Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку на тему: " Проблемы окружающей среды"

Практикум по английскому языку на тему: «Экология»

Аннотация

Данное методическое пособие составлено в соответствии с требованиями ФГОС для студентов дневного отделения.

Пособие предназначено для практических занятий по английскому языку со студентами II курса всех специальностей. Цель методического пособия- обеспечить студентов дополнительным материалом по теме «Экология. Проблемы загрязнения окружающей среды», расширить их кругозор, а также сформировать умение самостоятельно читать литературу по данной теме

Данное методическое пособие отвечает требованиям программы иностранного языка для всех групп и специальностей среднего профессионального образования.

Содержание

1. Введение. ……………………………………………………………...4

2. Глоссарий………………………………..……………………………7

3. Загрязнение воздуха…………………………………………………..9

4. Загрязнение воды……………………………………………………..12

5. Крылатые выражения о природе……………………..……………...18

6. Основные экологические проблемы…………………………………21

7. Как защитить окружающую среду…………………………………..22

8. Лексико-грамматические упражнения………………………………23

9. Гринпис……………………………………………………………......32

10.Тексты для дополнительного чтения……………………..…....… . 33

11.Заключение…………………………………………………..……… 37

12.Список использованной литературы…………………..…………...38

Введение

Ecology

We live on a very beautiful planet - on the Earth. Our planet has very rich resources: the bright blue of the sky, fresh, crystal-clear mountain lake water, the rich green of the mountains slopes, wild flower, picturesque views - all these sceneries of nature fill us with admiration.

That's why those who live in cities prefer spending their days off and their holidays far from the noise of the city, to be closer to nature. Perhaps they like to breathe fresh air or to swim in clear water because the ecology is not so poor as in the cities.

Ecology is the study of the ways in which organisms (plants and animals) depend upon each other and upon their surroundings. Each organism requires conditions in order to be able to live and breed. These conditions are its environment by changing the ecological conditions.

So, pollution is one of the most burning problems of nowadays. Now millions of chimneys, cars, buses, trucks all over the world exhaust fumes and harmful substances into the atmosphere. These poisoned substances pollute everything: air, land, water, birds and animals people. So, it is usually hard to breathe in the large cities where there are lots plants. Everything there is covered with soot and dirt. All these affect harmfully.

Water pollution is very serious, too. Ugly rivers of dirty water polluted with factory waste, poisoned fish are all-round us. And polluted air and poisoned water lead to the end of the civilization. So, nowadays a lot of dead lands and lifeless areas have appeared. Because our actions and dealings can turn the land to a desert.

We are to stop pollution. So, we can grow plants and trees, to purify waste, to start urgent campaigns in order to preserve environment For example, in 1989 in Australia, Sydney. In a year the same kind of action was held all over Australia and it was called "Clean up Australia" the following years 110 countries hold the similar actions within the ecological program of the UN O.

Nowadays there are many different pressure and interests groups in British, which try to find solutions to the problems of pollution at the national and international level. So they are groups of people with a common interest in trying to draw the public attention to environment problems, to influence the government decisions.

Greenpeace is a very famous pressure group. It started functioning in 1971.

Its headquarters are at Amsterdam, but it operates in 25 countries worldwide. The aim of Greenpeace is to protect wildlife of toxic wastes, nuclear tests.

"Friends of the Earth" (FoE) is one of the British pressure groups with an international reputation. Its general aim is to conserve the planet's resources and reduce pollution. FoE was established in 1971 and now it operated in 44 countries worldwide. It campaigns among other things, for recycling and renewable energy, and the destruction of wildlife and habitat. The main campaigning issues of the FoE are:

·         The protection of all animals and plants in danger of extinction.

·         An end to the destruction of wildlife and habitats.

·         A program of energy conservation measures, etc.

So, a number of campaigns resulted in:

·         The ban or other hunting in England and Wales

·         And indefinite delay in the construction of the Commercial East Breeder Reactor, etc

But not only great groups can influence the problem of pollution. So, different people have their own opinions on this problem:

·         The continued pollution of the earth, if unchecked, well eventually destroys the fitness of this planet as a place for human life. (B. Commoner).

·         The Earth has enough for every man's need, but not for man's greed. (Ganlui).

And I agree with them because it is really so. And terrible examples prove them.

The Baltic Sea is a special case. Because it is such a small sea and it becomes dirty very easily. Its waster changes slowly through the shallow straits. As many as 250 rivers run into the Baltic. There are hundreds of factories in these rivers and millions of people live along them. Quite a lot of big cities lie on its coast. All these combined with the active navigation of the sea naturally affects the state of the sea water and the shore line flora and fauna. People suffer from the waster pollution; cancer deaths increase people's concern.

