There are hundreds of grammar rules but the basic ones refer to sentence structure and parts of speech, which are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition and conjunction. Let’s look at the way sentences are put together and the words that form them.
Unit 58.docx
Unit 58
Infinitive or ing?(3) be afraid, need, help
(a) Be afraid to do и be afraid of ing
I am afraid to do something = Я не хочу
чтото делать, поскольку это небезопасно или
результат действия мне нежелателен:
The streets in this city are not safe at night. Many people are afraid
to go out alone. (= они не хотят выходить в одиночку,
потому что это опасно)
She was afraid to tell her parents that she had broken the neighbour's
window. (=она не хотела говорить об этом родителям,
потому что они рассердятся на нее)
I am afraid of something happening =
возможность, что случится нечто нежелательное:
We walked along the path very carefully because it was icy and we were
afraid of falling. (not `afraid to fall')
I don't like dogs. I'm always afraid of being bitten.
(not `afraid to be bitten')
Итак, you are afraid to do something, потому
что you are afraid of something happeningв качестве результата. Сравните:
The boys were afraid to play football in the garden because they were
afraid of breaking a window.
I was afraid to stay in the sun because I was afraid of getting burnt.
(b) Need to do и need ing
I need to do something = мне надо чтото сделать:
I need to take more exercise.
He needs to work harder.
I don't need to come to the meeting, do I?
Need ing = необходимость делать чтото
(употребляется поэтому в passive):
The batteries in this radio need changing.
(= необходимость замены)
This jacket is rather dirty. It needs cleaning.
(= необходимость чистки)
Do you think the grass needs cutting?
(= необходимость стрижки)
(c) HelpЗа help следует инфинитив с to или без:
Everybody helped (to) clean up after the party.
Can somebody help me (to) move this table?
Существует выражение `can't help doing something.'
I can't help doing something = Я не cмог
удержаться, чтобы не сделать этого:
I tried to be serious but I couldn't help laughing.
I'm sorry I broke the glass. Someone pushed me and
I couldn't help dropping it.
He is stupid but it's not his fault. He can't help being stupid.
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