Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
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Исследовательские работы
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08.04.2019
Project Theme:
"The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Finished: student gr.48 Sokolova A.M
Project Manager: Kuznetsova Alyona Nikolaevna
Иваново 2019
Introduction
1. History of the birth of cinema
1.1 The birth of cinema
1.2 Silent Movie
1.3 Master of silent films
1.4 Color Appearance
1.5 Sound Appearance
2. Types and genres of cinema.
3. Making a movie
3.1 On the other side of the screen
3.2 Main creative team
3.3 Management Team
3.4 Attached Film Studio Workers
3.5 "Light, camera, motor!"
3.6 Preparatory period
3.7 Shooting period
3.8 Mounting and toning period
3.9 Replication
3.10 Movie Shooting Techniques
1. History of the birth of cinema
1.1 The birth of cinema
The cinema appeared due to several technical inventions that almost coincided in time: a dry bromine gelatinous photoprocess with high photosensitivity (1878), film on a flexible and durable basis (1889), a high-speed apparatus of chronophotographic shooting (1891) and a projector with the same speed (1895) year).
proekt (1).docx
Regional State Budgetary Vocational Educational Institution Ivanovo Railway College
Project Theme:
"The history of cinema and the
foundations of cinema"
Finished: student gr.48 Sokolova A.M
Project Manager: Kuznetsova Alyona Nikolaevna
Иваново 2019 Introduction
1. History of the birth of cinema
1.1 The birth of cinema
1.2 Silent Movie
1.3 Master of silent films
1.4 Color Appearance
1.5 Sound Appearance
2. Types and genres of cinema.
3. Making a movie
3.1 On the other side of the screen
3.2 Main creative team
3.3 Management Team
3.4 Attached Film Studio Workers
3.5 "Light, camera, motor!"
3.6 Preparatory period
3.7 Shooting period
3.8 Mounting and toning period 3.9 Replication
3.10 Movie Shooting Techniques
1. History of the birth of cinema
1.1 The birth of cinema
The cinema appeared due to several technical inventions that
almost coincided in time: a dry bromine gelatinous photoprocess
with high photosensitivity (1878), film on a flexible and durable
basis (1889), a highspeed apparatus of chronophotographic
shooting (1891) and a projector with the same speed (1895)
year).
The beginning of the spread of cinema in its present form was
laid by filming and public demonstration of the first short films.
March 22, 1895 in Paris, the Lumiere brothers, who went down
in history as the creators of cinematography, as a genre of art,
first demonstrated their “cinematograph”. The importance of
their work consisted in the fact that their technology allowed
shooting not in special premises, but in any place (including on
the street), quickly preparing the film for viewing and showing it
not to one audience, but to the whole hall.
On December 28, the first commercial session took place in the
Grand Café salon on Capuchin Boulevard, during which the
audience was shown several clips of 4550 seconds in length,
shot in the spring of 1895. Among them was the comedy story "Watered irrigator", but there was no famous movie "Arrival of
the train at La Ciotat", which was shown later in 1896. During
1896–1897, public demonstrations of short films were produced
in all world capitals.
After the ingenious invention of the Lumières, cinema arose, but
there was still no cinema. Director of one of the Parisian theaters
Georges Melies was the first to make films on the scenarios. The
film "Journey to the Moon" (1902), the plot of which was based
on the novel by Jules Verne, traces the flight of the astronaut
crew through the stars to the Moon. The film consisted of 30
separate episodes. They were connected to each other by a
method of dissolution, in which one scene slowly dissolved, and
instead of it, the next appeared on the screen. He became one of
the founders of feature films as an independent art form. Méliès
was not only the first game player, but also the founder of such
popular filmmakers as horror films and science fiction. When
creating a number of stunt films, he applied many special
effects. Some of them, like dissolving images or overlay frames,
were borrowed from the "magic lantern", but others, for
example, freezeframes, were a unique invention. This technique
allowed the director to stop shooting and change the scene
before the cameras turn on again. The effect was created
stunning, as in The Vanishing Lady (1896), when a woman in an
instant turned into a skeleton.
And in 1908 in France, the notion of "filmd`art" "feature film".
By 1910, 70% of the films were still produced in France. However, other countries, first of all, such as the USA, Great
Britain, Germany, are also starting to make films. At the
beginning of the century, the length of the film was 15 minutes;
by 1910, quite a few films appeared for about an hour, and in
1915 the American Griffith made the film “The Birth of a
Nation”, which lasted as much as 3 hours. In the 1920s, the film
industry began to take shape in the United States; comedies with
Charlie Chaplin were among the most successful.
