Департамент образования и науки города Москвы

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

города Москвы

«МОСКОВСКИЙ АВТОМОБИЛЬНО-ДОРОЖНЫЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ ИМ. А.А.НИКОЛАЕВА»

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ЛЕКЦИОННЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛ

 

ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык в прфессиональной деятеьности

Специальность:

23.02.04 Техническое обслуживание и ремонт подьемно-транспортных ,строитедьных, дорожных машин и оборудования

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Выполнила:

Антюфеева О.В.

 

 

 

 

 

Москва

2020

Тематический план учебной дисциплины

                                                                                                                                                                                                

№ of Lecture	Тема урока	стр.
1	Introduction
CHAPTER I.  Roadbuilding Mashinery
2	UNIT 1: MACHINERY FOR CLEARING THE SITE	8
3	Topic 1.2  Machinery used in road construction	10
4	Topic 1.3 Dozers and scrapers	12
5	Topic 1.4 Tractors	13
		14
UNIT 2: MACHINERY FOR SUBGRADE FORMATION
7	Topic 2.1. Grader, shovel, dragline	15
8	Topic 2.2 Trucks, loaders, rollers	16
UNIT 3: MACHINERY FOR ASPHALT PAVING
9	Topic 3.1. Machinery for asphalt paving	18
10	Topic 3.2. Bitumen boilers	19
CHAPTER II. Traffic SafetyTRAFFIC SAFETY
11	UNIT 4: TRAFFIC SAFETY Topic 4.1. Road Safety	20
12	Topic 4.2. Road signs and signals	21
13	Topic 4.3. Highway Capacity	23
UNIT 5: ROAD SURFACE MARKING
14	Topic 5.1. Road surface markings.	24
15	Topic 5.2. Driving Laws	26
16	Topic 5.3. Rules of the road	27
CHAPTER III. HIGHWAY USAGE AND MAINTENANCE
17	UNIT 5 Main principles of the highway usage Topic 6.1. Principles of Road Usage	29
18	Topic 6.2. Highway maintenance	31
19	Topic 6.3. New development in urban construction and maintenance	33

 

Введение

 

 

Данный лекционный материал предназначен для студентов специальности 23.02.04 Техническая эксплуатация подъёмно-транспортных, строительных, дорожных машин и оборудования  по дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности. Материал представлен  в виде небольших технических текстов для чтения. Лекции представлены для изучения и закрепления специальной лексики будущих специалистов.

 Преподаватель зачитывает текст. Студентам тема представлена в электронном

виде .Обучающиеся должны понимать,как организована информация разобраться о чем текст,найти специальную лексику.

Приёмы оперирования с материалом текста и соответствующая специальная лексика на предтекстовом этапе предназначаются для дифференциации языковых единиц и речевых образцов, их узнавания в тексте, овладения различными структурными материалами (словообразовательными элементами, видо-временными формами глагола и т.д.) и языковой догадкой для формирования навыков прогнозирования.

Записывая слова, предложения ,передающее основное содержание, студенты делают смысловые записи, которыми они смогут воспользоваться для анализа и синтеза услышанной и увиденной информации, чтобы переработав её создать, например, свой собственный рассказ, сделать выводы и т. д. Делая конспект, обучающиеся учатся обобщать отдельные части и создавать одно целое, собирая информацию воедино. Развивается умение делать записи и вычленять самую важную, необходимую информацию, что обеспечивает углубленное понимание содержания и обеспечивает вовлечённость учеников в процесс лекции. Таким образом, мы развиваем навыки аудирования с пониманием  основного содержания и поиском необходим

 

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ УЧЕБНОЙ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ

 

В результате освоения учебной дисциплины обучающийся должен

уметь:

 

● понимать профессиональные тексты на слух;

●читать,переводить тексты на английском языке профессиональной направленности

●владеть тематической лексикой,использовать её в устной и письменной речи

● извлекать основную информацию из текста

●обсуждать тексты в диалогической и монологической речи

● пользоваться специальными словарями, словарями сокращений и умение использовать знания,  полученные на лекциях, практических занятиях и из специальной литературы на русском языке.

 

 

знать:

 

●функции языка как средства выражения понятий, мыслей;

●различные лексические особенности (а нередко и лексико-грамматические), без учета которых оказывается невозможным точное понимание текста и его адекватный технический перевод на родной язык;

● особенность  английского языка-  многозначность его лексики;

●главные  грамматические темы английского языка;

●основную идею текста на русском языке

 

 

 

Информационное обеспечение обучения

 

 

1. Английский язык. Контрольные задания. / Лукина Л.В., Крячко Л.Н.,

Нестерова О.Ф., Сидорова Н.В. – Воронеж: Воронеж. гос. арх.-строит. ун.-т.,

2009 – 128 c.

2. Английский язык для инженеров: Учебник /Т.Ю. Полякова, Е.В. Синявская,

О.И. Тынкова и др. – 7-е изд., испр. – М.: Высш. шк., 2010. – 463 с.

3. Английский язык для строителей. Практикум. / Мусихина О.Н., Гисина O.Г.,

Яськова В.Л. / Серия Высшее профессиональное образование. – Ростов н/Д:

Феникс, 2014. – 352 с

4. Пособие по английскому языку для студентов II-III курсов строительных

вузов / М.: Высш. школа, . – 159 с.

5. English for construction 1 / Evan Frendo. – Pearson Education, 2012.

6. English for construction 2 / Evan Frendo. – Pearson Education, 2012. .

7. Flash on English for construction / Patrizia Caruzzo. – Ell S.r.1, 2012.

8. Introduction to tunnel construction / David Chapman, Nicole Metje, Alfred Stӓrk.

– Spon Press, 2010. – 390 p.

9. http://www.aboutcivil.org/types-of-pavements.html

10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete

11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface

12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface_marking

13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_traffic_safety

14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_sign

15. http://www.heavyequipment.com/heavy-equipment/road-highways

16. http://www.michigan.gov/mdot/0,1607,7-151-9615-129011--,00.html

17. http://www.nbmcw.com/articles/roads/18259-types-of-pavements-used-in-roadconstruction.

html

18. http://www.heavyequipment.com/heavy-equipment/road-highways

19 tp:/ http://www.roadsafeco.com.au/

20./www.t http://www.commercialmotor.com/big-lorryblog/

21,solarlites-cats-eye-saves-lives

22,http://www.reflective-safety.com/snolinepolystud.

23. http://paulpetersoncompany.com/news/blog/

24.riplenin http://www.vocabulary.cl/Advanced/Car_Parts.htm

25.http://www.english-online.at/travel/cars/cars-and-how-they-work.htm

26.http://www.tpub.com/machines/12d.htm

27.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvester_%28forestry%29

28.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forwarder

29.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidder

30.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodchipper

31.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feller_buncher

32.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic

33,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_code

34.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving

35.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road

36.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_sign

                 37.e.org/articles/roadbuilding.asp

 

Конспекты лекций

 

CHAPTER I.  Roadbuilding Mashinery

 

UNIT 1: Machinery for  clearing the site.

 

Требования к знаниям: обучающийся должен знать цедь использования дорожно-строительной техники и виды дорожных машин

Требования к умениям: владеть лексикой по теме, давать английские  зквиваленты русским терминам,.определять верны ли утверждения по содержанию текста, отвечать на вопросы к тексту.

 

Read the words and learn them by heart.

