Animals are eukaryotic organisms wiith many cells. They do not use light to get energy as plants do. The study of animals is called zoology.[1][2]Animals use different ways to get energy from other living things. They usually eat other living things, but some are parasites or have photosyntheticprotists as symbionts.
Plants are also multicellular eukaryotic organisms, but most animals are mobile, meaning they can move around. Animals take in oxygen, and give out carbon dioxide. This cellular respiration is part of their metabolism (chemical working). In both these ways they are different from plants. Also, the cells of animals have different cell membranes to other eukaryotes like plants and fungi.
Grouping animals
There are many types of animals. The common animals most people know are only about 3% of the animal kingdom. When biologists look at animals, they find things that certain animals have in common. They use this to group the animals in a biological classification. They think several million species exist but they have only identified about one million.
Animals can mainly be divided into two main groups: the invertebrates and the vertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone, or spine; invertebrates do not.Animals are eukaryotic organisms wiith many cells. They do not use light to get energy as plants do. The study of animals is called zoology.[1][2]Animals use different ways to get energy from other living things. They usually eat other living things, but some are parasites or have photosyntheticprotists as symbionts.
Plants are also multicellular eukaryotic organisms, but most animals are mobile, meaning they can move around. Animals take in oxygen, and give out carbon dioxide. This cellular respiration is part of their metabolism (chemical working). In both these ways they are different from plants. Also, the cells of animals have different cell membranes to other eukaryotes like plants and fungi.
Animals.docx
Animals are eukaryotic organisms wiith many cells. They do not use light to
get energy as plants do. The study of animals is called zoology.[1][2]Animals use different ways to
get energy from other living things. They usually eat other living things, but some
are parasites or have photosynthetic
Plants are also multicellular eukaryotic organisms, but most animals are mobile, meaning they
can move around. Animals take in oxygen, and give out carbon dioxide. This cellular
respiration is part of their metabolism (chemical working). In both these ways they are different
from plants. Also, the cells of animals have different cell membranes to other eukaryotes like
plants and fungi.
protists as symbionts.
1
Grouping animals[change | change source]
There are many types of animals. The common animals most people know are only about 3% of
the animal kingdom. When biologists look at animals, they find things that certain animals have
in common. They use this to group the animals in a biological classification. They think several
million species exist but they have only identified about one million.
Animals can mainly be divided into two main groups: the invertebrates and the vertebrates.
Vertebrates have a backbone, or spine; invertebrates do not.
Vertebrates are:
fish (or 'fishes': both ways are correct)
amphibians
reptiles
birds
mammals
Some invertebrates are:
insects
spiders
crustaceans
molluscs (like a snail or squid)
worms
jellyfish
In scientific usage, humans are considered animals, in everyday nonscientific usage, humans are
often not considered to be animals.
Life styles[change | change source]
The animal mode of nutrition is called heterotrophic because they get their food from other
living organisms. Some animals eat only plants; they are called herbivores. Other animals eat ə əˈ
ɪ
træf k]
only meat and are called carnivores. Animals that eat both plants aheterotrophic [het r
прил
гетеротрофныйnd meat are called omnivores.
The environments animals live in vary greatly. By the process of evolution, animals adapt to
the habitats they live in. A fish is adapted to its life in water and a spider is adapted to a life
catching and eating insects. A mammal living on the savannahs of East Africa lives quite a
different life from a sea mammal (like a dolphin or porpoise) catching fish in the sea.
The fossil record of animals goes back about 600 million years to the Ediacaran period, or
somewhat earlier.[3] During the whole of this long time, animals have been constantly evolving,
so that the animals alive on Earth today are very different from those on the edges of the sea
floor in the Ediacaran. The study of ancient life is called palaeontology.
2
Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia.
With few exceptions, animals are motile (able to move), heterotrophic (consume organic
material), reproduce sexually, and their embryonic development includes a blastula stage.
The body plan of the animal derives from this blastula, differentiating
specialized tissues and organs as it develops; this plan eventually becomes fixed, although some
undergo metamorphosis at some stage in their lives.
Zoology is the study of animals. Animals are divided by body plan
into vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates—fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
—have a vertebral column (spine); invertebrates do not. All vertebrates and most invertebrates
are bilaterally symmetrical (Bilateria). These invertebrates
include arthropods, molluscs, roundworms, ringed worms, flatworms, and
other phyla in Ecdysozoa and Spiralia. Echinodermlarvae are initially bilaterally symmetrical,
but later as adults develop radial symmetry; Cnidarians are radially
symmetrical; ctenophores are biradially symmetrical; and sponges have no symmetry.
