Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
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английский язык
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13.02.2017
A “wonder” is something beautiful and exceptional that gives us a feeling of admiration and surprise. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World included magnificent buildings and structures built in ancient times. Today we are going to visit the seven wonders of the ancient world. Let is try to see everything with our own eyes.
Project “Seven Wonders of the World”.doc
Information and Research Project
“Seven Wonders of the World”
Leader of the Рroject:
Yuliya Kuzheleva
Coordinator of the Рroject:
N. Petrova,
the English teacher of the second category
April, 2015 Project type: Information and research
Target group: 7 grade
Coordinator of the project: N. Petrova
Institutional framework: the English language, 7 grade
Justification of the project: Nowadays we need of knowledge of historical and cultural
heritage, acquaintance to world monuments of art in order that the person could
understand better the ancestry and take in knowledge which can be useful in the modern
world.
Objectives of the project: to make students acquainted with the history of ancient wonders.
Work schedule:
First phase: We chose a theme.
Second phase: We searched information in the Internet.
Third phase: We made a presentation of the project.
Contents:
Introduction
Main part
Conclusion
Resources
Appendix Introduction
A “wonder” is something beautiful and exceptional that gives us a feeling of admiration
and surprise. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World included magnificent buildings
and structures built in ancient times.
It was a very difficult task to build the Pharos, the Pyramids, the Colossus and other
wonders of the world. It took a lot of time and energy. However, early people managed to
do it.
How? What helped them? What could they use for building?
Today we are going to visit the seven wonders of the ancient world. Let is try to see
everything with our own eyes. Main part
Seven Wonders of the World is the oldest architectural monuments, which are
considered to be the greatest creations of human hands. The list of the seven ancient
wonders of the world includes the most famous works of art of the ancient world. For the
beauty, uniqueness and technical complexity they were called miracles. The list has
changed over time, but the number of its member miracles remained unchanged. The
number 7 was chosen is not just. It belonged to Apollo and is a symbol of perfection,
completeness and perfection. In this traditional genre of Hellenistic poetry is a celebration
of the list's most famous cultural figures poets, philosophers, kings, generals and so on.
The first mention of the wonders of the world is found in this era, when Europe had
already passed the victorious armies of Alexander the Great. Widespread Greek culture in
the territories belonging to the states which won the great commander, provided notoriety
individual monuments and architectural structures. But it should be noted that the
"selection" Miracles happen gradually. Some names are replaced by others, and to date the
list of the most magnificent works of art and architecture are:
1. Pyramids of Giza
2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon
3. Olympic statue of Zeus
4. Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
5. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
6. The Colossus of Rhodes
7. Lighthouse of Alexandria
Over time, six of the seven wonders of the ancient world were destroyed by the forces
of nature and man, and the only Egyptian pyramid of Cheops has survived to the present
day. Magic numbers continues to fascinate mankind in the XXI century. In 2003, the
British channel BBC has created a list of the Seven Wonders of the industrialized world to
include the 7 great achievements of the Industrial Revolution.
The Pyramids of Giza
Topping the list of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of light, which
is not surprising since they are the only wonder of the world that has survived to our times.
These stone structures have become the greatest monuments of ancient Egyptian
architecture. They served as a tomb for the Egyptian pharaohs and were to provide housing for the eternal immortal spirit rulers. Period of construction of the pyramids
relates to the IIIII millennium BC. During this time it was built more than a hundred of
these structures. The largest of these is the Pyramid of Cheops. Its original height is 146.6
m, and the length of the side face 230.33 m. However, the time of the earthquake and
several changed its appearance, and to date, the height of this majestic building reaches
only 138.8 m and the length of the side edge of ~ 225 m . The rest of the Egyptian
pyramids are inferior to it in size.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are the second most important wonder of the world.
To the great regret, it's an amazing architectural structure not survived to the present day,
but the memory of it still remains.
Landmark is located near Baghdad, and today its stone ruins can impress a simple tourist
unless its scale. However, history shows that the building was one of the most beautiful
creations of mankind.
The gardens were discovered by Robert Koldewey, who in 1989 excavated from the
nearby Al Hillah. In the course of archaeological research was discovered extensive
network of trenches and in their sections scientist immediately recognized the legendary
architectural monument.
Evidence suggests that the Hanging Gardens were built at the behest of Nebuchadnezzar
II, whose reign falls on the VI century BC Best engineers, mathematicians and inventors
of Mesopotamia worked day and night to satisfy the request of the king to create a gift for
his wife Amitis.