1. incredible – невероятный

2. advancement – прогресс, совершенствование

3. to direct – направить

4. to ensure – обеспечивать

5. to pave – мостить

6. to require – требовать

7. sequence – последовательность

8. sub grade – грунт земляного полотна

9. embankment – насыпь

10. cutting – выемка

11. rolling – укатка

12. compaction – уплотнение

13. surfacing – покрытие

14. ripper – рыхлительные зубья

15. angle dozer – бульдозер с поворотным отвалом

 

 Machinery used in road construction

Equipment used in road construction is an important economic and design

factor in road location and subsequent design. Road Construction equipment has

gone through incredible advancements in recent decades and all of them have been

directed towards improving speed, quality, ensure safe work sites and benefit of

every worker. The main advantage is that today‟s machines pave a lot more road in

less time, and they do a better job of it. This turn has also helped to cut costs down

when the costs are of course factored for inflation.

Type of road construction equipment is used to construct not only highways

but bridges, airports and even multi-story buildings. In project different machinery

is required for different types of jobs. The sequence of job operations is:

1. Clearing the site.

2. Formation of sub grade (embankment or cutting).

3. Spreading of material.

4. Rolling or compaction.

5. Surfacing.

Machinery used for clearing the site. For site clearance the following

machinery can be used: dozer – bull dozer, angle dozer; ripper; tractor; scraper.

   

             1.Give English equivalents of the following words and combinations.

Оборудование для дорожного строительства, в последние десятилетия,

основное преимущество, обеспечить безопасную работу на строительной

площадке, сегодняшние машины, даже многоэтажные здания, различные

типы работ, последовательность выполнения работ, невероятный прогресс,

формирование грунта земляного полотна.

 

             2.Say if the sentences concerning Text 1A are true or false.

1. Road construction machinery is unimportant economic factor in road

location.

2. Paving using concrete or asphalt has evolved significantly over the years,

and today‟s machines can produce large quantities of paved surfaces in

record time.

3. There are 4 job operations in road construction.

4. Due to machinery speed and quality of construction are increased and safe

work sites are ensured.

5. Different types of tractors, dozers and scrapers are used on the site

            3. Answer the following questions.

            1. What are the main directions of using road construction equipment?

            2. What are the main advantages of road construction machinery?

            3. What is machinery used to construct besides a road?

            4. What is the sequence of job operations?

            5. What machinery is used for clearing the site?

              

       

 

 

           Read the words and learn them by heart.

 

1. crawler – машина на гусеничном ходу

2. blade – отвал

3. rubble – щебень

4. at the rear – в задней части

5. to loosen – разрыхлить

6. capability – способность

7. substantial – массивный

8. muddy – илистый

9. metal plate – металлическая пластина

10. densely compacted – компактно уплотненный

11. tracked – на гусеничном ходу

12. rough – неровный

13. to sink – тонуть

        14. to evolve – развиваться

15. tree dozer – бульдозер-корчеватель, бульдозер-древовал

16. attachment – приспособление

17. hauling – перемещение

18. rubber – резина

19. tires – колеса

20. bowl – ковш

21. apron – заслонка

22. ejector – устройство для разгрузки грунта

23. elevating scraper – скрепер с элеваторной загрузкой

24. elevator – подъемник

25. crossbars – поперечные перекладины

26. pull-type scraper – прицепной ск

 

               Dozers and scrapers

 

A bulldozer is a crawler equipped with a substantial metal plate(known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, and other materials during construction work and typically equipped at the rear with a ripper to loosen densely compacted materials. Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of sites, including road construction site. Most often bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment. The tracks give them excellent ground holding capability and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide tracks help distribute the bulldozer‟s weight over a large area, thus preventing it from sinking in sandy or muddy ground. The bulldozer‟s primary tools are the blade and the ripper.

Bulldozers have been further modified over time to evolve into new

machines which can work in ways that the original bulldozer cannot.

In an angledozer the blade can be pushed forward at one end to make it easier to push material away to the side.Another modification is a tree dozer which is an attachment for a tractor or bulldozer consisting of metal bars and a cutting blade, used to clear bushes and small trees. Scrapers are large motorized machines used for digging, hauling and leveling out materials in a variety of construction jobs. Running massive rubber tires, motorized scrapers quickly move large quantities of earth around a construction site.

Motor scraper

A standard motor scraper is comprised of a bowl, an apron to drop down over a load of material in order to retain it, and an ejector to push out the load hydraulically. Due to its hydraulic system, these components can all

function independently.

Elevating

Instead of an apron, these scrapers include a hydraulically- or

electrically-driven elevator made of two chains equipped with a series of crossbars. The elevator‟s purpose is to aid in loading material into the scraper‟s elevating bowl.

Pull type

Pull scrapers are able to move in soft, wet soils, as well as sand. Unlike the motor scraper, pull scrapers are not motorized and must therefore be pulled by another vehicle.

 

1. Say if the sentences concerning Text 1B are true or false.

1. Bulldozers can be motor, elevating, pull type.

2. A bulldozer is equipped with a blade and chains.

3. Bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment.

4. An angle dozer is used to clear bushes and small trees.

5. Wide tracks prevent a bulldozer from sinking in sandy or muddy ground.

6. Scrapers are used for digging, hauling and leveling out materials.

7. Motorized scrapers quickly move large quantities of trees and rubber around

a construction site.

8. Motor scraper consists of a bowl, apron and ejector.

9. Pull type scrapers have elevators.

10. Elevating scrapers can move in soft soils and sand.

 

    2. Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations.

      Распределять вес бульдозера, основные приспособления, металлические балки, прицеп трактора или бульдозера, большие количества земли, гидравлическая система, неровный грунт,разрыхлить компактно уплотненные материалы, тяжелая техника, ряд поперечных перекладин.

 

3. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a bulldozer?

2. What is the function of wide tracks?

3. What are the primary tools of a bulldozer?

4. What is the angledozer?

5. Where is a tree dozer used?

          6. What is a scraper?

          7. What does motor scraper consist of?

            8. What is the difference between motor and elevating scraper?

            9. Where are pull scrapers used?

           10. Where can bulldozers be found?

 

 

         Read the words and learn them by heart.

           1. to haul – перемещать

2. load carrying platform – грузовая, несущая платформа

3. wheeled-type tractor – колесный трактор

4. track-laying tractor – гусеничный трактор

5. power unit –двигатель, силовая установка

6. auxiliary device – вспомогательное устройство

7. fan – вентилятор

8. starter device – пусковой аппарат

9. fuel tank – бак горючего

10. pump – насос

11. transmission – трансмиссия, коробка передач

12. clutch – сцепление

13. speed control unit – регулятор скорости

14. universal joint – карданный вал

15. gearing mechanism – коробка передач

16. shaft – вал

17. steering mechanism – рулевой механизм

18. final drive – бортовая передача

19. axles – оси

20. steering unit – рулевой механизм

21. tractor frame – рама трактора

22. internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

 23. wire rope – металлический кабель

 

         Tractors

Nowadays tractors are widely used in agriculture and industry. In different

branches of industry tractors are used as road transport tractors hauling heavy loads. Tractors may be agricultural, special and road transport tractors.

Road transport tractors are equipped with a load carrying platform.Special

tractors are usually equipped with auxiliary devices. Tractors may belong  either to wheeled-type tractors or to track-laying type tractors.

The construction of a tractor includes the following main units:

1. Power unit which includes the engine with all auxiliary devices – a

radiator, a fan, a starter device, a fuel tank, a pump, etc.

2. Transmission which consists of a clutch, a speed control unit, universaljoints, gearing mechanisms, shafts, steering mechanisms, a final drive, axles.

3. Driver which includes driving, supporting and controlling mechanisms.

4. A steering unit.

5. The tractor frame.

6. Working and auxiliary equipment.

Tractor engines have internal combustion engines as the source of power. Tractor engines requirements differ considerably from the requirement        of the automotive engines. Automotive engines are generally unsuitable for tractors.

A cable tractor is widely used in clearing the site. It is a machine used for

pulling cables which either can be an electrical cable or wire ropes.

 

1.Say if the sentences concerning Text 1C are true or false.