And there is no escape from this ecological crisis without organizing a single body dealing with the environmental problems, developing and carrying out a nationwide program of environmental protection and co-operating with international schemes.

Answer the questions on the text.

1.    What is an environment?

2.    Ecology is the science of how living things are related to their environment, isn’t?

3.    What does the word “ecology” mean?

4.    How can we keep our earth clean?

5.    Where must we throw the garbage?

6.    Why must we take care of the air nowadays?

Vocabulary:

environment protection

environmentalist

ecologist

ecology

ecosystem

eco-friendly

ecological catastrophe

ecotourism

ecotourist

environment-friendly

to become extinct

on the brink of extinction

endangered animals

rare breeds (species)

habitat destruction obliteration

to destroy/obliterate habitat

to pillage the wild

to fell/cut down trees

at an alarming rate

rain forests

flood

to flood

to wash out soil

to get clogged with mud

pollution

to pollute the air, water, land

greenhouse effect

greenhouse gases

emission into the atmosphere

to emit smoke, soot into ...

ozone layer

over a large expanse

wild life

wild life conservation

wild forest

coniferous forest

mix forest

deciduous forest

to devastate the wild life

the desert grows/spreads

irrigation canals

arable land

crops don't ripen

crops fail

a nuclear winter

to suffocate from industrial pollution

industrial, nuclear, chemical waste

in-door pollution exhaust gases

acid rain

fossil fuel

unleaded petrol

to reduce pollution

to tackle pollution

energy sources

to avoid pollution

to affect/harm the environment

strict safety regulations

nuclear reactors

to take urgent action

hazardous, harmful, noxious gases

pollutants

to be exposed to

cleanliness,

dump, scrap heap

dustbin, trash can

refuse/garbage container

refuse incineration unit

recycling

recycled paper

biodegradable package

renewable resources

disposable

conservation programme

to conserve nature

drought

prone to drought

famine/starvation

poaching

poacher

contaminated

organic products

genetically modified/GM

sanctuary reserve

forester

forest warden

animal rights activist

eruption

tornado

typhoon

casualties

road sweeper

road sweeping lorry

to litter

cleansers

to cleanse

dust, rubbish, to leave refuse, garbage

litter about

cleanness

Air Pollution

Air pollution is one of the major problems of today. Millions of people all over the world live in areas in which the air is not safe to breathe. As for Russia, it is estimated that Altai is the region with the largest per cent of harmful substances in the air. In most cases air pollution is caused by people.

One of the main sources of this type of pollution is industry. Numerous factories and plants release into the atmosphere a lot of waste such as poisonous chemicals and, what is worse, particles of heavy metals. This process not only produces harmful effects on the atmosphere, but influences man’s health as well. People suffer from lung diseases more and more often or have headaches, breathing such polluted air.

Waste, created by people may occur in the form of gases or particles of solid and liquid matter which appear as a result of burning fossil fuels. Burning of garbage also contributes to the problem.

One more dramatic thing is an increasing number of cars and other means of transport as their fumes penetrate into the atmosphere and destroy the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the dangerous light of the Sun.

There is also a close connection between air and water pollution, the last one is called acid rain. It happens when sulphur and nitrogen compounds mix with moisture of the air and fall to Earth in rain or snow. After that acid water flows into rivers and lakes, which become so polluted that no fish or plants can survive.

Air is an integral part of the ecosystem which is absolutely essential for all the living beings to be alive, so it’s really important to make it clean and to take care of it.

Air pollution is the accumulation of hazardous substances into the atmosphere that danger human life and other living matter.

What are the sources of air pollution?

Some of the main contributors to air pollution are:

·         Automobile emissions

·         Tobacco smoke

·         Combustion of coal

·         Acid rain

·         Noise pollution from cars and construction

·         Power plants

·         Manufacturing buildings

·         Large ships

·         Paint fumes

·         Aerosol sprays

·         Wildfires

·         Nuclear weapons

Facts about Air Pollution

Here are a few facts about air pollution:

·         Modern plants and factories, cars and buses poison the air. This is also bad, because nowadays it is difficult to breath in big cities.