1.2 Silent Movie
From the moment of the invention of film technology and until
the advent of sound film, silent films were the only kind of
movies. Instead of a synchronous soundtrack, live music
performed by tapers or specially invited orchestras was used as
the soundtrack of silent films.
The first silent films were experimental and were intended as
evidence of the viability of the new technology. Plots of short
clips were primitive for the first few years the public was
content with the very fact of “moving photographs”, regardless
of their plot, and the cinema itself was viewed as a fair
attraction, bringing quick earnings.
The emergence of a professional film industry at the turn of the
XIX and XX centuries and the emergence of competition among
filmmakers forced the directors to improve the subjects, but the
progress did not go too far. As a result, a whole direction of
silent cinema was formed, later called the “comedy of cracks”.
The corporate reception of such films was the throwing of the cake, which quickly turned into a stamp. The actors were often
not required dramatic abilities, but the ability to effectively fall
in front of the camera.
1.3 Master of silent films
Sir Charles Spanser (Charlie) Chaplin is an American and
English film actor, screenwriter, composer, film director,
producer and editor, universal film director, creator of one of the
most famous images of the world cinema the image of Charlie
the vagabond who appeared in short comedies put on stream
again 1910s. Chaplin actively used pantomime and slapstick
techniques, although, starting from the 1920s, much more
serious social themes began to take place in his work than was
the case in the early period of short films. Chaplin was one of
the most creative and influential people in the era of silent
cinema. His career began in the Victorian era, when little
Charlie first appeared on the stage of the Music Hall in Great
Britain and, stretching for 75 years, lasted almost until the artist
died at the age of 88 years.
1.4 Color Appearance
Unlike sound, the color did not immediately gain a strong
position in the global film industry, and many tapes were still
produced in black and white, or monochrome, as it is also
called, until the 1970s. The directors filmed on a monochrome
film, as the images came out more figurative and sophisticated. Initially, each frame was painted manually. Each color had a
specific meaning: red symbolized battle or fire; blue sadness or
moonlight; green is rural, and tan is the interior of the room.
With the advent of sound in the cinema, this method of coloring
was abandoned, as the paints spoiled the sound track. Instead,
filmmakers began to install color filters.
The first surviving color film was the short film "Loi Fuller's
Dance". It was shot in black and white in 1894, and in 1895 or
in 1896 was painted by hand (each frame was painted with a
brush). The first commercially successful color film "Journey to
the Moon", created by Georges Méliès in 1902, was also painted
by hand. In 1899, photographer Edward Raymond Turner
patented the process of shooting color cinema. According to
Turner's technology, each frame was shot through one of three
special filters of red, green and blue colors. The British
technology Kinemacolor, invented in 1906, was the first color
cinema system in the world to have commercial success.
However, compared with handpainted films, it had a drawback:
all colors were created by mixing not three, but only two
primary colors: redorange and bluegreen.
But the image in color films was less clear. The combination of
two colors could not depict all the colors in nature. There were
also tricolor systems, but the image was even worse in them,
since they used three lenses, and the parallax between them led
to the formation of a colored border on objects. The directors of
the “serious” films avoided color cinema, and all the
masterpieces of that time were black and white. The situation
was corrected after the invention of the threecolor single chamber variant of the technology "Technicolor". For the first
time, this technique was used by Walt Disney in the cartoon
“Flowers and Trees” in 1932.
1.5 Sound appearance
In the early period of cinema, sound films were attempted to be
created in many countries, but they faced two main problems:
the difficulty in synchronizing the image and sound and the
insufficient volume of the latter. The first problem was solved
by recording and sound, and the images were on the same
medium, but to solve the second problem, an invention of a low
frequency amplifier was required, which happened only in 1912,
when the cinema language developed so much that the absence
of sound was no longer perceived as a serious drawback. . As a
result, a patent for that sound cinema system, which
subsequently made a sound revolution, was obtained in 1919,
but the film companies did not pay any attention to the
possibility of the cinema to speak, wanting to avoid the rising
cost of production and distribution of films and the loss of
foreignlanguage markets. Nevertheless, on September 17, 1922,
a sound film was shown for the first time in the world in Berlin.
Although many earlier tapes contained sound, their duration did
not exceed the length of one standard part for 10 minutes.
October 6, 1927, the premiere of the musical film “The Jazz
Singer”, which was the first in the history of feature films using
the sound of synchronous replicas. He marked the beginning of
the commercial superiority of sound films at the box office and the decline of the era of silent films. The sound is recorded using
the “Whitephone” technology.