1. Power unit which includes a clutch, speed control unit, universal joints,

gearing mechanisms, shafts, steering mechanisms, a final drive, axles.

2. Tractors may be either wheeled-type or track-laying type.

3. Tractor engines have automotive engines.

4. Tractor engines have a frame as the source of power.

5. Tractors may be agricultural, special and road transport tractors.

6. Road transport tractors are equipped with a load carrying platform.

7. A fan and fuel tank are elements of a power unit.

8. A cable tractor is used for pulling cables.

 

2.Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations.

  Двигатель внутреннего сгорания, рабочее и вспомогательное оборудование,    электрический кабель, металлический кабель, сельскохозяйственный трактор, тяжелый груз, рулевой механизм, вспомогательное устройство, коробка передач, пусковой аппарат.

 

3. Answer the following questions.

1. Where are tractors widely used?

2. What is the function of tractors?

3. How many classes of tractors are distinguished? What are they?

4. What are road transport tractors equipped with?

5. What are special tractors usually equipped with?

6. What type may tractors belong to?

7. What are the main units of a tractor?

8. Are automotive engines suitable for tractors?

 

               UNIT 2: Mashinery for subgrade formation

 

Требования к знаниям: обучающийся должен знать для чего предназначены грейдер,    землеройные машины,каток,грузовик при строительстве автодорог.

Требования к умениям: владеть лексикой по теме, давать английские  зквиваленты русским терминам,.определять верны ли утверждения по содержанию текста, отвечать на вопросы к тексту.

 

Read the words and learn them by heart.

1. flat – плоский

2. dirt roads – грунтовые дороги

3. base course – слой основания

              4. fragmented rock – обломочная порода

              5. mineral extraction – добыча минеральных полезных ископаемых

              6. electric mining shovel – карьерный экскаватор

              7. bucket – ковш

            8. revolving deck – поворотная платформа

9. power plant – двигатель

10. counterweight – центровочный груз

11. boom – стрела

12. to crowd – проталкиваться

13. dipper – ковш

14. bank – насыпь

15. to hoist – поднимать

16. to retract – возвращать

17. swinging – поворот, вращение

18. dump height – высота подъема

19. haul unit – тяговая единица

20. dumping – выгрузка

21. dipper door – откидное днище ковша

22. tuck position – группировка

23. dragline excavator – канатно-скребковый экскаватор, драглайн

24. surface mining – открытый карьер

25. pile driving rig – оборудование для забивки свай

26. specimen – oбразец

27. to suspend – вешать, подвешивать

28. hoist rope – подъемный канат

29. coupler – соединительный прибор

30. drag rope – тяговой канат

 

                 Grader, shovel, dragline

 

To form the subgrade earth digging equipment is also used such as drag line,

shovel, etc. For preparing the sub grade the following machinery is used:

· Tractor

· Dozer

· Grader

· Shovel

· Drag line

· Trucks

· Rollers, etc.

A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade or a motor

grader, is a construction machine with a long blade used to create a flasurface

during the grading process. Graders are commonly used in the construction  and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads. In the construction of paved roads they are used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat surface for the asphalt to be placed on.

A shovel is used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for

mineral extraction.

An electric mining shovel is a bucket-equipped machine consisting

            of a revolving deck with a power plant, tracks, a counterweight, and a

front attachment, such as a boom. The digging phase consists of

 crowding the dipper into the bank, hoisting the dipper to fill it, then, retracting the full dipper from the bank. The swinging phase occurs once the dipper is clear of the bank both vertically and horizontally. The operator controls th dipper through a planned swing path and dump height until it is suitably  positioned over the haul unit. Dumping  involves  opening the dipper door to dump the load,  while maintaining the correct dump height. Returning is when the dipper swings back to the bank, and involves lowering the dipper into the tuck position to close the dipper door.

The hydraulic mining shovel has been widely used for coal and rock loading since the 1970s.

            A dragline excavator is a piece of equipment used in civil engineering and

             surface mining. In civil engineering the smaller types are used as pile driving  rigs. Draglines are one the largest mobile equipment ever built on land, and weigh nearly 2000 metric tons, though specimens weighing up to 13,000 metric tons have also been constructed. A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a boom with wire ropes. The bucket is maneuvered by means of a number of ropes and chains. The hoist rope, powered by large diesel or electric motors, supports the bucket and hoist coupler assembly from the boom. The drag rope is used to draw the bucket assembly horizontally. By skillful maneuver of the hoist and the drag ropes the bucket is controlled for various operations.

1. Say if the sentences concerning text  are true or false.

1. A grader is used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and   for mineral extraction.

2. In road construction graders are used to prepare the subbase course.

3. Shovel is a bucket-equipped machine.

4. Boom is the element of a grader.

5. Electric mining shovel performs digging, swinging, dumping and returning phases.

6. A hydraulic mining shovel is used for coal and rock loading.

7. Dragline is also used in surface mining.

8. Draglines are one of the largest mobile equipments.

9. A dragline bucket is maneuvered by ropes and pile driving rigs.

10. The drag rope is used to draw the bucket assembly vertically.

 

2. Give English equivalents of the following words and word               combinations.

В течение процесса выравнивания, грунтовые дороги, загрузка земли,

            оснащенная ковшом машина, поворотная платформа, фаза поворота,

траектория поворота, выгрузить груз, погрузка угля и щебня, оборудование для забивки свай, блестящий (искусный) маневр.

 

3. Answer the following questions.

1. What machinery is used for preparing the sub grade?

2. Where are graders used?

3. What is the function of a grader in the construction of paved roads?

4. What is the function of a shovel?

5. What dosed an electric mining shovel consist of?

6. What does the digging phase consist of?

7. Where is a dragline used?

8. What does a dragline bucket system consist of?

9. Where has a hydraulic mining shovel been used?

10. What is the function of a drag rope?

 

2. Read the words and learn them by heart.

1. dump truck – самосвал

2. open-box bed – открытый кузов

3. hydraulic piston – гидравлический поршень

4. hydraulic line – гидролиния

5. off-highway dump truck – внедорожный самосвал

6. rigid frame – жесткая рама

7. articulating frame – шарнирно-сочлененная рама

8. articulated hauler – сочлененный самосвал

9. all-wheel drive – полноприводный

10. low center of gravity – низкий цент тяжести

11. water truck – автоцистерна для орошения дорог

12. loader – погрузчик

13. log – бревно

14. track loader – гусеничный погрузчик

15. company‟ fleets – парк транспортных средств, принадлежащих

компании

16. vibratory roller compactor – вибрационный дорожный каток

17. to compact (syn. compress) – уплотнять

18. to roll – трамбовать катком

19. density – плотность

        20. pneumatic tired roller –каток на пневматических шинах,      

21. granular base materials – сыпучие материалы

            22. bridging effect – перекрывающие действие

 

Trucks, loaders, rollers

               A dump truck (UK dumper truck) is a truck used for transporting material

(such as sand, gravel or dirt) for construction. A typical dump truck is                 equipped with an open-box bed, which has hydraulic pistons to lift the front, allowing the material in the bed to be dumped on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery.

         A transfer dump is a standard dump truck which pulls a separate trailer which can also be loaded with gravel, sand, asphalt, etc. The second aggregate container, on the trailer, is powered by either an electric, pneumatic motor or hydraulic line. Transfer dumps are typically seen in the western United States because of the peculiar weight restrictions on western highways.

   Off-highway dump trucks are heavy construction equipment. Bigger off     highway dump trucks are used strictly off-road for mining. There are two primary forms: rigid frame and articulating frame. An articulated dumper is an all-wheel drive, off-road dump truck. Together with all-wheel drive and low center of gravity, it is highly adaptable to rough terrain Terex,John   Deere and Caterpillar. Water trucks are used for compaction and dust control. A loader is a machine often used in construction, primarily used to load material (dirt, snow, gravel, logs, etc.) into or onto another type of machine, such as a dump truck.