·         Nuclear power stations can go wrong and cause nuclear pollution. This happened in Windscale in Britain and Chernobol in the former soviet union

·         To make the air clean we need good filters an nuclear power station, factories and plants, in cars and buses

·         Almost 232 million different types of vehicles are driven by U.S. citizens every day, adding greenhouse gases into the air

·         U.S. vehicle emissions contribute 45% to global warming

·         The average adult consumes 3,000 gallons of polluted air every day

·         Vehicle exhaust contributes to 60% of carbon monoxide emissions in the U.S. and up to 95% in large cities

·         Every year 335,000 Americans die of lung cancer, which is a direct result of air pollution

How to prevent Air Pollution

The number one way to prevent air pollution is to walk or bike more and drive less. This will prevent fossil fuels from polluting the air. Here are some other ways to prevent air pollution:

·         Carpool or join a ride share with friends and coworkers

·         Don’t smoke

·         Keep your car maintenance up-to-date

·         If you have to drive, do your errands at one time

·         Don’t buy products that come in aerosol spray cans

·         Avoid using lighter fluid when barbecuing outside

·         When you drive accelerate slowly and use cruise control

·         Always replace your car’s air filter

·         Use a push or electric lawnmower rather than a gas-powered one

·         Don’t use harsh chemical cleaners that can emit fumes

·         Inspect your gas appliances and heaters regularly

Water Pollution

Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, biological and physical matter into large bodies of water that degrade the quality of life that lives in it and consumes it.

Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs mostly, when people overload the water environment such as streams, lakes, underground water, bays or seas with wastes or substances harmful to living beings.

Water is necessary for life. All organisms contain it, some drink it and some live in it. Plants and animals require water that is moderately pure, and they cannot survive, if water contains toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms. Water pollution kills large quantity of fish, birds, and other animals, in some cases killing everything in an affected area.

Pollution makes streams, lakes, and coastal waters unpleasant to swim in or to have a rest. Fish and shellfish harvested from polluted waters may be unsafe to eat. People who polluted water can become ill, if they drink polluted water for a long time, it may develop cancer or hurt their future children.

The major water pollutants are chemical, biological, and physical materials that lessen the water quality. Pollutants can be separated into several different classes:

The first class is petroleum products: oil, fuel, lubrication, plastics. The petroleum products get into water by accidental spills from ships, tanker trucks and when there are leaks from underground storage tanks. Many petroleum products are poisonous for animals. Spilled oil damages the feathers of birds and the fur of animals, often it causes death.

The second class is pesticides and herbicides. There are chemicals used to kill harmful animals and plants. If they penetrate into streams, rivers, lakes, these chemicals can be very dangerous. The chemicals can remain dangerous for a long time. When an animal eats a plant that's been treated with it, the poisons are absorbed into the tissues and organs of the animals.

When other animals feed on a contaminated animal, the chemicals are passed up to them. As it goes up through the food chain, the chemical becomes more harmful, so animals at the top of the food chains may suffer cancers, reproductive problems, and death. Nitrates can cause a lethal form of anemia in infants.

The third class are heavy metals, such as, mercury, selenium, uranium, radium, cesium, etc. They get into the water from industries, automobile exhausts, mines, and natural soil. Heavy metals also become more harmful as they follow the food chain. They accumulate in living being's cells and when they reach high levels of concentration in the organism, they can be extremely poisonous, or can result in long-term health problems. They can sometimes cause liver and kidney damage.

The fourth class is fertilizers and other nutrients used to promote plant growth on farms and in gardens.

The fifth class is infectious organisms and pathogens. They enter water through sewage, storm drains, runoff from farms, etc.

The last one is thermal pollution. Water is often taken from rivers, lakes or seas to be used in factories and power plants. The water is usually returned to the source warmer than when it was taken. Even a small temperature change in a body of water can drive away the fish and other species that were originally there, and attract other species in place of them. It breaks a balance and can cause serious circumstances in future.
 

Questions:

1. When does water pollution occur?
2. Why do plants and animals require pure water?
3. What are the major water pollutants?
4. How can pollutants be separated?
5. How do petroleum products affect the animals?
6. Why can pesticides and herbicides be dangerous if they penetrate into streams, rivers and lakes?
7. What do heavy metals result in?
8. How do fertilizers penetrate to water?
9. What damage can thermal pollution cause?

Vocabulary:

pollution — загрязнение
to occur — происходить, случаться, совершаться
mostly — главным образом» но большей части
environment — окружение, окружающая обстановка; окружающая среда
stream — река, ручей
underground water — подземные воды
bay — залив» бухта
harmful — вредный
living beings — живые существа
to contain — содержать в себе, включать, иметь в своем составе; вмещать
to require — требовать
moderately — умеренно, сдержанно
to survive — выдержать, пережить, перенести
quantity — количество
shellfish — моллюск, ракообразное
to harvest — проводить массовые охоты
to ingest — глотать, проглатывать
to lessen — уменыпать(ся), сокращать(ся)
petroleum products — нефтепродукты
fuel — топливо, бензин
lubrication — смазка, смазывание (машины)
accidental — случайный
to spill — проливаться), разливать(ся), расплескивать(ся)
tanker truck — грузовой танкер
leak — течь, протечка, утечка
underground storage tank — подземные хранилища (резервуары)
poisonous — ядовитый
to penetrate — проникать внутрь, проходить сквозь, пронизывать
to remain — оставаться
to absorb — всасывать, впитывать; абсорбировать, поглощать
tissue — ткань
contaminated — зараженный, загрязненный
to suffer — страдать; испытывать, претерпевать
lethal form — летальный исход
exhausts — выхлопные газы
to cause damage — причинять ущерб, вред
liver — печень
kidney — почка
nutrient — питательное вещество
sewage — сточные воды, нечистоты
storm drains — дренажи
circumstance — обстоятельство, случай; условие

What are the sources of water pollution?