The latter had Median origin, and those lands are known to have been filled with the
scent of blooming gardens and green hills. In a stuffy Babylon queen had hard times, she
longed for native edges. That is why the governor decided to break an unusual park that
little would remind his wife home.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon were described by many historians of antiquity. But there
are still some doubts about the reality of this piece of engineering. For example,
Herodotus, who traveled to Mesopotamia somewhere in the V century BC, said not a word
about this construction. Although, apparently, it was the most magnificent and beautiful in
Babylon.
Even the annals of the city itself does not mention the Gardens. However, Berossus, a
Chaldean priest, engaged chronicles the end of IV century BC very bright and clearly
outlined the construction in their works. There is even an opinion and that all historians,
including modern scholars, it relied on its description, but they are too much glossed over
speculation and opinions of the author.
Some even believe that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon confused with similar parks
that were created in Nineveh, located on the east coast of the Tiber. But the foundation of
the irrigation system construction of this monument was Archimedean screw, which was
invented in the II century BC, while the construction of garden dates from the VI century.
However, perhaps the Babylonians already had an idea about a particular thread of the
screw, although it is a device in a different way. And whatever it was, the mystery of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon still excite the minds of scientists, archaeologists and
historians.
Statue of Zeus at Olympia
Statue of Zeus at Olympia is the third largest Wonder of the World, whose history began
long before its creation in 776 BC For the first time in the temple, which was built in
honor of the father of the gods, the participants arrived the next Olympic Games.
Representatives of Asia Minor, Syria, and Sicily, Egypt and, of course, the Great of
Greece attended the opening of the greatest in the history of the event. The first sanctuary
of Zeus was built in 150 km from Athens. But over time, games are becoming more
political weight, so the rulers of Greece decided to build a new temple.
Temple of Zeus
Construction lasted more than 15 years, and in 456 BC the world saw one of the most
monumental and beautiful houses of Zeus. The project developed a famous antique
architect Le Bon, the creation of which has all the features of famous Greek temples, but
exceed their scope.
The building was set on a high rectangular platform. Roof supports 13 columns majestic
height of about 10 m and a diameter of at least 2 m, and all of them were as many as 34.
Creation of Phidias
The government has invited Greece to Athens Phidias, the famous sculptor, who has
managed to create something superb the statue of Zeus. The news of this work of art
instantly spread throughout the ancient world, and a masterpiece took his place on the list
of Wonders of the World.
The creation of the statue dates from about 440m BC Sculpture father of the gods was
created mainly from selected ivory. According to the description of eyewitnesses who
managed to catch the article in "good health", it has a very impressive size.
Its height is not less than 15 m, the design was attended by about 200 kg of gold, the
modern equivalent of cash in excess of 8 million. Dollars. The discovery of the statue of
Olympian Zeus falls on 435 BC.
Historical sources say that in the second half of the IV century BC Temple of Zeus was
closed by the Roman emperor Theodosius, who was a Christian and hostile to pagan
beliefs of the Greeks.
In 363, the statue was moved to Constantinople. Although some evidence suggests that
this architectural monument survived the looting and destruction of the Temple, which
took place at the end of the V century.
In 1875 found the remains of the Temple of Zeus, and in 1950, archaeologists
discovered the workshop of Phidias. Careful studies place where he found an architectural
monument, allowed himself to recreate the temple and statue of Olympian Zeus.
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
Ancient Ephesus had known period of unprecedented prosperity. Founded in the XII century BC, the city is a major center of trade and exuded wealth and prosperity. Artemis
patronized him. It is known, was the goddess of fertility and patron of animals, protectress
of women in childbirth and hunters. Holy honoring her, the townspeople decided to build
in honor of the great temple of Artemis, who, moreover, had much to increase the income
of the city.
In the VI century BC Ephesus came Harsifron, a famous architect. It was he who
originated the idea of building construction marble. According to his plan, the temple had
to encircle the two rows of imposing columns. In this master, apparently, had an
outstanding engineering mind, as the project is the most complex and at the same time, the
original of all that has been developed at the time. Since the city was rich and could afford
to build such a large and expensive building.
But there was one obstacle was not yet found the field that can satisfy the appetite of the
project. But soon, by chance, a sufficient amount of stone was found, and the temple was
built successfully. A special place in the structure of the building deserve just monolithic
marble columns. Here they were transported directly from the quarries located ten
kilometers from the construction site. The foundation of the temple is an aerobatics
engineering.