A tracked loader is an engineering vehicle consisting of a tracked chassis with   a loader for digging and loading material. The bility of a track loader to performalmost every task on a site is why it remains a part of many companies‟ fleets.

Vibratory roller is used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the

construction of roads and foundations. It is widely used to compress the surface   being rolled to ensure a smooth, even surface. Vibratory rollers are widely used for compacting asphalt pavements because they achieve the required densities faster.

Pneumatic tire rollers are used on small to medium size compaction jobs,

primarily on granular base materials.

  One advantage that pneumatic compactors have is that there is little bridging effect between the tires.Therefore, they seek out soft spots which may exist in the fill.   Another advantage is that pneumatic rollers can be used on both soil and asphalt so a road building contractor can save by having one compactor for both stages of construction – base and asphalt.

 

    1. Say if the sentences concerning text  are true or false.

1. A loader is equipped with an open-box bed, which has hydraulic pistons to lift the front, allowing the material in the bed to be dumped on the ground

behind the truck at the site of delivery.

2. A pneumatic tire roller is used for transporting material for construction.

3. Transfer dumps are seen in the eastern United States because of the peculiar weight restrictions on highways.

4. Bigger off-highway dump trucks are used strictly off-road for mining.

5. Water trucks are used only for compaction.

6. A tracked loader is used for digging and loading material.

7. Vibratory rollers are used on small to medium size compaction jobs,

primarily on granular base materials.

8. Pneumatic rollers can be used on both soil and asphalt.

9. A tracked loader can perform almost every task on the site.

10. An articulated dumper is all-wheel drive truck.

 

2. Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations.

Полноприводный внедорожный самосвал, неровная почва (грунт),

ограничения по весу, гусеничные шасси, выполнять практически любое

задание, основные производители, для транспортировки материала,

выгружать на землю, контроль запыленности, ровная поверхность,

экономить, обе стадии строительства, парк принадлежащих компании

транспортных средств, загружать материал, для уплотнения    асфальтного дорожного покрытия.

 

3. Answer the following questions.

1. What is dump truck?

2. What is the difference between a usual and transfer dump trucks?

3. Where are transfer dump trucks usually met?

4. What are off-highway dump trucks used for?

5. What are the characteristics of an articulated dumper?

6. What is the function of a loader?

7. Why is a tracked loader used by companies?

8. Why are vibratory rollers used for compacting asphalt pavements?

9. Where are pneumatic tire rollers used?

10. What are the advantages of pneumatic tire rollers?

 

      UNIT 3: MACHINERY FOR ASPHALT PAVING

 

Требования к знаниям: обучающийся должен знать виды дорожно- строительных работ ,какое оборудование использутся в начале длрожно-строительных работ,какие компании производят дорожно-строительные машины.

Требования к умениям: владеть лексикой по теме, давать английские  зквиваленты русским терминам,.определять верны ли утверждения по содержанию текста, отвечать на вопросы к тексту

 

 Read the words and learn them by heart.

1. crusher – дробильная установка, дробилка

2. rock – скальная порода, скальный грунт

3. gravel – гравий

4. rock dust – каменная пыль

5. waste materials – вынутый грунт, отходы

6. to dispose of – избавляться, удалять (отходы)

7. to recycle – перерабатывать

8. solid – твердый

9. inch – дюйм

10. to deposit – наносить

11. to haul – передвигать, транспортировать

12. bitumen boiler – битумный котел

13. to melt – таять

14. compound – химическое соединение

15. material transfer unit – асфальтоперегружатель, трейлер для доставки и хранения асфальта

16. paver – асфальто/бетоноукладчик

17. compaction – уплотнение, прессование

18. hopper – бункер, дозаторный бак

19. auger – шенк

20. stockpile – штабель, порция

21. screed – трамбующий брус, ровняльная доска

22. width – ширина

23. free floating screen – выглаживающая плита

24. smooth – гладкий, ровный

25. consistent – систематический

26. mat – здесь: слой

27. mineral aggregate – каменный остов, минеральный заполнитель

 

Machinery for asphalt paving

Asphalt (specifically, asphalt concrete) has been widely used since the 1920s.The viscous nature of the bitumen binder allows asphalt concrete to sustain time is the most common failure mechanism.

As asphalt consists of mineral aggregate bound together with bitumen, and

then laid in layers, and compacted for its manufacturing and spreading following equipment is required: crushers, trucks, aggregate distributors. We will pay special attention to crushers.

A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or rock dust.Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of waste materials so they can be more easily disposed of or recycled, or to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials, so that pieces of different composition can be differentiated. Each crusher is designed to work with a certain maximum size of raw material, and often delivers its output to a screening machine which sorts and directs the product for further processing. Some crushers are mobile and can crush rocks as large as 60 inches. In a mobile road operation, these crushed rocks are directly combined with concrete and asphalt which are then deposited on to a road surface. This removes the need for hauling over-sized material to astationary crusher and then back to the road surface. For bituminous surfacing following equipment is : bitumen boiler, bitumen sprayer, pavers, rollers and others. We will describe some of them.

Bitumen boilers are melting down a bituminous compound into a liquid state, prior to application. The boilers in which you place the bitumen are heated to very high temperatures that should never exceed above 260ºc.

  Paver is a piece of construction equipment used to lay asphalt on roads,

  bridges, parking lots and other such places. It lays the asphalt flat and   provides minor compaction before it is compacted by a roller.

 The asphalt is added from a dump truck or material transfer unit into the

  paver's hopper. The conveyor then carries the asphalt from the hopper to the  auger.takes the stockpile of material and spreads it over the width of the road and   provides initial compaction.

              The paver should provide a smooth uniform surface behind the screed. In

order to provide a smooth surface a free floating screen is used.

To conform to the elevation changes for the final grade of the road modern

pavers use automatic screed controls, which generally control the screed's angle of attack from information gathered from a grade sensor.

        In order to provide a smooth surface the paver should proceed at a constant

speed and have a consistent stockpile of material in front of the screed. Increase in material stockpile or paver speed will cause the screed to rise resulting in more asphalt being placed therefore a thicker mat of asphalt and an uneven final surface. Alternatively a decrease in material or a drop in speed will cause the screed to fall and the mat to be thinner.

The need for constant speed and material supply is one of the reasons for

using a material transfer unit in combination with a paver. A material transfer unitallows for constant material feed to the paver without contact, providing a better end surface. When a dump truck is used to fill the hopper of the paver, it can make contact with the paver or cause it to change speed and affect the screed height.

 

1. Say if the sentences concerning text  are true or false.

1. Asphalt concrete can sustain tensile stress.

2. Asphalt concrete has no disadvantages.

3. Crusher is used to reduce size of aggregates.

4. Crushers are universal: it is possible to use any type of crusher in any

situation.

5. For road building stationary crushers are more convenient.

6. Bitumen boilers make bituminous mixture solid.

7. Asphalt from the dump truck is put into the hopper.

8. Smooth surface is provided by the screed.

9. For the surface to be smooth and flat a paver should work at different  speeds.

10. Constant speed and material supply is one of the reasons for using a     material  transfer unit in combination with a paver.

 

               2.Using vocabulary give Russian equivalents to the following   words.

Отходы, избавляться, передвигать, штабель, химическое    соединение, таять, дюйм, наносить, слой, каменный остов, ширина, скальная порода, передвигать, уплотнение, систематический, ровный, асфальтоперегружатель.