Some of the main contributors to water pollution are:

·         Factories

·         Refineries

·         Waste treatment facilities

·         Mining

·         Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers

·         Human sewage

·         Oil spills

·         Failing septic systems

·         Soap from washing your car

·         Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars

·         Household chemicals

·         Animal waste

Facts about Water Pollution

Here are a few facts about water pollution:

·         We know that water is very important for life on the earth. Now factories and plants produce water polluted with poisons or oils and let that water into rivers and seas. Many rivers and lakes are poisoned this water.

·         Over two-thirds of U.S. estuaries and bays are severely degraded because of nitrogen and phosphorous pollution

·         Every year almost 25% of U.S. beaches are closed at least once because of water pollution

·         Over 73 different kinds of pesticides have been found in the groundwater that we eventually use to drink

·         1.2 trillion gallons of sewage, stormwater and industrial waste are discharged into U.S. waters every year

·         40% of U.S. rivers are too polluted for aquatic life to survive

·         Americans use over 2.2 billion pounds of pesticides every year, which eventually washes into our rivers and lakes

How to Prevent Water Pollution

The best way to prevent water pollution is to not throw trash and other harmful chemicals into our water supplies. Here are a few more ways you can prevent water pollution:

·         Wash your car far away from any stormwater drains

·         Don’t throw trash, chemicals or solvents into sewer drains

·         Inspect your septic system every 3-5 years

·         Avoid using pesticides and fertilizers that can run off into water systems

·         Sweep your driveway instead of hosing it down

·         Always pump your waste-holding tanks on your boat

·         Use non-toxic cleaning materials

·         Clean up oil and other liquid spills with kitty litter and sweet them up

·         Don’t wash paint brushes in the sink

What slogans will you put forward to make people be more active in the movient for the purity of the nature?

 Protect the environment from industrial pollution
Охраняйте окружающую среду от промышленного загрязнения.

Keep the land, air and water clean.
Держи землю, воздух и воду в чистоте.

Keep our environment clean.
Содержи окружающую среду в чистоте.

All woods are home for animals. So behave as guests.
Все леса – дом для животных. Веди себя как гость.

Help nature. Protect it.
Помогай природе. Защищай ее.

The Earth is our home. Don’t pollute it.
Земля - наш дом. Не загрязняй его.

When you hike, leave the place clean.
На прогулке оставляй после себя место чистым.

Plant a tree to create home for birds, squirrels and other small animals.
Посади дерево, чтобы сделать дом для птиц, белок и других маленьких животных

The quotations of the famous people about nature and ecology

a. Nature pardons no errors - природа ошибок не прощает

b. We must love another or die- мы должны любить друг друга или умереть

c. To hurt the Earth is to hurt yourself- вредить земле вредить себе

d. Our next breath is depend on trees- наш следующий вздох зависит от деревьев

e. Nothing is forever- ничто не вечно

How would yоu express the following quotations in your own words? Dо yоu agree with them? Why оr why not?

``The only thing we have to fear оn this planet is man''. (Carl Yung)

``The deer, the horse, the great eagle, these аrе our brothers... the earth is our mother ... all things аrе connected like the blood which unites one family''. (Chief Seattle in а letter to U.S. President Franklin Pierce, 1854)

``Mother Рlаnеt is showing us the red warning light - 'bе careful' - she is saying. То take care of the planet is to take care of our own house ``(The Dalai Lama)

``Never doubt that а small group оf thoughtful committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it is the only thing that ever has''. (Margaret Mead)

``Woe tо those who add house tо house, who join field tо field, until there is nо mоrе room and they аrе the sole inhabitants of the land''. (Isaiah 5: 8)

a. This is the third planet from the sun. It is about 12.750 km across its middle and is approximately 4.600 million years old. 71% of the surface is water and 5 billion people live on it. (The Earth)

b.40% of all the world’s plants and animals live here. Every year an area the size of England disappears. Half of this in the tropical areas of the world has already gone, and the other half might disappear by 2050(Forests).

c. Every year about 6 hectares of land becomes this. The cause might be global warming – five of the world hottest years were in 1980-s and 1990-s. –but may be the way we use the land. One – third of the world’s land area is at risk from this increasing probli. (Deserts)

d. This is a probli in all the big countries. It comes from factories, power stations and cars. It kills forests and lakes, and can make people ill. Some countries are starting to reduce thin probli, but it is still happening worldwide. (Air pollution).

e. The world’s people produce 1 billion tones of this a year. Most of it is dumped into the earth or the sea. In the UK, an average family throws away 60 kg of plastic a year, and 15 kg of glass. (Rubbish).

