pupils are selected for distribution into groups and classes.
5. Control and implementation of standards. The evaluation can be conducted with the
purpose of awarding a qualification, establishing the level of education and issuing the
corresponding document. In this case, it is necessary to have reasonable guarantees that
persons with "qualifications" meet the established standards. For example, the analysis of
data obtained through international tests, such as PISA (International Program for
Evaluation of Students' Educational Achievement), is aimed at meeting international
standards. To control compliance with standards at micro and macro levels, state tests are
used, as well as tests developed by the education organization.
6. Control over the content of the educational program and the style of teaching and
learning. For many teachers, this control is secondary, not directly related to the main
purpose of evaluation. However, there is no doubt that the techniques and frequency of
evaluations and examinations have a significant impact on both the content of the
educational program and the teaching methodology.
Importance of assessment for learning
The statement of the question is grounded: why the Evaluation Approach for Training
(hereinafter ODO) is the focus of the solution of the problem of improving the teaching and
learning processes. The understanding was confirmed by many teachers, pupils and their parents,
according to which evaluation is an action carried out after teaching and learning. The assertion
that evaluation is an integral part of teaching and learning requires a fundamental change in our
consciousness, which is what Estimation requires for Learning.
The essence of the assessment process
It is no accident that the category "evaluation" means, in Latin, "sitting next to each other,"
since the characteristic feature of evaluation is that one person closely observes what the other
says or does, or in case of selfevaluation reflects on his own knowledge, understanding or
behavior. This assumption applies to the whole spectrum of assessment: from formal tests and
examinations to informal assessments conducted by teachers in classes hundreds of times a day.
Despite this, the form that assessment takes may be different: some tests are conducted with a
pencil in hand and paper, while others are based on posing questions in the course of ordinary communication in the classroom. All types of evaluation have common characteristics and
involve processes:
• Observations;
•
• Conclusions for determining further actions.
interpretation of the received data;
Observation
In order to conduct the assessment, it is necessary to find out what the students know and
are able to do, and also about the difficulties they face. Observing the behavior in the classroom,
listening to the communication of the children, watching the students performing the task, or
verifying their performance of class or homework, you can get the necessary information.
Although in some cases, it may be necessary to use a special, thoughtout way of obtaining the
necessary information. So, a written assignment or test can contribute to the achievement of the
above goals, but no less effective can be a professionally formulated oral question. The answers
of students to questions should be interpreted by the teacher. In other words, the evaluator must
determine the value of the received data.
Interpretation
Interpretation is carried out with respect to what is of interest, for example, special skills,
points of view or different types of knowledge. Such parameters are often called criteria and
refer them to the objectives of training or tasks. Usually, observation as part of the evaluation is
done according to predefined criteria, but sometimes teachers observe unplanned interactions or
results and apply the criteria retrospectively. With the help of interpretation one can describe or
try to explain behavior; either the interpretation appears as a logical conclusion from the
behavior, for example, what the disciple says is the result of his mental reflection. In this
connection, interpretation is sometimes called a logical conclusion.
Conclusion
Based on the interpretation of the data, it is concluded that it involves a procedure for
assessment. At this stage, the evaluation process is presented in different ways in accordance
with different goals and uses of information.
Evaluation for training
In the case of OD, observation, interpretation and criteria may be similar to the criteria
used in the process of assessing learning, but the nature of the conclusions and decisions taken
on their basis will be different. Essentially, OD concentrates on the data obtained about the stage
at which students are in the process of learning, in particular, the nature and causes of their
strengths and weaknesses. Thus, the conclusion of the Odo is focused on what the teacher and
students can take to develop further.
The Evaluation Reform Team (2002) proposes the following evaluation definition for
training:
Evaluation for learning is a process of searching and interpreting data used by students and
their teachers to determine the stage at which the students are in the process of their education,
the direction in which to develop, and how to best achieve the required level. One of the significant elements of this definition is the emphasis on the use of data by
students. Attention is drawn to the fact that teachers are not the only evaluators. Students can be
involved in the process of evaluating their classmates and themselves, and even when teachers
actively conduct evaluation, students should be equally active in this process.