 

3. Answer the following questions.

1. When did asphalt become especially popular for road paving?

2. What are its advantages?

3. What does asphalt consist of?

4. What is a crusher?

5. What is its function?

6. Is crusher only stationary equipment?

7. What do bitumen boilers do?

8. What temperature shouldn‟t be exceeded in bitumen boiler?

9. What is a paver?

10. What parts of a paver do you know?

 

                Unit4: Traffic Safety

 

Требования к знаниям: обучающийся должен уметь находить ключевые слова,которые омогут понять основное содержание текста.

Требования к умениям: владеть лексикой по теме, знать названия дорожных знаков на английском языке, давать английские зквиваленты русским терминам,задавать вопросы к тексту,передавать основное содержание текста.

 

1. Read the title of the text. Try to guess what this text is about. Look

through the text and find key words which can help you to understand the content of the text.

Traffic safety on the highway is ensured by a complex of measures:

1) by the rational construction of roads;

2) by good maintenance of the road and road structures at the time of their usage (operation);

3) by installing various warning, prohibitive and directing signs and all sorts of fences;

4) by traffic regulation;

5) by observing the established rules of traffic.

Of very great importance for the safe traffic is the correct route designing and the designing of road constructions.

While designing a highway one must provide sufficient width and

height of passage, good visibility (or sight distance).

Besides this it is necessary to make provision for eliminating obstacles

limiting the cross movements.

Motor-car stability on the road is achieved mainly by the sufficient cohesion between the drive wheels and the road surface and by the rational urvature design.

 

 

 

2. Read and retell the following text. What signs are red-coloured, what are

blue-coloured?

 

Signs and Signals

To ensure the tightness and safety of the traffic and for informing the

driver about the conditions and peculiarities of the way the signal road

   signs in the form of conventional pictures are installed on the roads and

   streets.

The principal groups of signal signs are: the warning signs, the forbidding   signs, and the directing signs.

These signs have the conventional pictures on the metal or wooden

sheets the forms and dimensions of which are standard.

The signs are placed on the posts 1.4 – 2.5 m high and in the cities they

may be hanged up above the carriage way of the street.

 

3. Read the text and say about factors that reduce capacity.

Highway Capacity

  The traffic on a highway is measured by the number of vehicles passing

  a “traffic station” and is stated as the “volume” of traffic. In urban areas the   maximum traffic day is usually a weekday; (on rural highways it frequently is Sunday). On heavily traveled roads and streets hourly counts of peak traffic may be of very great importance.

 For urban freeways or major highways, traffic counts on the present

 streets in the area may not fully measure the volume that develops on the

 new facilities vehicles from some distance away may be attracted and, at

 times entirely new traffic may be generated. Under such circumstances, information like that developed from origin-and-destination surveys is

 needed if estimates are to be accurate.

            It is not economically sound to design a facility to be congestion-free

            every hour throughout the year.

      Multilane roads can be designed to meet relations between vehicle spacing and velocity. The basic capacity for a multilane highway is computed to be 2 000 cars per hour per lane, regardless of the number of lanes. Until recently, general opinion was that no more than three lanes in one direction should be used because added lanes did not contribute proportionally to capacity. Factors that reduce capacity:

1. Lane width and edge clearance. Twelve-foot lanes and 6-foot shoulder width and lateral clearances are assumed as perfect conditions. A reduction in either or both of these decreases capacity.

2. Commercial vehicles. Under all conditions, a truck utilizes more highway capacity than a passenger car. On level multilane roads one commercial vehicle (those vehicles having dual tires on the rear wheels) has the effect of two passenger cars.

3. Imperfect alignment. Imperfect alignment and breaks in the profile reduce the distance that a driver can see ahead along the road. If on a twolane road this distance is less than 1500 ft, it will not be safe to make many passing maneuvers that could otherwise be performed. This reduced passing opportunity in turn decreases capacity.

4. Grades. Brakes are assisted by gravity on upgrades and opposed by

gravity on downgrades. On uphill stretches, vehicle spacings can therefore be smaller, which permits increased capacity. With grades often go restricted sight distances, which decrease capacity.

       The influence of parking, turns, and pedestrians on capacity are interrelated and extremely complex. The capacity of important intersections rather than the capacity of the street itself usually determines how many cars a major metropolitan artery can accommodate. Between intersections the street is alternately heavily loaded and largely unoccupied. These intersections, where grade separation has not been made, are almost universally controlled by traffic signals,stop sighs, or directing officers without which traffic would become completely snarled.

4. Read and study the following words:

facility – сооружение, устройство

multilane road – многопутная дорога;

edge clearance – обочина дороги;

shoulder – обочина дороги;

lateral clearance – обочина дороги;

gravity – сила тяжести;

upgrade – подъем дороги;

downgrade – скат, спуск;

to snarl – амер. приводить в беспорядок.

5. Translate the following words combinations into English

- дорога с интенсивным движением;

- информация, полученная из обследования «зарождение назначение

поездки»;

- дополнительная полоса движения;

- пониженная пропускная способность;

- повышенная пропускная способность;

- взаимосвязанные факторы;

- незагруженный участок дороги;

- беспорядочное движение.

 

6. Put the questions about:

a) the “volume” of traffic;

b) the maximum traffic day in urban and rural areas;

c) accurate estimation needed in traffic counting;

d) necessity of multilane roads;

e) factors that reduce capacity;

f) interrelated factors concerning the capacity of a road;

g) the importance of controlled intersections.

 

         UNIT 5: ROAD SURFACE MARKING

 

Требования к знаниям: обучающийся должен знать назначение дорожной разметки,     какое оборудование использутся для разметки дороги.

Требования к умениям: владеть лексикой по теме, давать английские  зквиваленты русским терминам,.определять верны ли утверждения по содержанию текста, отвечать на вопросы к тексту

 

 Read the words and learn them by heart.

1. uniformity – единообразие

2. сat‟s eyes – дорожный световозвращатель «кошачий глаз»

3. to mount – устанавливать

4. rubber – резина, каучук

5. housing – установка

    6. fore – вперед

7. aft – назад

8. Botts‟ dots – точки Боттса

9. epoxy – эпоксидная смола

10. snow plow – снегоочиститель

11. rumble strips – предохранительная полоса

12. to warn – предупредить

13. crossing – перекресток

14. to assist – помогать

15. striper – машина для нанесения разметки

16. drum – цилиндр

17. retroreflectivity – ретроотражение, световозвращающее отражение

18. stop bar – стоп линия

19. pylon – дорожный конус

20. HOV (high-occupancy vehicle) lane – полоса для автомобилей с

пассажирами

 

1. Read and translate the text to learn more about the basic types of road

surface markings.

 

Road surface markings

 

Road surface marking is a kind of device or material used on a road surface in order to convey official information. They can also be applied to mark parkin spaces or areas for other uses. Road surface markings provide guidance and information to drivers and pedestrians. Uniformity of the markings is an important factor in minimizing confusion about their meaning.

However, countries and areas categorize and specify road surface markings in

different ways. Road surface markings can be mechanical, non-mechanical, or temporary.

Mechanical devices may be raised into the road surface. They are either

reflective or non-reflective. Most are permanent; some are movable.

Cat’s eyes equip most major routes in the British Isles. They consist of four eflective lenses mounted in durable white rubber housing, two facing fore and two facing aft. The lenses are available in a variety of different colours, mainly white, yellow, orange, green, red and blue. Botts’ dots are round non-reflective raised pavement markers named after California Department of Transportation engineer Elbert Botts, who invented the epoxy that keeps them glued down. Generally they are used to mark the edges of traffic lanes often together with reflective raised pavement markers. They are used only in warm climates since snow plows usually remove them along with the snow.