The building was built on marshland, because still alive was a sad memory of
earthquakes struck Hellas. On the site of the future building was dug a huge pit, which the
builders filled with charcoal and wool. This, combined with a very unorthodox foundation
of the Temple had to be a guarantee that the building will stand with tremors of any
capacity.
In the main hall of the Temple was set amazing beauty statue of the goddess Artemis,
whose height is about 15 meters. It was very expensive, because very often it inlaid with
precious stones and gold. In the decoration of the building was attended by prominent
Greek painters and sculptors. Rumors of a beautiful shrine quickly spread throughout the
ancient world, the Temple of Artemis, and subsequently became one of the Seven
Wonders of the World.
It should be noted that Harsifron did not have time to bring the building up to the end.
But the work was continued by his son, and after Architects peons and Demetrius. And
about 450 BC the world has seen unparalleled Temple of Artemis. It is said that if he
survived to this day, I could outshine any of the existing masterpieces of architectural art.
But, unfortunately, in 356 BC Herostrat, obsessed with fame at any cost, made a fire in the
building.
The building was almost completely destroyed, naturally except for those structural
elements which are made of marble. After that, the Temple of Artemis was revived several
times and again ceases to exist. But in 263 BC it was the last time the Goths plundered.
Finally, "marble" health buildings were coerced marshy soil, as well as the river flowed
nearby Kaistroy. And in order to restore the original appearance of the building, scientists
from around the world took a few decades.
Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
Halicarnassus Mausoleum the same age as the second Temple of Artemis. In its
construction was attended by the same people that restored the shrine after the fire,
arranged Gyrostat. The building is a ziggurat, that is both a tomb and shrine and monument. It should be noted that the term "mausoleum" comes from the name of the
powerful and cruel ruler of Caria Mausolus.
Despite the fact that in the IV century BC State was a colony of the Persian Empire,
Mausolus rules imperiously and stubbornly, trying not to bend under imperial pressure.
His position was so strong, and the communication is so broad that even after the
suppression of rebellions raised them as he was able to remain on the throne. During the
reign of energetic and ambitious king of Halicarnassus became the capital of Caria.
Meanwhile, construction of the tomb, which later joined the list of the seven most
famous sights of the ancient world, was started long before the death of the ruler in about
353 BC The project was designed by Greek architects Mausoleum satire and PIF. For
registration of the buildings were hired sculptors Timothy Leochares, Scopas and Briaksid.
And just in construction involving hundreds of talented artists whose names,
unfortunately, not been preserved in history.
The Shrine is an impressive architectural complex, with its own courtyard. In the center
was established last stone platform. To the top of the wide staircase led, guarded by stone
lions. Inside the building was decorated with basreliefs depicting scenes from ancient
Greek legends and tales. External walls of the mausoleum covered statues of gods and
goddesses, and in the corners of buildings carried their service great guardsoldiers, carved
out of stone.
Crowned ziggurat marble chariot drawn by four massive horses. Statues depicting
charioteers of Mausolus and his sisterwife Artemisia. The height of this sculpture was
about 6 meters, and a pyramidal roof of the tomb supported 36 7meter monolithic
columns.
When the ruler of Caria, died, the construction of the Mausoleum has not yet been
completed, and finishing facilities completely ended only in 350 BC The Shrine survived
the conquest of Halicarnassus and the Great and a pirate attack in the beginning of the I
millennium. But at the beginning of the XV century in Asia Minor visited the Maltese who
finally destroyed the building, taking the marble and stone slabs for the construction of the
fortress of St. Peter, which was located on the very spot where stood the palace of
Mausolus and Artemisia. By the end of the XVI century from the Mausoleum remains one
base.
Excavation of the tomb of Mausolus, which led the Christian Jeppesen, was completed
only in 19661977ies. Found on basreliefs, statues and other elements of the situation
and the structure was restored image of the Mausoleum. His project was the basis for the
construction of City Hall in Los Angeles, a memorial to soldiers in Indiana, the London
church of St. George and many other architectural monuments of modernity.
The Colossus of Rhodes
Rhodes is the largest economic center of the ancient world. Located on the southwest
coast of Asia Minor, he often acted as a lure for the rulers of neighboring states. Thus, in
357 BC the new ruler of the city became famous king Mavlos, and 17 years later the city
came into the possession of the Persian Empire. In 322 BC Rhodes was conquered by
Alexander the Great, but after his death among the heirs of the great commander began
feuding and one of them Antigone sent his son Demetrius, that he captured and
destroyed the rebellious city. It should be noted that the long siege was unsuccessful, and the commander was forced
to retreat. On the shore of the island of his men threw a huge siege tower, which was a real
engineering marvel at the time, and enterprising immediately decided to sell it. With the
money, it was decided to build a statue of Helios the patron saint of Rhodes, to praise the
sun god for what saved the city from invaders.
