Страницы Британской истории (элективный курс для 9 класса)
Оценка 4.9
Разработки курсов
doc
английский язык
9 кл
01.06.2017
Элективный курс «Страницы Британской истории» проводится на основе лингвострановедческих знаний учащихся. Великобритания - главная англо – говорящая страна, и дети должны знать об истории этой страны больше, чем им предлагает учебник.
Поэтому данный курс углубит и расширит имеющиеся знания учащихся по данному вопросу. Новыми будут знания по отдельным фактам исторической, политической жизни страны, а также сведения о национальных героях, о королях и королевах Британии.
Страницы британской истории.doc
МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОЕ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
«СРЕДНЯЯ ОБЩЕОБРАЗВАОТЕЛЬНАЯ ШКОЛА № 60»
ЛЕНИНСКОГО РАЙОНА Г. САРАТОВА
Мокроусов Дмитрий Евгеньевич
Страницы Британской истории
Методическая разработка
(Программа элективного курса для 9 кл.)
_______________________________________________
Пояснительная записка.
Элективный курс «Страницы Британской истории» проводится на основе
лингвострановедческих знаний учащихся. Великобритания главная англо – говорящая
страна, и дети должны знать об истории этой страны больше, чем им предлагает учебник.
Поэтому данный курс углубит и расширит имеющиеся знания учащихся по данному
вопросу. Новыми будут знания по отдельным фактам исторической, политической жизни
страны, а также сведения о национальных героях, о королях и королевах Британии.
Данный элективный курс предполагает умение учащихся воспринимать английскую
речь на слух, за счёт чего совершенствуются навыки аудирования.
Вследствие работы с текстами на английском языке у учеников должны быть
После изучения специально
сформированы навыки поискового чтения.
подобранных материалов курса у учеников сформируется лингвострановедческая
компетенция.
Практические занятия курса направлены на совершенствование навыков в
монологической и диалогической формах общения.
По окончании курса учащиеся расскажут об одной из понравившейся им политической
личности: будь это национальный герой или правящий когдалибо монарх.
Работая по составленной мною программе, я предполагаю получить как учебные, так и
образовательные результаты:
дети приобретут дополнительные сведения о стране, за счёт чего произойдет
расширение кругозора на основе страноведческого материала;
повысится мотивация и культура общения;
дети смогут проявить свои творческие способности, станут более
коммуникабельными.
Данная программа рассчитана на 10 часов. Цель и задачи курса.
Цель:
развитие у обучаемых коммуникативных способностей в целях достижения
лингвистической и социокультурной компетенции.
Задачи:
воспитывать уважение к иноязычной культуре;
познакомить учащихся с историческими и политическими особенностями
страны изучаемого языка;
формировать и совершенствовать навыки и умения, обеспечивающие владение
всеми видами речевой деятельности. Учебно – тематический план.
1.Общие сведения о стране «Соединённое Королевство».
Разделы курса.
2.Завоеватели страны: кельты, римляне, викинги, англосаксы.
3.Рыцари и национальные герои Британии.
4.Династии и их представители: Короли и Королевы Великобритании.
5.Видеофильм «Робин Гуд».
6.Заключительный урок.
Часы
2
2
2
2
1
1
Содержание программы.
I.
Климат.
position
.)
Общие сведения о стране Соединённого Королевства.
1.Географическое положение (
Geographical
The official name of the state is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The
country is situated in Western Europe. It occupies the territory of about 244.000 square kilometers,
this is only two times larger than the Leningradskaya region.
The country is situated is the British Isles and includes Great Britain, a part of Ireland, the
Hebrides, the Shetland Islands and the Orkney Islands. There are about 5.000 small islands. The Isle
of Man and the Channel Islands are Dependencies of the Crown, which means that they are separate
states ruled by Great Britain.
The country is washed by the North Sea in the East, the Irish Sea and the Celtic Sea in the West
and the English Channel in the South.
Климат(Climate). The climate is temperate, oceanic and moist (humid) because the territory is not large and
surrounded by water. The English weather is very changeable, so the English like to discuss it. The
usual winter temperature is between 3 and 7 degrees above zero, in summer the thermometer
seldom goes above 20 degrees. During a nice summer day
you can be several times wetted by a sudden short rain.