A rumble strip is usually either applied in the direction of travel along an

        edge- or centerline to alert drivers when they drift from their lane, or in a series across the direction of travel to warn drivers of a stop ahead or nearby danger spot. In favorable circumstances rumble strips are effective (and cost-effective) at reducing accidents due to inattention. Reflective markers are used as lane dividers to mark the central reservation. They are typically more visible at night than standard road marking lines. The color of markers varies depending on the country of use. Reflective markers are also referred to as raised pavement markers. In the United Kingdom and elsewhere, raised markers are used to mark crossings to assist the blind in crossing streets. In colder climates reflective markers may be installed below ground.

              Non-mechanical markers

Paint is generally used to mark traffic lanes, spaces in parking lots or special

purpose spaces for disabled parking. Colors for these applications vary by locality. Paint is usually applied right after the road has been paved. The road is marked commonly by a truck called a “striper”. These trucks contain hundreds of   gallons of paint stored in huge drums. The markings are controlled manually or automatically by the controller.

Thermoplastic is one of the most common types of road marking.The main  advantages of thermoplastic are durability and retro-reflectivity.

Most thermoplastic is produced in white and yellow colours. Plastic is used to mark crossroads, stop bars, and traffic guidance such as turn lanes, train crossings , pedestrian crossings, taxi lanes, bus and bike lanes. Pylons are sometimes used to separate HOV lanes from regular traffic lanes.

 

2. Say if the sentences concerning text  are true or false.

1. All countries have uniform markings.

2. Road surface markings provide official information.

3. There are only non-reflective mechanical markers.

4. Cat‟s eyes consist of six lenses mounted in durable white paint.

5. Elbert Botts invented a rumble strip.

6. Bott‟s dots are used together with reflective markers.

7. Non-reflective markers are also referred to as raised pavement markers.

8. In cold climates reflective markers are installed below ground.

9. A striper is a machine which marks the road surface.

10. Most thermoplastic is produced in red and white colours.

11. Paint is used to mark traffic lanes, spaces in parking lots or special space

for disabled parking.

12. Reflective markers are more visible at night than standard road marking

lines.

3. Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations.

Предоставить официальную информацию, единообразие разметок,

отражающие линзы, разнообразие различных цветов, края полос движения,вместе со снегом, при благоприятных обстоятельствах, снижение несчастных случаев, разделитель полосы движения, более заметный, место для парковки, сотни галлон, контролироваться вручную, один из самых распространенных типов разметки, пешеходный переход.

4. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the vocabulary list of Unit 4.

1. Световозвращатель «кошачий глаз» состоит из четырех линз, которые

доступны в различных цветах.

2. Единообразие дорожной разметки является важным фактором в

дорожной безопасности.

3. Стоп линия предупреждает водителей об опасности.

4. Краска для разметки хранится в огромных цилиндрах.

5. Как правило, краска наносится машиной для нанесения разметки.

6. Основным преимуществом термопласта является световозвращающее

отражение._

 

 

5. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the function of road surface marking?

2. Why is uniformity of markings important?

3. What types of markings are distinguished?

4. What type of mechanical devices is used on major routes in the British

Isles?

5. Why are Bott‟s dots called so?

6. Why aren‟t Bott‟s dots used in cold climates?

7. Where is a rumble strip applied?

8. What is function of reflective markers?

9. What is function of raised markers in the UK?

10. What non-mechanical markers do you know?

11. What machine carries out paint marking?

12. What are the advantages of thermoplastic?

13. What is plastic used for?

14. What kind of marker is a pylon?

15. What type of road surface markings do you think the most common in

your country?

 

 

Требования к знаниям: обучающийся должен знать правила управления транспортным средством,  какое оборудование использутся для разметки дороги.

Требования к умениям: владеть лексикой по теме, понимать основное содержание текста, задавать  вопросы к тексту,передавать содержание текста на английском языке

 

Driving laws

A driver is subject to the laws of the jurisdiction in which he or she is driving. The rules of the road, driver licensing and vehicle registration schemes vary considerably between jurisdictions, as do laws imposing criminal responsibility for negligent driving, vehicle safety inspections and compulsory insurance. Most countries also have differing laws against driving while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Aggressive driving and road rage have become problems for drivers in some areas.

Some countries require a vision screening test for individuals to acquire or renew a driver's license. A 2010 systematic review found insufficient evidence to assess the effects of vision screening tests on subsequent motor vehicle crash reduction. The review concluded that there is a need to develop valid and reliable tools of vision screening that can predict driving performance.

Motorists are almost universally required to take lessons with an approved instructor and to pass a driving test before being granted a license. Almost all countries allow all adults with good vision and health to apply to take a driving test and, if successful, to drive on public roads. Saudi Arabia, however, bans women from driving vehicles (whether pedal or motor powered) on public roads. Saudi women have periodically staged driving protests against these restrictions.

Winter driving can pose serious hazards in countries with colder climates. In many countries, even after passing one's driving test, new motorists are initially subject to special restrictions. For example, in Australia, novice drivers are required to carry "P" ("provisional") plates, and are subject to alcohol limits, and other restrictions, for their first two years of driving. Many U.S. states now issue graduated drivers' licenses to novice minors. Typically, newly licensed minors may not drive or operate a motorized vehicle at night or with a passenger other than family members. The duration of the restriction varies from six months to until the driver is 18 years old. This is due to the mental aptitude of a young or unexperienced driver not being fully developed.

Rules of the road

Rules of the road and driving etiquette are the general practices and procedures that road users are required to follow. These rules usually apply to all road users, though they are of special importance to motorists and cyclists. These rules govern interactions between vehicles and with pedestrians. The basic traffic rules are defined by an international treaty under the authority of the United Nations, the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic. Not all countries are signatory to the convention and, even among signatories, local variations in practice may be found. There are also unwritten local rules of the road, which are generally understood by local drivers.

As a general rule, drivers are expected to avoid a collision with another vehicle and pedestrians, regardless of whether or not the applicable rules of the road allow them to be where they happen to be.

In addition to the rules applicable by default, traffic signs and traffic lights must be obeyed, and instructions may be given by a police officer, either routinely (on a busy crossing instead of traffic lights) or as road traffic control around a construction zone, accident, or other road disruption.

These rules should be distinguished from the mechanical procedures required to operate one's vehicle.

Regulatory Signs

One type of regulatory signs are traffic signs intended to instruct road users on what they must or should do (or not do) under a given set of circumstances. Other types may be signs located on streets and in parking lots having to do with parking, signs in public parks and on beaches or on or in architectural facilities prohibiting specific types of activities. The term regulatory sign describes a range of signs that are used to indicate or reinforce traffic laws, regulations or requirements which apply either at all times or at specified times or places upon a street or highway, the disregard of which may constitute a violation, or signs in general that regulate public behavior in places open to the public.

Examples of non-traffic types of regulatory signs might be tow-away signs for vehicles without disabled parking stickers or no-smoking signs where there are laws prohibiting smoking.

 

Warning Signs

Warning signs are used to alert highway, street or road users to unexpected or dangerous conditions ahead that might call for a reduction of speed, situations that might not be readily apparent, or an action in the interest of safety and efficient traffic operations such as a curve, detour, sideroad, etc. They usually have a yellow or orange background with black symbols or letters on a diamond-shaped or rectangular sign. Yellow pennant-shaped signs caution motorists where passing is unsafe. Round yellow warning signs alert motorists that there's a railroad crossing ahead.

Warning signs are available in three material grades (engineer grade, high intensity, and x diamond grade) and in various sizes.

A traffic warning sign is a type of traffic sign that indicates a hazard ahead on the road that may not be readily apparent to a driver. If you don't see th custom relfective sign. 

Parking Signs

At Traffic sign Corp. our goal is to offer you the best prices, quality products & fast service on your parking signs, no parking signs, custom parking signs, handicapped signs, posts, hardware and so much more.   All standard signs meet State and Federal MUTCD guidelines. Please give us the opportunity to help you with your church, school, shopping center or business parking signs. Put our many years of experience in the sign business to work for you. 

