There are hundreds of grammar rules but the basic ones refer to sentence structure and parts of speech, which are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition and conjunction. Let’s look at the way sentences are put together and the words that form them.
Appendix 4.docx
Appendix 4
Short forms (I'm / you've / didn't etc.)
В разговорном английском мы обычно говорим
`I'm/you've/didn't' и т.д.
(= I am/you have/did not).
Мы также используем эти сокращенные формы в
неофициальном письменном английском
(например, в письмах друзьям). Когда мы
записываем сокращенные формы, мы используем
апостроф (') для пропущенных букв или буквы:
I'm = I am you've = you have didn't = did not
Сокращенные формы вспомогательных глаголов
am/is/are/have/has/had/will/shall/would
'm = am I'm
's = is / has he's she's it's
're = are you're we're they're
've = have I've you've we've they've
'll = will / shall I'll he'll she'll it'll you'll we'll they'll
'd = would/ had I'd he'd she'd you'd we'd they'd
's может быть is или has:
He's ill. (= He is ill.) He's gone away. (= He has gone away.)
'd can be would or had:
I'd see a doctor if I were you. (= I would see)
I'd never seen her before. (= I had never seen)
Мы используем некоторые из этих сокращенных
форм после вопросительных слов (who/what/how и т.д.)
и после that/there/here:
who's what's where's that's there's
who'll what'll when's that'll there'll
who'd how's here's
Who's that girl over there? (= who is)
What's happened? (= what has)
I think there'll be a lot of people at the party. (= there will)
Иногда мы используем сокращенные формы
(особенно 's) после существительного:
John's going out tonight. (= John is going)
My friend's just got married. (= My friends has just got)
Вы не можете употреблять эти сокращенные формы
('m/'s/'ve и т.д.) в конце предложения (потому
что глагол здесь находится в сильной позиции): `Are you tired?' `Yes, I am.' (а не `yes, I'm.')
Do you know where he is? (а не `Do you know where he's?')
Сокращенные формы вспомогательных глаголов
+ not (isn't/didn't и т.д.):
isn't (= is not) haven't (= have not) wouldn't (= would not)
aren't (= are not) hasn't (= has not) shouldn't (= should not)
wasn't (= was not) hadn't (= had not) mightn't (= might not)
weren't (= were not) can't (= cannot) mustn't (= must not)
don't (= do not) couldn't (= could not) needn't (= need not)
doesn't (= does not) won't (= will not) daren't (=dare not)
didn't (= did not) shan't (= shall not)
Запомните, что вы можете сказать:
he isn't / she isn't / it isn't или he's not / she's not / it's not
you aren't / we aren't / they aren't или you're not/we're not/they're not
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