2. Types and genres of cinema.
Cinema is called synthetic art, which means combining elements
of literature and many other arts in the film theater, music,
painting, architecture, ballet. This is not about the mechanical
connection of dissimilar artistic means. As a result of the
synthesis of traditional arts, a new type of art is born a film.
Cinema is a relatively new art form. All films differ from each
other in form, expressive means, composition. Very unlike, say,
artistic, or fictional, picture with fictional characters and a
strictly documentary story about the builders. The animation
film differs even more strikingly from films, for example,
showing the use of space weather observation satellites. Yes,
and inside the same cinema emit tapes of such different forms as
drama, comedy, detective and others. Speaking about the variety
of forms of films, their types and genres are distinguished.
All films are divided into four main types:
Fiction, or fiction film.
Documentary film.
Popular science and educational cinema.
Animated movies.
Film genres do not have clear boundaries, which are usually
vague, and different genres can continuously go from one to another, connecting and sharing. Each genre, in turn, can be
divided into several subgenres. As a result, the same film can be
attributed to several genre groups.
Here are some of the existing genres of feature films:
Biographical Action
Detective Documentary
Science Fiction
Kinokomiks Comedy
Melodrama Mystic
Cartoon Musical
Adventure Horror
3. Film making
3.1 On the other side of the screen
In the process of making a film, the most important role is
played, of course, by the people participating in it. These people
together called the film crew.
The film crew is a temporary production and creative team,
directly working on the creation of the film, TV shows, series.
The film crew is recruited after the literary scenario is launched
into production and is gradually disbanded, starting from the end
of the shooting period.
In turn, the entire film crew is divided into three parts: 3.2 Main creative team
The production director is the key creative director, the author of
the project, the main person on the set. He interprets the script
and gives the individual fragments of the movie unity and
completeness of the work of art. Supervises the work of almost
the entire film crew.
The cameraman, who is also the main cameraman, develops the
visual solution of the film and leads the camera crew.
Production designer is responsible for the pictorial and
decorative decision and the film design. He develops sketches,
makes a mockup of a decoration complex, and also manages the
construction of scenery. He takes part in the selection of
locations for filming.
Costume Designer Approves Costume Designs.
Composer writes musical themes and musical accompaniment
for the film.
Sound producer oversees all stages of phonogram production.
Forms the concept of sound and creates artistic sound images.
Also in the main creative team includes the following groups:
Writers group:
The author of the idea or story, book or other work, which
served as the prototype of the script.
Screenwriter Writes a literary film script. A consultant is a specialist in a scientific discipline who advises
scriptwriters and film crew on the subject of the film, historical
events, military tactics, etc.
Editor checks grammar, spelling, punctuation of texts and
corrects typos and errors.
Director's group:
The production team is usually led by a production director.
The second director assistant director, is engaged in the
organization and planning of the filming process.
The director's assistant, that is, the second director's assistant,
monitors the change of performers at the site and draws up a
casting schedule for each scene indicating the time of their work
shift.
The director on work with actors carries out selection (casting)
of actors for all key and minor roles. It takes into account the
psychological and artistic compatibility of actors, as well as
solves the issues of interaction between the director and the
actors.
Assistant director of the script during the filming takes into
account for each scene, so that when shooting the next was an
opportunity to ensure the correctness of following the script in
all details. It also keeps track of the number of scenes and scenes
filmed per day, the number of frames, estimates the estimated
screen time, and also notes cases of deviations from the script.
The editing director is the person responsible for the main
installation decisions. Cast:
Actor and actress one of the main means of expression of the
director. There are actors and actresses: the first (the main or
leading role) and the second plan and the participants of
episodic roles.
Substitutes are people who do not own an actor's profession, but
are similar in character to the characters in body structure and
appearance. They replace the actor or actress in the performance
of certain scenes or in preparation for the shooting.
Mass scene participants of crowd scenes with a large number
of people. They are necessary when shooting scenes on the
streets, in public places and battle scenes in military films.
Stunt group:
The stunt driver is a specialist who develops stunts and their safe
execution.
Performers of tricks perform the task of the directordirector as
understudies or in occasional roles.
Trainer in films, with animals playing the main or episodic
roles.
Camera group:
The camera crew reports to the production director.
The cameraman is a direct assistant to the main operator,
directly controls the movie camera. When multicamera
shooting or work in several shifts, there can be several operators
in a group. 1st Operator Assistant performs the functions of a “focus
puller”, that is, controls the followfocus of a movie camera,
focusing the lens on the objects that the designer needs.