Greatest environmental problems

The range of environmental problems people are facing with is really large. Only by taking measures as a whole can really help to solve the problems.

Among the major environmental problems:

·         Genetic engineering – modification of food by using biotechnology.

·         Public health issues – increase of human and animal diseases caused by air, water, soil pollution.

·         Urban sprawl – migration of population from urban areas to rural areas with lower density.

·         Water pollution – pollution of water bodies (sources of clear drinking water) with toxic pollutants.

·         Acid rains – atmospheric condensation containing nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide.

·         Ozone layer depletion – formation of holes in the ozone layer caused by Bromide and Chlorine.

·         Ocean acidification – increase of ocean acidity caused by excessive production of CO2.

·         Deforestation – decrease of tree cover due to clearing spaces for industrial, residential and commercial purposes.

·         Loss of biodiversity – extinction of species and as consequence destruction of eco systems.

·         Climate change – mean temperatures rise leading to polar ice melting, new diseases occurrence, change in seasons.

·         Waste disposal – producing of excessive amounts of garbage and waste (mainly plastic, but also out of other synthetic and non-synthetic materials).

·         Natural resource depletion – decrease of fossil fuel and other extractable resources.

·         Overpopulation – increase of planet population to unsustainable levels leading to shortage of resources.

·         Global warming – rise of earth’s surface and oceans mean temperatures leading to natural disasters.

·         Air and soil pollution – release of toxins, harmful gases, heavy metals, nitrates in the atmosphere and soil.

How to protect the environment

There are several different opinions concerning who and how have to handle the crisis and bear the responsibility of solving the environmental problems. Some people think it is up to government, other consider that only measures taken at the individual level will help. The fact is that the both opinions have right to be considered.

The key role, of course, plays the government. It has the authority to prevent damage to the environment, setting the regulations and rules and imposing huge fines if these rules and regulations are violated.

However, measures taken by government alone are not sufficient. Individuals have to come into an action and play their role in solving the environmental problems, too. The efforts of every individual will cause a significant change in the environmental issues. It is really simple. Even replacing plastic shopping bags with paper ones and preferring bicycles to cars on weekends will help greatly.

What must people do to protect nature from pollution, to keep the Earth clean and people healthy?

Some ideas about it

- Take care of nature.

- Feed birds and help them.

- Put litter away.

- Don’t cut wild flowers, plants from Red Data Book.

- Clean rivers and springs.

- Do not waste recourses (water, gas)

- Use ecologically clean transport and goods

- Plant more trees and plants

- Don't cut forests

- Save water

- Don’t buy drinks in plastic bottles. These can’t be recycled and plastic won’t even degrade.

- Recycle used materials.

EXERCISES

1.Read and translate these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

1. Маnу factories still allow pollutants, such as toxic waste, to flow into our rivers.

2. We should put our old newspapers and bottles in recycling bins.

3. Organisations like Friends of the Earth аrе often referred to as green organisations.

4. Scientists аrе concerned about the size of the hole in the ozone layer, as ozone helps stop harmful radiation entering the Earth's surface.

5. People who live in towns and cities live in аn urban environment.

6. People who live in the countryside live in а rural environment.

7. Dinosaurs bесаmе extinct millions of years ago; there will nеvеr bе dinosaurs again.

8. Global warming is the theory that the world's average temperature is increasing.

9. Ecology is the relationship between plants, animals, people and their environment.

10. Exhaust fumes from cars аrе responsible for much of the air pollution in cities.

11. People who live near airports often suffer from noise pollution.

12. An animal's natural habitat is the place where it usually lives.

13. Some animals аrе endangered and need protection.

14. The blue whale faces extinction unless we act quickly.

15. When an animal is in captivity, it lives in а place like а zoo and isn't free.

16. This species of tiger is vеrу rаrе.

17. The Mediterranean monk seal is protected, which means you can't hunt them.

18. In the West, we rely оn fossil fuels such as оil and coal.

19. You саn help the environment bу using mоrе solar energy, especially in countries that have а lot of sunshine.

20. Many conservationists аrе working hard to save animals which аrе under threat.

1) If we don't protect endangered species, they mау bесоmе _________ .