Construction Signs

CoConstruction signs are used to alert motorists to the dangers that new or temporary construction poses and how to maintain reasonable safety. These signs are identified by a bold orange color with black text or black symbols. This fluorescent orange material is built in a way to provided even higher visibility to help ensure the safety of the crews performing the construction.

Construction signs are available in three material grades (engineer grade, high intensity, and x diamond grade) and in various sizes.

Street signs

Street signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of or above roads to give instructions or provide information to road users. The earliest signs were simple wooden or stone milestones. Later, signs with directional arms were introduced, for example, the fingerposts in the United Kingdom and their wooden counterparts in Saxony.

With traffic volumes increasing since the 1930s, many countries have adopted pictorial signs or otherwise simplified and standardized their signs to overcome language barriers, and enhance traffic safety. Such pictorial signs use symbols (often silhouettes) in place of words and are usually based on international protocols. Such signs were first developed in Europe, and have been adopted by most countries to varying degrees.

    School Signs

A school zone refers to an area on a street near a school or near a crosswalk leading to a school that has a likely presence of younger pedestrians. School zones generally have a reduced speed limit during certain hours. School Area Signs will help you direct school traffic, parking and keep kids safe. Many signs now available in Fluorescent Yellow Green Sheeting.

Guide Signs

Signs used to indicate locations, distances, directions, routes, and similar information.

 

        Переведите текст и расскажите о правилах дорожногодвижения

               

 

                 UNIT 5 Main principles of the highway usage

 

Требования к знаниям: обучающийся должен знать основные принципы зксплуатации  автомобильных дорог,содержание  магистралей

Требования к умениям: владеть лексикой по теме, давать английские  зквиваленты русским терминам,.переводить термины на русский язык,определять верны ли утверждения по содержанию текста,задавать и  отвечать на вопросы к тексту

 

CHAPTER III. HIGHWAY USAGE AND MAINTENANCE

The main task  of the usage of the motor-car and the highway is achieving

high speeds of the cars on the highways together with the assuring the

comfort and safety of traffic with the most possible safety for a motor-car

and highway. This problem becomes especially important with the        increasing of automobile speed and with the development of high speed road construction.

Depending on the demands of the motor car traffic the main indices of

usage fixed for the highways are:

a) the designed speed of movement,

b) the designed weight of motor-cars.

These indices are set while designing or reconstructing the highway

and must be followed up to the mark during the process of usage. One of

the most important problems of the road usage is the estimate of the surfacing upper layer state.

 Not only evenness but smoothness, dustiness and noisiness as well play    an important role in estimating the quality of surfacing.

But all these surfacing properties influence the amount of possible traffic

speed far less than the evenness rate. Surfacing quality influences fuel

consumption, rubber wear, motor car depreciation and consequently the

working cost of the motor-car transportations.

The coefficient of service is the index of surfacing state. Every road

must have a fixed value of service coefficient, beneath which the usage

service department must not allow any reduction of road quality.

For the trunk highways and for the roads of special importance the  coefficient of service must be not less than 1.

The constructed road with all the road constructions is put into operation

and the repair and maintenance service is organized on the road.

Therefore the road usage, maintenance and repair are closely connected.

The ensuring of such a state of the road which can in the best way satisfy

all the traffic demands is achieved by the whole system of technical

measures for road maintenance and repair.

 

Read and study the following words:

               evenness – ровность;

               smoothness – ровность, гладкость, плавность;

longitudinal section – продольный профиль;

cross-section – поперечный профиль;

fuel – топливо;

surface – поверхность, покрытие;

trunk – магистраль;

satisfy – удовлетворять;

demand – требование, потребность.

 

1. Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct them.

1. The main task of usage of the motor-car and the highway is achieving of the high speeds of the cars as well as safety of traffic.

2. The estimation of the surfacing upper layer state is the only important

problem of the road usage.

3. Smoothness, dustiness and noisiness influence the traffic speed more

than evenness rate.

4. Expenditure of fuel, rubber wear, motor car wear depend on the surfacing evenness.

5. The coefficient of usage is the index of surfacing state.

6. For the trunk highways and for the roads of special importance the coefficient of service must be not less than 1.

7. Road usage, maintenance and repair are closely connected.

 

2. Give the English equivalents:

как уже было упомянуто; с наиболее возможной безопасностью;

в зависимости от потребностей; не только ровность, но и гладкость;

все это влияет на; следовательно; поэтому; тесно взаимосвязаны; целой системой.

         3. Answer the following questions.

 

1. What is the main task of the usage of the motor-car and the highway?

2. What influences the amount of possible traffic speed?

3. What is the one of the most important problems of the road usage?

4. What is the coefficient of service?

5. How must the state of the road which can satisfy all the traffic demands

be achieved?

 

          Principles of Road Usage

The Influence of Road upon Automobile. When any vehicle is moving

along the road there appears the interaction between the vehicle and the

road. The wheels of the rolling stock influence the road (road surfacing) directly creating the horizontal and vertical efforts on the road surfacing.

All this causes rubbing out the surfacing. The more the weight and

speed of the traffic and the more rigid the wheels and parts of the rolling

stock the more intense the influence of the wheels upon the surfacing.

The road surfacing in its turn has the definite influence upon the rolling

stock, causing the resistance to the movement, the impacts, vibration of

some parts of the vehicles, the sliding of the wheels. The interaction of the rolling stock with the road results in the gradual wearing and damaging some parts of vehicles as well as those of the road.

In order to reduce and decelerate the process of damaging we try to

accommodate the running parts and the other parts of the vehicles to the

conditions of movement along the road surface, and the road builders try to vehicle, its weight and speed. Thus the main task of the repair and the

maintenance is ensuring the operational quality of the road so as to have

maximum efficiency of transport.

The road agency is also entrusted with the task of gradual road improving

aimed at raising the technical type of the road.

 

Read and study the following words:

influence – влияние, влиять;

vehicle – транспортное средство;

wheel – колесо;

weight – вес;

reduce – уменьшать;

accommodate – приспособить;

gradual – постепенный;

wearing surface – слой износа;

decelerate – уменьшать, задержать.

1. Suggest the Russian equivalents:

along the road;

there appears the interaction;

parts of the rolling stock;

causing the resistance to the movement;

the sliding of the wheels;

to the conditions of movement;

exploitation service;

raising the technical type of the road.

 

2.Read the text again and write questions to these answers.

1. When the vehicle moves there is interaction between the vehicle and the

road.

2. All this cases rubbing out the surfacing.

3. The road surfacing causes the resistance to the movement.

4. The main task of the repair and the maintenance is ensuring the operational

quality of the road.

5. The wheels of the rolling stock influence the road surfacing.

 

3. You do not know the meaning of some terms. Ask your friend to

   explain you these terms. Consult with dictionary if it is necessary.

 horizontal and vertical efforts on the road surfacing;

 the resistance to the movement;

 the sliding of the wheels;

 the gradual wearing and damaging;

 operational quality;

 gradual improving.

 

           Read the following text. Try to understand its main content.

 

Make Highway maintenance

Highway maintenance has been defined as the preserving and keeping

of each type of roadway, roadside, structure, and facility as nearly as possible in its original condition as constructed or as subsequently improved, and the operation of highway facilities and services to provide satisfactory and safe transportation.

In cities, street sweeping and cleaning becomes a major task. Also there

are snow- and ice-control problems. Highway maintenance forces have the responsibility for keeping roads open and traffic moving under all conditions.

Often they are called on in time of flood, heavy snow, or other disasters

to rescue stranded motorists or residents of afflicted areas.

