Статья «Семантические карты как способ организации лексики различных текстов»
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английский язык +1
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12.11.2017
Semantic mapping is very helpful in teaching reading, speaking and writing. It is a beneficial learning/teaching technique for non-native speakers of English. Students who use semantic mapping demonstrate considerable improvement in reading comprehension, written expression, and vocabulary development. Semantic mapping is an effective vocabulary strategy.Semantic mapping is a “visual representation of knowledge, a picture of conceptual relationship, a graphic arrangement showing the major ideas and relationships in text or among word meaning or a categorical structuring of information in graphic form.
Semantic mapping.docx
Коммунальное государственное учреждение
«Средняя общеобразовательная школалицей № 7»
Доклад на тему:
«Семантические карты как способ
организации лексики различных текстов»
Учитель английского языка
Островерхова Л.К.
Семей 2016г. Semantic Mapping
Semantic mapping is very helpful in teaching reading, speaking and writing. It is a
beneficial learning/teaching technique for nonnative speakers of English. Students
who use semantic mapping demonstrate considerable improvement in reading
comprehension, written expression, and vocabulary development. Semantic
mapping is an effective vocabulary strategy.
Semantic mapping is a “visual representation of knowledge, a picture of
conceptual relationship, a graphic arrangement showing the major ideas and
relationships in text or among word meaning or a categorical structuring of
information in graphic form. Semantic mapping helps students to focus not just on
the individual de tails but also on the structure of a text. Semantic mapping also
helps in conceptualization of paragraph and shortessay structure.
Implementing a semantic mapping reading activity.
Using white chalk, a teacher draws a large oval on the chalkboard and writes inside
it “Muslim Carpets” which is the topic of the next readingfocused assignment.
Then s/he asks them to tell her/him what they know about the topic. S/he records
their responses in red chalk at the side of the chalkboard, listing them in the order
they are given.
When no suggestions are forthcoming, the teacher asks the students if they see any
ways to group their ideas. “Color” is suggested first. Using red chalk, s/he draws a
circle away from the oval and writes inside of it the word “Colors”, and connects it
with a straight line to the oval labeled “Muslim carpets”. Students’ responses are
placed in squared or rectangular shapes (depending on the number of words) away
from the “Colors” circle and connected to it by spokelike lines. The suggestion,
“Red and blue colors often used”, gives the teacher the opportunity to introduce the
word “Popular”, which in this context is new to most students. When the students
seem to understand the new use of this word, the teacher erases “Often used” and
writes in “Popular”. “Large” and “Small” generate the category “Sizes”, “Flowers”
and “No animals” – the category “Designs”.
For the students, the map is providing a graphic conceptualization of their
randomly given ides. This attempt at structuring individual details is supplemented
by the introduction of new vocabulary words, which the students see – without
being told – are important. Their need to know arises from the task and is not imposed on it. For the teacher, the discussion is giving an insight into how much
prior knowledge the class has about the topic “Muslim Carpets”. The input is being
controlled by the students, although the shaping of the map is a cooperative effort
by both the students and the teacher.
After the studentsuggested ideas have been categorized, the students copy the map
(Figure 1). Then each is given a two page copy of a reading on “Muslim Carpets”
and are told that as they read, they can add new ideas that they have learned about
carpets from the reading, using appropriate subordinating circles or
squares/rectangles. As they read, the teacher passes among the students, noting the
additions and other changes they make to their copies of the prereading semantic
map. Some added new secondlevel circles, such as countries of the Muslim world
which are famous for carpetmaking.
Tertiarylevel material is typically added or amended. Under the category
“designs”, “flowers” becomes a subcategory of “plants”, and “geometric patterns”
are incorporated. Since a major paragraph of the reading deals with the quality of
Muslim carpets, this idea becomes a new secondarylevel node, with clarifying
tertiary and detailed fourthlevel subdivisions.
After students have finished “personalizing” the prereading map, they are given
the opportunity to offer the new information for supplementing the chalkboard
version of the map. The teacher records the new information in blue chalk.
Because of the differences among students’ experiences and interpretations of what
is important in the reading, there are some disagreements about the final shape the
map should take. This part of the activity is the most valuable because of the
interaction which it produces among students. The shape of the map is not as
important as the discussion which surrounds its shaping. Changes, rearrangements,
eliminations, and additions produced the postreading semantic map of the topic
shown above.
