Методологическая разработка по английскому языку на тему «Discovery of human papilloma virus»

МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ РАЗРАБОТКА ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

НА ТЕМУ «DISCOVERY OF HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS»

Warm-up

·         Do you know that some viruses can be sexually transmitted?

·         Why can they be dangerous?

·         Have you ever heard about human papilloma virus?

Vocabulary

Read the text

Harald zur Hausen got The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2008 for postulating that oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV) caused cervical cancer.

Discovery of human papilloma virus causing cervical cancer

Against the prevailing view during the 1970s, Harald zur Hausen postulated a role for human papilloma virus (HPV) in cervical cancer. He assumed that the tumor cells, if they contained an oncogenic virus, should harbor viral DNA integrated into their genomes. The HPV genes promoting cell proliferation should therefore be detectable by specifically searching tumor cells for such viral DNA. Harald zur Hausen pursued this idea for over 10 years by searching for different HPV types, a search made difficult by the fact that only parts of the viral DNA were integrated into the host genome. He found novel HPV-DNA in cervix cancer biopsies, and thus discovered the new, tumorigenic HPV16 type in 1983. In 1984, he cloned HPV16 and 18 from patients with cervical cancer. The HPV types 16 and 18 were consistently found in about 70% of cervical cancer biopsies throughout the world.

 Importance of the HPV discovery

The global public health burden attributable to human papilloma viruses is considerable. More than 5% of all cancers worldwide are caused by persistent infection with this virus. Infection by the human papilloma virus is the most common sexually transmitted agent, afflicting 50-80% of the population. Of the more than 100 HPV types known, about 40 infect the genital tract, and 15 of these put women at high risk for cervical cancer. In addition, HPV is found in some vulval, penile, oral and other cancers. Human papilloma virus can be detected in 99.7% of women with histologically confirmed cervical cancer, affecting some 500,000 women per year.

Harald zur Hausen demonstrated novel properties of HPV that have led to an understanding of mechanisms for papilloma virus-induced carcinogenesis and the predisposing factors for viral persistence and cellular transformation. He made HPV16 and 18 available to the scientific community. Vaccines were ultimately developed that provide ≥95 % protection from infection by the high risk HPV16 and 18 types. The vaccines may also reduce the need for surgery and the global burden of cervical cancer.

 URL: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2008/press-release/

Answer the questions

1.       Who got The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2008?

2.       What was his discovery?

3.       What role of HPV did Harald zur Hausen postulate?

4.       How long did Harald zur Hausen provide searching for different HPV types?

5.       What was the difficulty of his search?

6.       How many cancers are caused by persistent infection with this virus?

7.       How is it transmitted?

8.       How many types of HPV are there?

9.       What did Harald zur Hausen demonstrate?

10.   How to the need for surgery and the global burden of cervical cancer?

Follow-up

·         Tell about HPV vaccination in Russia

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