2) _________ is important because it means factories have to produce less new plastic, glass and рареr.

3) The filter prevents dangerous ________ from entering the atmosphere through the chimney.

4) Some children in _________ environments don't realise that milk comes from cows!

5) I'm а vеrу _________ person; I recycle, use public transport, and саrе about the environment.

6) Electric cars don't produce аnу _________ , so they аrе much cleaner.

7) Until the Industrial Revolution, most Europeans had а vеrу _________, agricultural way of life.

8) If _________ continues, the polar ice caps will start melting and the sea level will rise.

9) Some aerosol cans give off CFC gases which enter the atmosphere and destroy the _________ .

10) The _________ of rainforests changes when trees аге cut down.

11) Eventually, the world will run out of _________ and we will have to find other energy sources.

12) The _________ in the town centre is terrible and you have to shout to have а conversation.

13) It was exciting to go to Africa and see elephants in their _________ .

14) Many people in Spain heat their water using _________ in the summer.

15) Unless we do something to help those animals which аrе __________ , we could lose many animals forever.

16) Expert __________ say that pollution seriously threatens this аrеа.

17) The zoo announced that it was the first time а panda had had а bаbу _________ .

18) The Indian elephant is а different __________ from the African.

19) Because there аrе so few in the wild, the golden eagle is _________ bу law.

20) The Siberian tiger _________ and could disappear in а vеrу short time.

2. Complete the passage with some of these words. Do not use any word or phrase more than once.

environmental, ozone, developing countries, acid rain, chemicals, rainforests, planet, preventable, climate, conservation, resources, renewable, pollution

Many 1) ___ experts are pessimistic about the future of our 2) ___. They say that in the next few years harmful 3) ___ will further damage the 4) ___ layer, there will be more losses of irreplaceable tropical 5) ___, and serious air 6) ___ will cause the 7) ___ itself to change. They also warn us that Third World countries will continue to suffer 8) ___ disasters, while the rich countries consume the vast majorities of the world's 9) ___. Projects for 10) ___ and protection of the environment are, unfortunately, not yet achieving their aims.

3. In the same way as above, use these words to complete the passage.

research, bottle banks, dustbins, campaign, public transport, exhaust fumes, recycle, fuel, energy sources, greenhouse effect, wildlife, packaging

What can we do to help? Here are some suggestions.

Use less 1) ___ at home and at work.

Persuade governments to pay for 2) ___ into alternative 3) ___ like solar power.

4) ___ paper, glass, metal, plastic and batteries as much as possible.

Ask for 5) ___ for glass recycling at local supermarkets.

Walk, cycle or use 6) ___ if possible, to cut down on car 7) ___, which contributes to the 8) ___.

9) ___ for public transport systems to be improved.

Join one of the many conservation groups which work to protect 10) ___ and the countryside.

4. Give derivatives of: environ-, prevent, conserve, new, pollute, research, campaign, exhaust, recycle, protect.

5. Answer these questions as fully as you can, in conversation or in writing.

How would you start an environmental campaign in your area?

How can we reduce the level of chemicals we are exposed to in our daily life - in food, in water and in the air?

What alternative energy sources do you think should be more fully researched?

Can we as individuals do more to protect our environment?

What do you think is the single greatest danger to the environment?

6.Complete the passage with these words. There are two more than you need.

damage, obliterated, irrigation, developing, resources, drought, environmental, tribal, environmentalists, source, network, conservation, rugged, scale

Problems have arisen over the Indian government's giant dam project in the 1) ___ Narmada Valley, where many of Rudyard Kipling's stories are set. The Narmada River rises in the heart of central India and flows westwards to the Arabian Sea. According to officials, the planned 2) ___ of huge dams and 3) ___ canals will provide water for drinking and agriculture in the area worryingly prone to 4) ___. The Narmada dam will also offer a major 5) ___ of electricity to power-starved regions. As part of its commitment to 6) ___ countries, the World Bank originally gave India a $450 million loan for this vast project. However, critics say that the dam project represents 7) ___ and cultural destruction on a 8) ___ so massive that the benefits of the project will pale in comparison to the 9) ___ it will cause. They say that more than 200 000 people will be uprooted and rehoused, and ancient 10) ___ cultures will be 11) ___. The World Bank recently halted funding as a result of intense pressure from 12) ___, following an unfavourable independent review of the project.

7.Choose the correct word or phrase from the pair in brackets to complete each sentence.

