There are hundreds of grammar rules but the basic ones refer to sentence structure and parts of speech, which are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition and conjunction. Let’s look at the way sentences are put together and the words that form them.
Unit 11
(a) Изучите пример:
Past simple (I did)
I wrote a letter to my grandfather yesterday.
wrote это время Past simple
Мы используем Past simple,чтобы рассказать о событиях или ситуациях в прошлом.
Mr. Gosselyn read The Times, went to church on Sunday and
accompanied his wife to teaparties.
She won every prize that was open to her.
It was two years later that Jimmie Langton discovered her.
He blushed and his blue eyes shone.
Her aunt talked in a deep loud voice.
(b) Очень часто мы употребляем Past simple tense c такими словами и фразами, как:
yesterday, last night, last week, last month,
last year,last summer(autumn, winter, spring),
at six(seven...) o'clock on Sunday(Monday...),
an hour(a week...) ago, the other day,
in 1994(1966), during the war(the revolution..)
Mr. Smith began teaching in a secondary school in England in 1988. On Monday he came to the office by taxi.
I went to Ireland in a fishing boat two years ago.
Last month Tom and Jim visited Scotland and climbed
the mountains.
(b) Многие глаголы в Past simple tense
оканчиваются на ed или d. Такие глаголы
называются правильными.
Например:
She walked round the garden with the colonel and listened
intellegently while he talked of peace.
Her beauty created a sensation in Middlepool.
He stayed in Middlepool for two years.
She looked straight into his eyes.
Julia smiled at the complacency on her husband's handsome face.
Michael stared at them gravely.
Формулировку правил смотрите Appendix 3.
(d) Но много важных глаголов неправильные
(irregular). Это означает, что past simple
не заканчивается наed.
Например:
1.Глаголы, в которых изменяется гласная в корне:tell told Mrs. Gosselyn told her about India.
give gave He gave a little laugh of embarrasment.
take took She took him into a small room behind the diningroom.
fly flew The children flew to meet their mother.
see saw I last saw Jill over three years ago.
2.Глаголы, в которых изменяется гласная в корне и добавляется d или t:
teach taught Her aunt taught her how to walk and how to hold herself.
leave left He left the room an hour ago.
sell sold The baker sold good cakes.
bring brought John brought his little brother to school.
buy bought They bought that fruit from Greece.
catch caught Mr. Brown caught the eight o'clock train.
3.Глаголы, в которых изменяется последняя d на t:
send sent He sent a letter to his aunt yesterday.
build built Jack built his house last autumn.
bend bent That stormy night trees bent before the wind.
lend lent The other day Dolly lent them money.
4.Глаголы, в которых одинаковая форма
infinitive и Past simple:
cut cut Aunt Aggie cut the cake.
hit hit The cruel driver hit the horse.put put Yesterday the worshippers put their gifts before the gods.
set set The sailors, after quarreling with their captain,
set him adrift on the ocean in an open boat.
split split The ship split in two under the force of the stormy waves.
burst burst Dolly burst into laughter.
let let The prisoner let himself down from his window with
a rope made of knotted sheets.
5.Глаголы, в которых разная грамматическая основа:
go went Ann went up to the drawingroom.
Список неправильных глаголов смотрите Appendix 2.
(e) Но некоторые глаголы могут быть правильными
и неправильными:
burn burnt или burned
Вы можете сказать:
The old house burnt down The old house burned down
last night in the big fire. или last night in the big fire.
smell smelt или smelledThe dog smelt at the stranger for или The dog smelled at the stranger for
a minute but did not recognize him. a minute but did not recognize him.
dream dreamt или dreamed
I dreamt of my old home last night. или I dreamed of my old home last night.
Список этих глаголов смотрите Appendix 2.
(f) Формой past simple от глагола be (am/is/are)
является was/were:
I/he/she/it was we/you/they were
Julia was quickwitted.
She was a born actress.
Michael's eyes were heavy with tears.
(g) В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях
с Past simple мы используем
did/didn't + инфинитив (do/open/rain и т.д.):
Did they like the idea of his going on the stage?
They didn't like the idea of his going on the stage.
Did Tom dance with Helen yesterday?
No, Tom didn't dance with Helen yesterday.
She knew that she didn't look well in costume.(h) Запомните,что обычно используются
did/didn't с have:
Did you have a bath this morning?
We didn't have any more flowers in the garden.
Но с глаголом be (was/were) мы
не употребляем did:
Например: Was he at home yesterday?
He was not exactly mean, but he was not generous.
О past simple смотрите Unit 12, Unit 20, Unit 21.
Unit 11.docx