Students using their prior knowledge are able to anticipate three or five major
points which the writer of the reading used. The different colored chalk allows
students to see the relationship among the sources – prior knowledge,
categorization, and the reading. The shapes allow them to understand the
structuring of the information of the reading. Some students like the
discussion(“arguing” is jokingly used) that the communal building of both versions
of the map brought about. Since the activity is designed to improve the students’ ability to recognize the
structure of an essay, the teacher collects the copies of the reading on “Muslim
Carpets” which s/he distributed, but let the students retain their maps. S/he gives
them the following hometask: using their copy of the drawing do a short essay
about Muslim carpetmaking, using each of these circles as a separate paragraph.
From the above illustration, it can be seen that there are three places in a lesson
where semantic may be used: as a preassignment strategy to activate students’
prior knowledge or to help the teacher in assessing the students’ readiness to do the
assignment; and as a postassignment strategy to allow them to integrate or
synthesize what they have studied. In totality, a semantic mapping activity assists
students in viewing learning from an organized versus a fragmented perspective.
The following procedure exemplifies all three stages of the use of semantic
mapping in the classroom, broken down into five phrases:
1. Introducing the topic. The teacher studies a unit in the syllabus and determines
that semantic mapping can be useful. The teacher announces the topic of the unit
by drawing a large oval on the chalkboard – an overhead projector or smart board
can also be used – writing the topic inside of it. Some teachers display a picture
relating to the topic to stimulate students’ thoughts and get the brainstorming
procedure going.
2. Brainstorming. The teacher asks the students to think of ideas that might be
related to this topic. This brainstorming phase allows students to make use of their
prior knowledge or experiences. Brainstorming is an application of the schema
theory, which attempts to explain how people integrate new information with their
existing framework of knowledge. The theory posits that information is stored in
the brain in networks, called schemata. When a person encounters new
information, s/he tends to link this new information to appropriate schemata.
Thus, prior knowledge can be used as a stepping block to new knowledge. The
brainstorming phase of semantic mapping gives the teacher insight into the
schemata of each of his/her students, thus revealing interests, level of readiness,
gaps, misconceptions, and errors. Typically in brainstorming , ideas from one
student will trigger ideas from other students “in a chain reaction thought process”
Some teachers immediately record the ideas which their students give around the
topic oval; but it’s better to list them to the side of the chalkboard, transferring
them to the preassignment semantic map during the next phase. A different color of chalk is used from that of the central oval. The use of different colored chalk or
markers at each step of semantic mapping tends to promote student
conceptualization and structuring of the topic and helps them recognize the
different sources of information. In the brainstorming phase, it is crucial that all
responses are accepted as long as they relate to the topic.
3. Categorization. The teacher encourages the students to see relationships among
their suggestions. As “category clusters” are formed, the teacher uses the same
colored chalk employed in brainstorming, and records them in nodes connected by
spokelike straight lines leading from the central node. Usually the nodes at this
secondary level have a different shape from that at the primary level. As figure 2
shows it’s better to use a central oval, than circles for categories, then squares or
rectangles for exemplifying details of the third and fourthlevels. Different shapes
and different colors allow these aspects of the “visual/graphic” to reinforce the
“verbal/graphic.”
When students have difficulty identifying categories, the teacher can use Wh
questions (Who, What, When, Where, How) to prompt them to think of categories.
The map is modified as the class begins to organize and integrate the individual
suggestions. This “pulling together” phase allows students, as they begin to relate
ideas, to see the connections between their suggestions. During categorization, the
teacher, can also introduce vocabulary words which students might need during the
next phrase of the activity. Once the preassignment semantic map (representing
what the students know before doing the assignment) has been drawn on the
chalkboard, the teacher should have the students make their own copies. In this
phase, the students gain experience in practicing some valuable cognitive skills,
particularly categorization and exemplifying, but also (depending on the topic)
comparing and contrasting, cause and effect, influence making, and forming
judgement.
Статья «Семантические карты как способ организации лексики различных текстов»
Статья «Семантические карты как способ организации лексики различных текстов»
Статья «Семантические карты как способ организации лексики различных текстов»
Статья «Семантические карты как способ организации лексики различных текстов»
Статья «Семантические карты как способ организации лексики различных текстов»
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