2nd Assistant Operator recharges the movie camera if there is
no mechanic in the group responsible for this. Eliminates sudden
interferences in the frame.
In addition to the listed employees, employees of the production
workshop, the shooting equipment workshop, the combined
shooting workshop and the weaponpyrotechnic workshop are
attached to the camera crew.
3.3 Management Team
Producer artistic and financial project manager.
Site Administrator — inspects and selects locations for filming.
Receives official permission for filming at selected sites, if
necessary.
3.4 Attached Film Studio Workers
This group includes employees of the dressing room, sound
shop, costume shop, music shop, lighting shop, shops mentioned
in the previous section and many others.
3.5 "Light, camera, motor!" This section deals with filmmaking. Film production is the
process of creating movies from the initial idea to the direct
display of the finished product to the audience in cinemas,
through television or the Internet.
3.6 Preparatory period
The first necessary stage in the realization of the idea of a
feature film is the creation of a script its literary basis, in which
the theme, plot, problematics, characters of the main characters
are determined. The director, having studied the necessary
material on the subject of the film, develops the concept of the
film. The creative team, which, in addition to the director,
includes the producer, artist and cameraman, creates the
director's script and explication (the director’s interpretation of
the future picture, his vision of the film). Director's script is, in
fact, a technical description of the future film. Based on the
literary scenario, all episodes of the film are sequentially
recorded with a breakdown into separate film shots with visual
and sound features of their performance. Storyboard is attached
to the director's script drawings of all frames made by the film
artist or director by hand.
When the director's script is ready, the production director
studies the conditions for the shooting of production objects and
creates a camera explication in which he specifies features of the
lighttonal and coloristic solution of the frames of the objects.
Actors are selected, the first rehearsals are held, sketches of
scenery, costumes, makeup are developed. After the end of the preparation for the shooting of each frame
and as soon as all participants are ready, the process of shooting
begins.
3.7 Shooting period
In the process of filming, an artistphotographer from a photo
workshop attached to a film crew shoots photoadvertising
frames. Subsequently, from these photographs, a set of
promotional photographs is created, which serves to make an
advertisement for the film.
The filming period of a fulllength film can last several months,
but proper organization of filming and careful elaboration of
their plan during the preparatory period make it possible to
reduce the filming period to a minimum, since this is the most
expensive stage of film production. When planning surveys, an
important point is to ensure their uninterrupted operation and
exclude group downtime.
3.8 Mounting and toning period
During this period, the film is mounted and its soundtrack is
created (“toning”), which is reflected in the title of the stage.
The assembly and toning period of film production is final. In
the process of shooting the footage comes to the film editor,
who watches it, marks it and organizes it. The production
director, together with the editing team, selects the most
successful duplicates and gives instructions on the installation. 3.9 Replication
After the final assembly and production of titles and inscriptions
from a mounted negative, an assembly film print is printed.
From the master positive (intermediate positive copy of the
film), several duplicate negatives with a combined phonogram
are printed, which are transmitted to the filmcopying factory,
where the duplicate negatives printed for movie theaters are
printed from the duplicatives.
3.10 Movie Shooting Techniques
Shooting methods are quite diverse. For movies with actors,
people usually use synchronous shooting when sound and image
are recorded simultaneously, except for musical accompaniment
(background), combining it with multicamera shooting (when
editing, the image from different cameras alternates, in
accordance with the moment taken). And to create animated
films animation.
Animation techniques for creating the illusion of moving
images using a sequence of still images (frames), replacing each
other with a certain frequency. There are several types of
animation: drawn classic animation, cross over animation,
painting on glass, puppet animation, plasticine animation,
computer 2D animation, 3D animation, and others.
Conclusion As a result of the fulfillment of the necessary tasks, the goal I set
was achieved, on the basis of this, I believe that this work was
done well and, of course, brought considerable benefits. I
learned about how cinema appeared and developed, what kind
of people work in the modern film industry and how films are
created.
Based on my knowledge and experience, I concluded that
cinema is one of the newest and most amazing forms of art, a
whole world that gives every creative person maximum freedom
for selfexpression, and the rest a great many different thoughts,
feelings and impressions. Making a film is certainly not an easy
task, requiring a lot of work and patience, but this is no less
fascinating and useful for society, which attracted my interest.
In the future, I plan to continue to engage in film production, but
on a more serious level, improving my skills in this matter,
which is so important for the modern world.
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
Project Theme: "The history of cinema and the foundations of cinema"
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