Characteristics
Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals
are eukaryotic and multicellular,[6] which separates them from bacteria and most protists, which
are prokaryotic and unicellular. They are heterotrophic,[7] generally digesting food in an internal
chamber, which separates them from plants and algae, which are autotrophs.[8] They lack
rigid cell walls, which separates them from plants, algae, and fungi, all of which do have rigid
cell walls.[9] All animals are motile,[10] if only at certain life stages. In most
animals, embryos pass through a blastula stage,[11] which is a characteristic exclusive to animals,
and which allows for differentiation into specialized tissues and organs.
Structure
All animals are composed of eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular
matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins.[12] This may be calcified to form
structures like shells, bones, and spicules.[13] During development, it forms a relatively flexible
framework[14] upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures
possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place
by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth.[15] Also, unique to animal cells are the
following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.[16]
With a few exceptions, most notably the sponges (Phylum Porifera) and Placozoa, animals
have bodies differentiated into separate tissues. These include muscles, which are able to contract and control locomotion, and nerve tissues, which send and process signals. Typically,
there is also an internal digestive chamber, with one or two openings.[15] Animals with this sort of
organization are called metazoans, or eumetazoans when the former is used for animals in
general.[17]
Reproduction
See also: Sexual reproduction §
Animals, and Asexual reproduction §
Examples in animals
3
[24] (see Inbreeding avoidance).
Nearly all animals undergo some form of sexual reproduction.[19] They
produce haploid gametesby meiosis (see Origin and function of meiosis). The smaller, motile
gametes are spermatozoaand the larger, nonmotile gametes are ova.[20] These fuse to
form zygotes, which develop via multiple successive mitoses and differentiation into new
individuals[21] (see Allogamy).
Some animals are also capable of asexual reproduction.[22] This may take place
through parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, budding,
or fragmentation.[23]
During sexual reproduction, mating with a close relative (inbreeding) generally leads
to inbreeding depression. For instance, inbreeding was found to increase juvenile mortality in 11
small animal species.[25] Inbreeding depression is considered to be largely due to expression of
deleterious recessive mutations.[26] Mating with unrelated or distantly related members of the
same species is generally thought to provide the advantage of masking deleterious recessive
mutations in progeny.[27] (see Heterosis). Animals have evolved numerous diverse mechanisms
for avoiding close inbreeding and promoting outcrossing
Chimpanzees have adopted dispersal as a way to separate close relatives and prevent inbreeding.
[24] Their spersal route is known as natal dispersal, whereby individuals move away from the area
of birth.
In various species, such as the splendid fairywren, females benefit by mating with multiple
males, thus producing more offspring of higher genetic quality. Females that are pair bonded to a
male of poor genetic quality, as is the case in inbreeding, are more likely to engage in extrapair
copulations in order to improve their reproductive success and the survivability of their
offspring.[28]
Embryonic development
A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula,[29] which undergoes
rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and
develop into a new sponge.[30] In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated
rearrangement.[31] It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber, and two
separate germ layers—an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm.[32] In most cases,
a mesoderm also develops between them.[33] These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues
and organs.[34]
Food and energy sourcing
Main article: Animal nutrition
All animals are heterotrophs, meaning that they feed directly or indirectly on other living things.
[35]They are often further subdivided into groups such as carnivores, herbivores, omnivores,
and parasites.[36] Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its
prey (the organism that is attacked).[37]Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding
on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey.[38]The other main
category of consumption is detritivory, the consumption of dead organic matter.[39] It can at times
be difficult to separate the two feeding behaviours, for example, where parasitic species prey on
a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse.