Start of construction of the statue falls by about 304 BC The creation of the Colossus
was charged Hares, pupil of the famous ancient sculptor Lysippos. It was suggested to
represent Helios standing, and in his left hand, he had to keep the drop down to the ground
cover and the right cover your eyes from the sun. Despite the fact that this position is not
consistent with some of the canons of the sculpture of the time, the master realized that a
huge statue will not stay on his feet, Colossus will indicate if the hand away.
Three massive stone pillars formed the basis of 36meterhigh sculptures. They were
fastened with iron beams on the shoulders of the Colossus, which should provide him
stability. Construction continued for 12 years, after which the world saw the greatest statue
head that adorn the radiant crown.
Literally rocked the island in half a century of strong earthquakes and legs Colossus of
Rhodes broke down. Statue of the god fell into the sea and lay off the coast of about 1000
years. Prostrate giant overgrown with legends, but in 977 BC it was decided to
disassemble, melted and sold. In the annals preserved data that smuggle bronze, which was
finished with a statue, it took 900 camels.
Colossus of Rhodes entered the list of the Seven Wonders of the World. Are now being
made even some measures to restore the huge statue. According to some estimates the cost
of modern sculpture of Helios will be about 200 million. Euro. However, the idea to create
monumental sculptures for example the Colossus of Rhodes was used much earlier in
New York Harbor is a statue of a woman holding in hand a huge torch. This monument is
known the world over as the Statue of Liberty, but the basis of its creation it went way
Rhodes masterpiece.
Lighthouse of Alexandria
The history of the seventh wonder of the world Lighthouse of Alexandria linked with
a base in 332 BC Alexandria, a city that was named in honor of the great Roman general
of Alexander the Great. It should be noted that throughout his career conqueror founded
about 17 cities with similar names, but only to the Egyptian project managed to survive
until today.
Great place to take away the base of Alexandria of Egypt very carefully. He did not like
the idea of the location in the Nile Delta, and so it was decided to split the first
construction site 20 miles to the south, near the marshy lake Mareotis. Alexandria had to
have two big harbor one intended for commercial ships coming from the Mediterranean
Sea, and the second for ships traveling on the Nile.
After the death of Alexander the Great in 332 BC the city came under the rule of
Ptolemy I Soter the new ruler of Egypt. During this period, Alexandria became a
prosperous trading port. In 290 BC Ptolemy ordered to build on the island of Pharos
lighthouse huge that would light the way going in the harbor city of ships at night and in
bad weather.
Construction of the Lighthouse of Alexandria dates back to IV century BC, but the system of signal lights appeared only in the I century BC The creator of this masterpiece
of engineering and architectural art is considered Sostratus, a resident of Knidos. Work
lasted a little more than 20 years, and eventually the Lighthouse of Alexandria was the
first in the world this type of structure and the tallest building in the ancient world, except,
of course, gizeyskih pyramids.
The height of the Lighthouse of Alexandria was approximately 450600 feet. When this
building was absolutely not similar to any of the available while an architectural
monument. The building is a threetiered tower, whose walls were built of marble slabs,
sealed lead solution. The most complete description of the Lighthouse of Alexandria was
Abu alAndalussi the famous Arab traveler in 1166. He noted that the lighthouse in
addition to purely practical function is highly visible landmark.
Pharos lighthouse lights the way the Mariners for over 1500 years. But strong tremors in
the 365, 956 and 1303 years BC severely damaged the building, and a powerful
earthquake in 1326the year finally destroyed one of the greatest architectural structures in
the world. In 1994, the remains of the Alexandria lighthouse were discovered by
archaeologists, and subsequently the image of the structure was more or less successfully
restored with the help of computer simulation.
Conclusion
On each of the seven wonders of the world can talk endlessly. They attributed the
ancient epics and ancient legends. Each of them is nestled shadow of mystery and
suspense. But one thing we can say with certainty is the most significant monuments of
civilization of all that managed to create mankind.
Currently under a new selection of applicants for a list of "8 modern wonders of the
world." The fact that the previous selection has attracted a lot of attention, has greatly
increased the knowledge of the natural wonders of engineering and others. So today
invited again to choose new eight wonders of the world natural. The choice will take
place in several stages, is now determined by the 21 finalists.
Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
Информационно-исследовательский проект на английском языке "Seven Wonders of the World "
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