The most important river of Great Britain is the Thames; it is 334 kilometers long and flows into
the North Sea. Other important rivers are the Severn (the longest river), the Trent and the Clyde. In
the northwest highlands prevail (including the NorthWest Highlands, the Grampian Mountains, the
Southern Uplands and the Pennine Chain). There stands the highest peak of Great Britain Ben Nevis
(1344) and the second peak in height Ben Macdui (1309). The Cambrian Mountains in the West
include the Snowdon (1085).
There are many beautiful lakes in Great Britain, especially in the Lake District where many
people like to spend their holidays. But the most famous is Loch Ness with its Monster Called
Nessie.
2. Промышленность и сельское хозяйство (Industry
The United Kingdom is a highly developed industrial country. By the volume of production per
capita the state occupies the leading place between the European countries. The country is not rich
in mineral and other resources that’s why it has to import raw materials, oil and food supplies. The
most important industry is machine building (including tractor, car, plane and ship building).
Chemical industry is highly developed as well. More that 40% of population work in industry,
while only about 3 % are busy in agriculture.
Two thirds of the land belong to landlords and are leased by farmers who grow grain, rape and
other food and technical plants. The most important branch of agriculture is sheepbreeding. Fishing
also takes an important part in the national economy. About 10,000,000 tourists visit Great Britain
every year with its population about 60,000,000 people. The forests occupy about 8% of the
territory.
3. Традиции
. (traditions)
страны
and
agriculture
.)
One of the most peculiar features of life in England which immediately strikes any visitor to
this country is the cherishing and preserving of many traditions, sometimes very archaic as they
may seem. Uniforms are not particularly characteristic of this fact. However, when one sees the
warders at the Tower of London with their funny flat hats, their trousers bound at the knee, and
the roval monogram on their breast, one feels carried back to the age of Queen Elisabeth I. And
should you chance to see the Lord Mayor of London riding through the streets of the city with his
black robe and gold chain, his medieval carriage, and all sheriffs, councillors and other members of
his suite, you have a picture of living history.
Tourists visiting London are usually eager to see Buckingham Palace, the official London
residence of the Queen and the King. The colourful ceremony of the Changing of the Guard
before the Palace is of great interest for a newcomer. The Guardsmen in their red coats and bearskin
caps march behind the Drum Major and the Band. Whenever the Irish Guards are responsible for
Irish Guards are responsible for the guard duties at Buckingham Palace an Irish wolfhound appears
on regimental ceremonial parades and marches at the head of the band. A number of other
ceremonies are of a similarly formal character, such as the King’s or Queen’s receptions and the
States Opening of Parliament. There are other customs of a similar peculiar character, such as the searching of the cellars
underneath the Houses of Parliament by half a dozen” Beefeaters” before the opening of
Parliament, in memory of Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 English people tend to be
rather conservative. All the same, several symbols of conservatism are being abandoned. The metric
system came into general use in 1975. The twentyfourhour clock was at last adopted for railway
timetables in the 1960s though not for most other timetables, such as radio programmes. The
decimal money was introduced, but the pound sterling as the basic unit was kept, onehundredth
part of it being a new penny. Temperatures have been measured in Centigrade as well as Fahrenheit
for a number of years, though most people tend to use Fahrenheit for general purposes. The
traditional English meal is fish and chips, a piece of fried fish with fried potatoes. They also go to
pubs, which are eating houses where you can have drinks and meals. Sometimes people come in
big companies to celebrate some events. In pubs, the game of darts is often played. It is a
traditional English game. English people are big teadrinkers.
system
4. Политическое устройство Великобритании (
Political
.)
The political system of Great Britain is greatly influenced by the historical background of the
country.
Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy, which means that the head of the state is a
monarchy, a king or a queen. Now the head of the state is Elizabeth II (she has been the Queen
since 1952). The Queen reigns but does not rule. It means that the power of the kings and queen is
shortened by the Constitution of the state. The royal sovereign takes part in the ceremonies but
influences the politics little.
The politics is generated by the Parliament, which consists of two houses (the Houses of
Commons and the House of Lords). It was established in the second half of the thirteenth century,
so it is the oldest parliament in the world. The Parliament exercises the legislative power, while the
executive power is in the hands of the government (the Cabinet of Ministers) headed by the Prime
Minister.