Only those who study can be able to learn and, in this connection, in order to improve their
education, it is necessary to react to information received as a result of feedback, which requires
understanding, motivation and desire to act. The above conclusion is extremely important and
relevant for the practice of teaching and learning.
Evaluation of training
The purpose of evaluating learning, on the contrary, is to summarize what the student has
learned at this particular moment. In essence, it is not directed directly to the contribution to the
future teaching, although testing that is of crucial importance can also have a negative impact on
the learning process (Assessment Reform Group, 2002b). When assessing learning, the
conclusion is made after the ratio of the student's achievements with the established norms or
levels achieved by a group of students, for example, of the same age. Such conclusions can be
formulated in the form "conforms / does not correspond" to the standard or are presented in the
form of a scorecard or levels and other symbolic designations of the criteria and standards on
which they are based.
The presentation in such a short but, unfortunately, not always exhaustive form, is
convenient in cases where it is necessary to provide statistical data to any parent organizations,
as well as parents, new teachers at the time of their replacement by other teachers, managers ,
interested in monitoring the educational activities of schools at local and state levels. Reporting,
selection and monitoring, therefore, are the obvious purpose of this type of information
assessment.
Can the summary data be used formatively?
The scores and levels of the student groups are often referred to as "data". Collected
summative data contribute to the identification of works and the special attention of teachers to
groups working above or below the expected level. International studies, such as the OECD
International Assessment of Educational Achievement (PISA), are designed to collect "data"
from participating countries in order to establish the level of knowledge and skills necessary for
full participation in society received by students upon completing a mandatory course education.
At the same time, it is equally important to know the methodology for collecting these "data",
and also to analyze the findings of the study. Schools also collect "data" in order, in the future, to
establish the reasons for these or other results and develop a plan for further action. In the same
way, at the level of an individual student, a cumulative assessment is used to determine the levels
of achievement and subsequent levels set as a goal for the student's further development.
However, if the provision of support for students at further stages is a key aspect, the rationale
and criteria for determining scores and levels should be studied particularly carefully. It is
important that qualitative information on the main aspects of the fulfilled task can be used for
feedback to students. For example, if you simply inform the student that he has reached a certain
level, this will not help him understand what to do in order to achieve a better result; while if,
together with the student, to analyze what in his work led to this result and explain the evaluation
criteria, it will allow him to understand what to do next to improve this result. In this context, summative estimation (in numerical form) is not the main thing, and the teacher returns to the
data (observation and interpretation) on which it is based. Then the teacher makes a formal
assessment (orally) about how these data determine the level of the student's training, what level
he needs to achieve and how best to do it.
By changing the nature of the evaluation, the evaluation of learning can be transformed
into assessment for learning. However, in view of the fact that it was not planned to extract data
directly contributing to training, it may be less suitable for this purpose compared with the
estimate planned for OD. External tests are even more problematic than the cumulative
assessment carried out by teachers, since teachers rarely have access to sufficient data on which
scores and levels are scored, but the teacher can use analysis of typical errors.
Conclusion
In one of the studies in the field of teaching and learning, the original technical metaphor
of the class as a "black box" was used and, accordingly, the use of evaluation for learning
became known as "work inside the black box" (Figure 13).
The study mentioned above has shown that the improvement of learning through
evaluation depends on five deceptively simple at first glance key factors:
1. Providing effective feedback to students.
2. Active participation of students in their own training.
3. Change of teaching taking into account the results of evaluation.
4. Recognize the significant impact of evaluation on the motivation and selfesteem of
students, which in turn has a decisive influence on learning.
5. The need for students to evaluate themselves and understand how to improve their
learning.
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
Training to critical thinking. Estimation for training and estimation of training
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