Selective pressures imposed on one another has led to an evolutionary arms race between prey
and predator, resulting in various antipredator adaptations.[40]
Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or planteating animals. Most
plants use light to convert inorganicmolecules in their environment
into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules, characteristically
containing reduced carbon in the form of carbonhydrogen bonds. Starting with carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), photosynthesis converts the energy of sunlight into chemical
energy in the form of simple sugars (e.g., glucose), with the release of molecular oxygen. These
sugars are then used as the building blocks for plant growth, including the production of other
biomolecules.[15] When an animal eats plants (or eats other animals which have eaten plants), the
reduced carbon compounds in the food become a source of energy and building materials for the
animal.[41] They are either used directly to help the animal grow, or broken down, releasing
stored solar energy, and giving the animal the energy required for motion.[42][43]
Animals living close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps on the ocean floor are not dependent
on the energy of sunlight.[44] Instead chemosynthetic archaea and bacteria form the base of
the food chain.[45]
4
Linnaean classification
The levels of modern Linnaean classification applied to the red fox, Vulpes vulpes. Additional
intermediate levels are used with some animals.[46]
The relative number of species contributed to the total by each phylum of animals
Group
Image
Subgroup
Estimated number of
described species[62] Fishes
32,900
Amphibians
7,302
5
Vertebrates
Reptiles
10,038
Birds
10,425
Mammals
5,513
Total vertebrate species: 66,178
Invertebrate
s
Insects
1,000,000
Molluscs
85,000 Crustaceans
47,000
Corals
6
2,000
Arachnids
102,248
Velvet worms
Horseshoe crabs
165
4
Others
68,658
Total invertebrate species: 1,305,075
Total for all animal species: 1,371,253
Animal genes
The gene classes SINE, LIM, POU, NKLANTP and Q50PRD are present in Porifera and
Diploblasts but not in other organisms.[74] Nonbilaterian animals: Ctenophora, Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria
Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have
diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long
thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum.[75] They lack the complex
organization found in most other phyla.[76] Their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not
organized into distinct tissues.[77] Sponges typically feed by drawing in water through pores.
[78] However, a series of phylogenomic studies from 2008–2015 have found support
for Ctenophora, or comb jellies, as the basal lineage of animals.[79][80][81][82] This result has been
controversial, since it would imply that sponges may not be so primitive, but may instead be
secondarily simplified.[79]Other researchers have argued that the placement of Ctenophora as the
earliestdiverging animal phylum is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in
ctenophore genomes.
7
History of classification
Main articles: History of zoology (through 1859) and History of zoology since 1859
Carl Linnaeus is known as the father of modern taxonomy
]
Aristotle divided the living world between animals and plants, and this was followed by Carl
Linnaeus, in the first hierarchical classification.[133] In Linnaeus's original scheme, the animals
were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes
of Vermes, Insecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then the last four have all
been subsumed into a single phylum, the Chordata, whereas the various other forms have been
separated out.
In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa
(multicellular animals) and Protozoa (singlecelled animals).[134] The protozoa were later moved
to the kingdom Protista, leaving only the metazoa. Thus Metazoa is now considered a synonym
of Animalia.[135]
eukaryotic [ju k r
ə ɪ
t k] эукариотический
ː ə ɪˈɒ ɪ
ˈ
parasite [ pær sa t] паразит
ʊ ə
l r] многоклеточный
ʌ ɪˈ
multicellular [m lt selj
ə ɪ
ˈ
metabolism [me tæb l zm] обмен веществ
invertebrates [ n v t bre ts] беспозвоночные животные
ɪ ˈ ɜː ɪ
ɪ
vertebrate [ v t br t] позвоночное животное
ˈ ɜː ɪ
ɪ
backbone [ bækb
ˈ
əʊ
n] позвоночник
worm [w m] червьм, глист
ɜː
amphibian [æm f b n] земноводное
ˈ ɪ ɪə
reptile [ repta l] пресмыкающееся
ˈ
ɪ
insect [ nsekt] насекомое
ˈɪ crustacean [kr
ste n] рачок ракообразные
ʌˈ
ɪʃ
jellyfish [
ˈʤ ɪ ɪʃ
el f ] медуза
ːˈ ɪʃ
nutrition [nju tr n] питание
ɪ
ə əˈ
heterotrophic [het r
ˈ ɜː ɪ ɔː
træf k] гетеротрофный
herbivore [ h b v r] травоядное животное
carnivore [ k n v ] хищникм, мясоед
ˈ ɑː ɪ ɔː
palaeontology [pæl n t
ɪɔ ˈ ɔ əʤɪ
l
] палеонтология
8
tissue [ t u ] ткань
ˈ ɪʃ ː
embryonic [embr
ɪˈɔ ɪ
n k] эмбриональный
Lesson about animals
Lesson about animals
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