США: история, факты

AMERICAN ENGLISH: BRIEF HISTORY

When I speak my mother tongue an Englishman can’t understand me at all. Mark Twain

Have you ever thought about the questions:  Are AmE and BrE different languages or two variants of English?  How did American English come into being? Barack Obama (USA)

Standard English (SE) appeared in 1980s. This prestige accent in Britain is known as Received Pronunciation (RP). General American (GA) – the speech of native speakers of American English that is typical of the United States. World Standard English (WSE) – a totally uniform, regionally neutral, and prestigious variety that exists worldwide. Two trends: • each country where English is official language tries to preserve its linguistic identity (Canadians do not want to be Americans); mixed influences (Canada) Follow AmE • other countries fall into three groups: Follow BrE

h s i l g n E n a i l a r t s u A J a p a n e s e E n g l i s h M ala y sia n E n glis h East Asian Standard English Australian, New Zealand, & South Pacific Standard English South Asian Standard English West. East, and Southern African Standard English WORLD STANDARD ENGLISH Caribbean Standard English Canadian Standard English New Zealand English British English British and Irish Standard English American Standard English Irish English American English In dia C a n a dia n E n glis h n E n glis h Pakistani English African English Kenyan English Caribbean English U k r a n a n i i E n g l i s h Queen Elizabeth II (UK) Barack Obama (USA)

started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, in Britain during the 5th century AD. The three stages of the development of the English language: Old English (450- 1100 AD) Middle English (1100-1500) Modern English (1500-the Present)

tribes languages, which spoke in into Old The Germanic similar Britain developed English. Old English did not sound like English today. Half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. Old English engaged with the Scandinavian languages. the Latinisms English the spread of Christianity in England. In the 8th -9th centuries there was a transition to the Latin alphabet. appeared in through lexicon

England. In 1066 William the Conqueror conquered The Normans brought with them French, which became the language of the Royal Court. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. The London the country’s official language and the basis of modern literary English, was formed in the 15th dialect, century.

in Spelling EARLY. Towards the end of Middle English, a distinct change pronunciation started (vowels pronounced shorter.) From the 16th century new words and phrases entered the Printing brought standardization to English. and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published. LATE. The main difference language.

The New Colossus … Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses, yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door! Emma Lazarus (1849—1877)       1. 1620- the first pilgrims came on the ship Mayflower and founded New England; 2.The 18th century - a wave of immigrants from North Ireland and Scotland; 3. From 1840 to 1910 - 28 mln immigrants came to America; 4. From 1901 to 1930 - 1 mln Mexicans came to Texas and California; 5. 1975 - immigrants from Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. 6. Immigration laws restricting the flow of immigrants into the US.

Melting Pot; Cooking Pot; Salad Bowl; Pizza; Mosaic.

African banjo: a musical instrument with four strings, a long neck, and a body like a drum, use to play a popular music; Dutch coleslaw: a salad made from raw chopped cabbage; French prairie: a wide, treeless grassy plain; German hamburger: a sandwich made of a ground beef patty placed in a soft roll; pretzel: a hard glazed and salty bread shaped like a loose knot; Native American moccasin: a soft leather shoe; squash: a gourd-like vegetable grown on a vine; Spanish ranch: a large farm where sheep, cattle, horses are produced; Yiddish bagel: a hard glazed doughnut-shaped roll;

indicate American lifestyle: brunch: a late weekend breakfast (breakfast + lunch); cattle corn – mixed corn: sweet and salted; dime: a ten-cent coin; downtown: the centre of the city; geek: an uncool person (school slang); mall: a huge shopping centre with restaurants and even cinemas; nuts: crazy; pants: trousers (BrE); potluck: a party to which every family bring their own special dish to share it with the others.

The major sources of early-borrowed words in English: Latin, French, and Scandinavian. Modern English loans from Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic, Persian, and Russian.

Number Per cent 66.19% 198,176,991 44,252,278 14.78% 12.17% 36,434,530 12,945,401 Description 1) White (European/Caucasian) 2) Hispanic or Latino 3) Black or African American 4) Asian 5) Two or more (mixed race) 6) American Indian and Alaska Native 7) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 4.32% 1.47% 0.68% 0.13% 4,397,722 2,035,551 387,230 Statistical source: 2008 American Community TOTAL: 299,398,485 100.00 Survey %