Методологическая разработка по английскому языку по теме «Field Surgery Founder»

МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ РАЗРАБОТКА ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

ПО ТЕМЕ «FIELD SURGERY FOUNDER»

Warm-up

·         Do you know medical scientists?

·         Who are the most famous medical scientists in Russia?

·         Who is the field surgery founder?

Vocabulary

Read the text

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (25 November 1810 – 5 December 1881) was a great Russian surgeon and anatomist, his research started the foundation of the anatomical and experimental surgery. He is considered to be the founder of field surgery, and was one of the first surgeons in Europe to use ether as an anesthetic. He was the first surgeon to use anaesthesia in a field operation, invented various kinds of surgical operations, and developed his own technique of using plaster casts to treat fractured bones. He is one of the most widely recognized Russian physicians and corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1847).

Pirogov was born on 25 November 1810 in Moscow, Russia, to a military official family. He got his primary education at home and then in the private school. In 1824 – 1827 he studied in the Moscow University. He completed further studies at the Imperial University of Dorpat (now the state university in Tartu, Estonia), receiving a doctorate in 1832 on the ligation of the ventral aorta. In 1836 he became a professor of the Surgeon Department of this university.

In October 1840, Pirogov took up an appointment as professor of surgery at the Academy of Military Medicine in Saint Petersburg, and undertook three years of military service in this period. He first used ether as an anesthetic in 1847, and investigated cholera from 1848. Around this time he compiled his anatomical atlas, Topographical anatomy of the human body.

He worked as an army surgeon in the Crimean War, arriving in Simferopol on December 11, 1854. From his works in the Crimea, he is considered to be the father of field surgery. He followed work by Louis-Joseph Seutin in introducing plaster casts for setting broken bones, and developed a new osteoplastic method for amputation of the foot, known as the "Pirogov amputation". He was also the first to use anesthesia in the field, particularly during the siege of Sevastopol, and he introduced a system of triage into five categories. He encouraged female volunteers as an organized corps of nurses, the Khrestovozdvizhenskaya at the Saint Petersburg Charity Encyclopedia community of nurses established by Grand Duchess Yelena Pavlovna in 1854, after the Crimean War Florence Nightingale laid the foundations of professional nursing for the British.

He returned to Saint Petersburg after the end of the war in 1856, but withdrew from the academy. He wrote an influential paper on the problems of pedagogy, arguing for the education of the poor, non-Russians, and women. He also argued against early specialization, and for the development of secondary schools. He returned to the Crimea as a superintendent of schools. He moved to Kiev in 1858 after disagreements with the governor general in Odessa. In 1856, he retired to his estate in Vishnya in central Ukraine. He treated the local peasants there, established a clinic, and learned the Ukrainian language. The composer Tchaikovsky was one of his visitors there. Around this time he wrote The Old Physician's Diary and "Questions of Life".

In 1862, he took charge of a delegation of Russian students that was sent overseas to train as teachers. He treated Giuseppe Garibaldi for an injury to his foot sustained at Aspromonte on 28 August. Pirogov returned to Russia in 1866, leaving his estate only rarely. He visited the battlefields and field hospitals of the Franco–Prussian War in 1870, as a representative of the Russian Red Cross, and was again a field surgeon in the Russian-Turkish War in 1877.

He last appeared in public on 24 May 1881, and died later that year in the village of Vishnya (now Vinnytsia, Ukraine). His body is preserved using embalming techniques he himself developed, and rests in a church in Vinnytsia. Compared to the corpse of Lenin, which undergoes thorough maintenance in a special underground clinic twice a week, the body of Pirogov rests untouched and unchanging: it is said that only dust has to be brushed off of it. It resides at room temperature in a glass-lid coffin (while Lenin's body is preserved at a constant low temperature).

According to the memories of his contemporaries, Pirogov possessed the amazing abilities of a diagnostic therapist. Today we can say that some of Pirogov’s therapeutic methods seem to be peculiar and even strange, but we should keep in mind the level of development of medicine at that time.

Answer the questions:

1.       Who was Nikolai Pirogov?

2.       Where did he study?

3.       What did he use as an anesthetic in 1847?

4.       Did he investigate cholera?

5.       Why is he considered to be the father of field surgery?

6.       Did he encourage female volunteers as an organized corps of nurses?

7.       Why did he move to Ukraine?

8.       Was he a field surgeon in the Russian-Turkish War in 1877?

9.       What happened to his body after death?

10.   What are memories of Pirogov’s contemporaries about him?

Follow-up: Tell about Pirogov’s basic scientific works.