A great amount of facilities go for care of the roadway surface. Surface

maintenance is a major expense. For gravel roads, this involves blading

and occasional resurfacing. For surface treatments and low-type bituminous surfaces, patching, seal coating, or possibly loosening, oiling, remixing, and re-laying are involved. For high-type surfaces like bituminous concrete and Portland-cement concrete, removal and replacement failed areas and resurfacing are appropriate treatments. Mud-jacking or undersealing Portland-cement concrete pavements is a common operation.In general, the same materials and methods are employed for surface construction as for surface maintenance. However, construction machinery and methods are designed for quantity production whereas maintenance operations involve small output at widely separated locations. Furthermore, maintenance operations must be planned for rapid performance and to cause the least possible disruption or hazard to traffic. As an illustration, patching of bituminous surfaces is often done with premixed aggregate and binder that have been stockpiled along the road ready for immediate use.

The mix is hauled from the stockpile by truck and placed with hand shovels.

Another method utilized a tank trailer for bituminous binder towed by

a dump truck loaded with aggregate. A pump, mounted on the trailer,

forces the fluid binder through a hose to a hand spray.

 Read and study the following words:

maintenance – содержание, эксплуатация;

to define – определять;

transportation – передвижение, перевозка;

to rescue – спасать, избавлять;

to strand – оказаться в затруднительном положении, перен. сесть на

мель;

blading – обработка дороги грейдером;

patching – ямочный ремонт;

mud-jacking – ремонт просевших бетонных плит нагнетанием раство-

ра;

undersealing – обработка слоя основания до укладки дорожного по-

крытия, протравка;

output – производительность, мощность, затрата, расход;

to stockpile – укладывать в штабеля, в кучи;

to haul – перевозить, доставлять, транспортировать;

to tow – буксировать, тащить.

1, Answer the questions to the text.

1. How is highway maintenance defined?

2. What do highway maintenance forces care for?

3. What requirements do maintenance operations meet?

         

            Read the additional text and give its short summary:

 

New development in urban construction and maintenance

Recently, in Japan various environmental problems have become very

serious social problems. In constructing and maintaining urban roads, it is required that the works should be carried out while maintaining the traffic and as a result, road works are sometimes undertaken at night, thus discomforts to the dwellers along the roadside specially due to noise and vibration, have increased.

As measures against this, new construction methods and machines have

been developed which aim to reduce noise and vibration. And also the size of equipment used has been reduced in order to maintain traffic. Two construction methods recently developed and already put into operation are summarized as follows:

1. Replacement of pavement

In the replacement of pavement, the vibration caused by the impact of a

dropping weight to break the existing pavement becomes a special problem.

In one type of the newly developed road surface breakers, a fully hydraulic mechanism is employed to move a piston to another type, a special attachment with the shape of a blade is used to attach on to a hydraulic shovel remove the existing pavement (hacktor) thus decreasing breakers.

Moreover, in the new breakers, a vibration insulator is used to reduce

the vibration during operation.

2. Driving and pulling of piles

As a conventional method to reduce noise during the construction of

piles, the pile has been placed after pre-boring and the pile tip is fixed in

            the ground by impact.

However, the noise generated by this impact has become a special problem. Further, pulling of piles is mostly done by the vibration method and there are many complains from the public as the vibration is severe.

In the newly developed method, with the use of hydraulic cylinders or

special blocks with multi-pulley system, the power of winches is increased and piles are driven by pressing into ground or pulled out with a satisfactory  reduction in both noise and vibration.

 

Read the text. Tell about the main ways of road maintenance.

Road Maintenance

Maintenance and repair of the highways must provide for the safe traffic

with the given speed and load as well as for the all year-round traffic

and economic transport operation. The road maintenance includes the season jobs necessary for the road being clean and in a proper technical condition,

the jobs preventing different elemental forcing, the jobs on placing

different signals, directing signs and markers, the jobs on guarding and

lightening road constructions etc.

Ordinary repair means the urgent improving made every year. It may

be the preventive repair fulfilled according to a plan and repairing of sudden damage. Average repair includes periodical jobs, made once in some years with the aim of preserving the road, of improving its operational qualities and renewing some road elements. The average repair jobs are done in complex i.e. all the elements of the road and road constructions of a definite section of the highway are repaired at the same time as to receive in all respects good section of the highway.

Restoring repairs are the periodical jobs performed for full making up

of the wear of the highway as a whole i.e. the simultaneous restoration of the revetment and the road bed on the large sections of the road and restoration of some big artificial structures.

The reconstruction of the road represents the complex of jobs with the

view of complete changing the width of the highway, the revetment; construction, the type of structures and the draught of the whole sections.

           The road reconstruction must result in significant rise of operation qualities     

and structures. The maintenance should begin the instant that the construction is completed. The maintenance is performed all the year round but the amount and the character of the work depend upon the season of the year and upon the season traffic density.

The Pavement Repair. Ordinary and average repairs of pavements consist

of repairing some damaged or sagged places by removing the old surface

from those places, repairing the foundation with the addition of some

new material and by paving the section again with the same stones adding

some new stones instead of broken ones and instead of those converted

into cobble stones.

The capital repair is undertaken in case of large areas of road having

been damaged or when the pavement had lost its profile.

The repair is nothing else as taking to pieces the entire pavement, repair

of the foundation, addition of some fresh sand and repaying with the

utilization of the old material and the addition of some new material. The

reconstruction of the pavement differs from the capital repair in performing

additional work for improving the subgrade or adding some new material

for the surfacing and underlayer.

Asphalt Pavement Repair. Ordinary and average repair of asphalt concrete

surfacing consists of the following principal operations:

1) cutting the material out of the damaged place with making its outline

rectilineal;

2) cleaning the damaged place from dust, dirt and debris of surfacing;

3) lubricating the edges of good surfacing with the hot bitumen;

4) laying new mixture and consolidating it;

5) tamping the mixture along the contour;

6) tamping and rolling the mixture over the whole area;

7) treating the surface of the repaired place.

For repairing work the mixture of the same composition as for the

principal pavement is used.

Sometimes it is possible to use cast mixtures that are the most simply

laid and easily consolidated, which is very convenient with the small

spaces to repair.

The capital repair of asphalt concrete pavements is performed in case

of there being large area of damaged sections requiring significant amount

of work for repairing separate potholes and damages.

The capital repair includes the laying of additional layer of asphalt

          concrete with the preliminary removing of strongly damaged spots and           placing a layer of astringent instead of it. Reconstruction oasphaltconcrete       surface is necessary when the damage and significant deformation

                 of the foundation and the subgrade are evident.

The reconstruction of the asphalt concrete surface consists of taking all

the road revetment to pieces, repairing the subgrade, constructing a new

foundation and new surface.

 

 Read and study the following words:

urgent – срочный;

prevent – предотвращать;

damage – повреждение;

simultaneous – одновременный;

revetment – одежда (дорожная);

road bed – дорожное полотно;

artificial structure – искусственное сооружение;

draught (draft) – план, чертеж;

traffic density – интенсивность движения;

rectilineal – прямолинейный;

pothole – выбоина.

1. Read the text again and find out if the following statements are

true or false.

a. The road maintenance includes only the season jobs necessary for the

road being clean.

b. The average repair jobs are done in different ways, separated from each

other.

c. The maintenance is performed only during the summer period.

d. Tamping the mixture along the contour is the main principal operation

of the pavement repair.

e. The capital repair of asphalt concrete pavements is performed in case of

there being large area of damaged sections requiring significant amount of

work.

f. Reconstruction of asphalt-concrete surface is necessary even when we

can see small damages.

2. Give the English equivalents:

сезонные работы; строительство определенного участка дороги;

комплексные работы; значительное увеличение;

в случае; капитальный ремонт.

3. Discuss the questions with your partner.

 1. In what cases the capital repair of asphalt concrete pavements is             needed?

2. What are the main steps of asphalt pavement repair?

3. What do ordinary and average repairs of pavements consist of?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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