1. There are very few unexplored areas left in the ___. (world/cosmos)

2. Barnaby spent all his life working on the ___, like his father and grandfather before him. (earth/land)

3. After a long day in the town, you really appreciate the fresh air of the ___. (nature/countryside)

4 .Some market gardens find labour costs for casual workers so high that they allow the public to ___ the produce themselves. (pick/pick up)

5. The children watched open-mouthed as the meteor blazed across the evening ___. (heavens/sky)

6 .From the helicopter the navigator could see the red cliffs of the Devon ___. (coast/shore)

7. It is hoped that recent advances in medical research will enable us to ___ many of the diseases which currently kill a large number of people in Third World countries. (devastate/eradicate)

8. The travellers gazed in awe at the ___, a beautiful stretch of clear, fresh water surrounded by snow-capped mountains. (lake/sea)

9. South Africa is a country of immense natural ___, which could eventually provide a comfortable standard of living for all its inhabitants. (sources/resources)

10. The air in the centre of town was thick with ___ from the hundreds of cars in the traffic jam. (smoke/fumes)

9. Find adjectives connected with these nouns and verbs, and check their meanings in a dictionary: tropics, globe, town, countryside, nature, scenery, mountain, coast, region, protect, congestion, conifer, pollute, climate, disaster, replace, disposal, biodegrade, solve, produce, problem, pole.

10. Answer these questions as fully as you can, in conversation or in writing.

What is your greatest environmental concern, and why?

What can the individual do to reduce pollution of the environment?

What should governments do to tackle pollution?

Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future of our planet? Explain why.

What sources of energy are most environmentally-friendly? Discuss their pros and cons.

Is there a need for a world population policy and, if so, what would you like to see included in it?

11. Переведите следующие выражения.

1.    Я думаю, что дыра в озоновом слое будет увеличиваться, потому что она образовалась в результате деятельности человека, а люди не прекращают эту деятельность

2.    Мировой климат изменяется, лето очень жаркое, а зима необычно теплая

3.    Я думаю, что климат на земле будет теплеть, потому что климат меняется

4.    Парниковый эффект — это эффект, когда атмосфера становится более теплой

5.    Это происходит так: солнечный свет дает нам тепло. Некоторая часть тепла согревает атмосферу, некоторая часть тепла возвращается назад в космос. В наши дни воздух, окружающий землю, стал гораздо теплее из-за того, что тепло не может вернуться назад в космос

6.    Сейчас обсуждается много экологических проблем. Например, отравление рыбы или сбрасывание отходов в реки и моря.

7.    Сейчас обсуждается много проблем окружающей среды. Например, парниковый эффект и глобальное потепление.

8.    Я думаю, что экологические проблемы должны обсуждаться в классе, потому что мы должны знать, перед какими проблемами мы стоим и какие проблемы нам нужно решать.

9.    Я думаю, что очень важно заносить таких животных и растений в Красную книгу, потому что мы должны знать, что с ними происходит

10.  . Люди уже узнали некоторые правила, как защищать окружающую  среду: 1) Попросите правительства создать законы, которые будут защищать воздух, воду и почву. 2) Развивайте международное сотрудничество, чтобы вместе решить экологические проблемы. 3) Экономьте воду, газ, электроэнергию и другие природные ресурсы. 4) Сохраняйте ваши города и сельскую местность чистыми. 5) Не тратьте зря воду, газ, электроэнергию и другие природные ресурсы. 6) Не отравляйте воду, воздух и почву. 7) Не выкидывайте или не сливайте промышленные отходы в реки, озера, моря и океаны. 8) Не превращайте планету в свалку

1.    I think the hole in the ozone layer will get bigger because it appeared because of people’s activities and people will not stop them.

2.    The world climate is changing, summers are very hot and winters are unusually warm.

3.    I think the earth will become warmer as the climate is changing

4.    The greenhouse effect is the effect when the atmosphere becomes warmer.

5.    It works like this: sunlight gives us heat. Some of the heat warms the atmosphere, and some of the heat goes back into space. Nowadays the air surrounding the earth has become much warmer because the heat can’t go back into space

6.    Many ecological problems are discussed nowadays. For example, poisoning fish or dumping waste into the rivers and seas

7.    Many environmental problems are discussed nowadays. For example, the greenhouse effect or global warming

8.    I think that ecological problems should be discussed in class as we should know what problems we face and what problems we have to solve. We discuss these problems in Ecology, Biology and English

9.    I think that it is very important to put such animals and plants into the Red Book as we should know what is happening to them

10.  People had already learnt some important rules to protect the environment: 1) Ask your governments to make laws to protect air, water and soil. 2) Develop international cooperation to solve ecological problems. 3) Save water, gas, energy and other natural resources. 4) Keep your towns, cities and countryside clean. 5) Don't waste water, gas, energy, natural resources. 6) Don't poison the water, air and soil. 7) Don’t dump or pour industrial waste into rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. 8) Don't turn the planet into a rubbish dump.

Are there any organizations witch help to protect the nature?

-It’s Greenpeace, which campaigns in many countries around the world.

TEXTS

Water pollution

Water pollution is one of the famous and one of the largest problems in our world. People in Africa cannot drink clean water; their children die because a big part of our water has been polluted. Children in Kenya often have to go many kilometers to collect drinking water. At all over 2 million people don’t have clean water. And we do not know how it will be in future.

But the pollute water killed animals and plants too. There is no ocean or sea, which is not used as a dump. Many seas are used for dumping industrial and nuclear waste. This poisons and kills fish and sea animals. "Nuclear-poisoned" fish can be eaten by people.

Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles cannot live in them. There is not enough oxygen in the water. In such places all the birds leave their habitats and many plants die. If people drink this water they can die too. It happens so because factories produce a lot of waste and pour it into rivers. So they poison water.

But we MUST keep our planet and water of our planet clean. If we want to live, we should guard our clean water and do not pollute them because we could live without food about a month but without water we could die in 4-5 days. Let’s keep our water clean!

Environmental Problems

The poisoning of the world's land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilisation. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, earthquakes and floods, but it is potentially one of history's greatest dangers to human life on earth. If present trends continue for the next several decades, our planet will become uninhabitable.

Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warming that is believed to be coused by the greenhouse effect.

The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilisers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas.

Every ten minutes one kind of enimal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct twenty years from now.

Air pollution is a very serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is life threatening- equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for Mexico City and 600 cities of the former Soviet Union.

Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substunces. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains. An even greater environmental threat are nuclear power stations. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are.

People are beginning to realise that environmental problems are not somebody else's. They join and support various international organosation and green parties. If governments wake up to what is happening- perhaps we'll be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with it.

The World Environment

The world environment means simply what is around us. Some people live in towns, other in the country. There are a lot of ecological problems.. The most serious ecological problems are: noise from cars and buses; destruction of wildlife and countryside beauty; shortage of natural resources; the growth of population; pollution in its many forms For example water pollution: water is everywhere, but there is no ocean or sea which is not used as a dump. Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles can t live in them. People can't drink this water. So we have to clean the water environment. But it is not the only problem with pollution. Another problem is air pollution. Air pollution influents the health of people. There are a lot of dangerous. For example: ultraviolet radiation from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone layer in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, but if there are holes in the ozone layer ultraviolet radiation can get to the earth. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air pollution. Also we have problem with nuclear pollution. Nuclear pollution cannot be seen but its effect can be terrible. To make air clear clean again we need good filters at nuclear power stations, at factories, in cars and buses. Another problem is growth of population. They don t have enough places to live. They need more water, more food. So it is the reason of the shortage of the natural resources. It is very difficult to solve this problem. Also one of the most serious problems is green house effect. It works like this: sunlight gives us heat. Some of the heat warms the atmosphere and some of the heat goes back into space. Nowadays the heat can t go into space. That s why winter and summer temperatures in many places have become higher. If the temperature continue growing up the snow on the mountains and ice will melt, so the most of the earth will be under water. So every person has to understand how important it is to solve this problems, that endanger people s life. For example I try not to throw out in our city.

Список использованных источников:

1.    Агабекян И.П. Английский язык для ссузов: учебное пособие.- М.: ТК Велби, Изд-во Проспект, 2010-.-280с.

2.    Агабекян И.П., Коваленко П.И. английский язык для технических вузов.- Изд.6-е.- Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2009.- 349, 1 е.- (высшее образование).

3.    4. Юзефович, Н. Г. Английский язык. Мир вокруг нас. Экология. Природа. Животный мир [Текст]. - М.: АСТ: Восток-Запад, 2010. - 205 с.

4.Farrell, M. British Life and Institutions. - London: Chancerel International Publishers Ltd, 2008. - 144 p.

5. Mann, M., Taylore-Knowles, S. Macmillan Exam Skills for Russia: Reading and Writing. - Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 2012. - 226 p.

6. Periscope-review: World News: учебное пособие по английскому языку. № 6-10. - Волгоград: Ритм планеты.

7. Португалов В.Д. Учебник по английскому языку.- М.: ООО « Издательство АСТ», 2010.- 303с.

Интернет ресурсы

1. http:// enghelp.ru Все для изучающих английский язык

2. http://www.2uk.ru/slang

3. http://www.correctenglish.ru/speaking/

4. http://rzgvrn.narod.ru/english.htm

5. http://www.5english.ru/speak/phrases.htm

6. http://www.falsefriends.ru/booksphrase.htm

7. http://www.study.ru/support/phrasebook/

8. http://www.uchiyaziki.ru/index.php/russko-angliyskie-razgovorniki

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