Си
мволы
(The symbols.)
The Rose.
The red rose was the emblem of the Lancastrians, the white rose that of the Yorkists, the two
contending Houses for the English throne in the Wars of the Roses (14551485). The struggle
between the Roses come to an end with the marriage of Henry VII, a Lancastrian, to Princess
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV, a Yorkist. Since then the red rose has been the national emblem
of England.
The Leek.
Welshmen all over the world celebrate St. David’s Day by wearing either leeks or daffodils. The
link between the leek and St. David is the belief that he lived, according to legend, for several years
on bread and wild leeks. The daffodil is also closely associated with St. David Day, due to the belief
that it flowers on that day. It became an alternative to the Leek as a Welsh emblem in the present
century, because some thought the leek vulgar. The Shamrock.
The little shamrock is the national emblem of the Irish. Every Irishman wears this national emblem
on St. Patrick’s Day, March 17. It is worn in memory of St. Patrick, Ireland’s patron saint, whose
cross is embodied in the Union Jack by the thin red one under the cross of St. George.
According to a legend St. Patrick used a small green shamrock as an illustration of the mystery
when preaching the doctrine of the Trinity to the pagan Irish.
The Thistle
The thistle is the national emblem of Scotland. This is how, according to legend, it happened. In
very ancient times the Norsemen (Norwegians) once landed on the east coast of Scotland, with the
intention of settling the country. The Scots assembled with their arms and positioned themselves
behind river Tay, the largest river in Scotland. As they had arrived late in the day, tired after a long
nasrch, they pitched their camp and rested not expecting the enemy before the next day. The
Norsemen, however, were near. They crossed the river Tay, intending to take the Scots by surprise
and kill them in their sleep. They took off their shoes so as to make the least noise possible. But one
of the Norsemen stepped on a thistle. The sudden and sharp pain he felt caused ham to shrick. The
alarm was given in the Scottish camp. The Scots won victory over the Norsemen and they adopted
the thistle as their national emblem.
страны
(Conquerors of the country).
Завоеватели
II.
More than two thousand seven hundred years ago Celts came to Britain from Europe. They
mixed in with the people who were already there. All who lived in Britain were called Britons.
They divided into groups called tribes. Each tribe had its king or queen. The Romans attacked
Britain in 55BC. Consul Julius Caesar had brought the army of 10,000 men. The Britons fought
desperately, but they were much weaker than the welltrained Romans, and soon fled. After the
victory, Julius Caesar soon left Britain. The real invasion took place only in AD 43, when the
Roman Emperor, Claudius decided to make Britain part of the Roman Empire. An army of 40,000
Roman soldiers landed in Britain (Kent).
Britain became part of huge Roman Empire, which stretched from what is now the north of
England to the Red Sea. Many Britons had to accept the Roman way of life, though some of them
tried to resist the enemies. The fighting continued for almost twenty years after the Roman invasion.
The Romans won many victories, and it was clear that nothing could stop them.
But, in AD60, the Iceni tribe led by their queen, Boadicea, revolted.
The Roman army marched deep into the countryside. They made alliances with some tribes and
conquered others one by one. Slowly, they drove their enemies into the mountains of Wales and
Scotland.
The Romans built forts in Wales and in the north of England to protect their land. The fierce,
unconquered tribes (Pacts and Scots) hiding in the mountains and valleys of Scotland raided
northern England again and again. The Emperor Hadrian decided to build a wall right across the
country to control them.
In 383 the Roman legions began to leave Britain to fight in Gaul (France) against the Barbarian
tribes who were invading the Roman Empire. By 407 there were not enough Roman soldiers to defend Britons from Picts and Scots, fierce tribes from the North. The British chiefs asked Anglo
Saxon soldiers to come from Germany to help them.
AngloSaxons were strong and well trained; they defeated Picts and Scots, but when afterwards
Britons asked them to leave they refused to do it and stayed. After about one hundred and fifty
years of fighting Britons had either been forced to Wales or had become slaves. Anglo Saxons
founded a lot of kingdoms: Kent, Essex, Wessex, Marcia, Northumbria.
In 789 more than three hundred years after the Anglo Saxons had settled in Britain, the
Vikings began to attack the British Isles. They came from Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The
winters there were long and cold and the soil was poor, so Britain was a rich prize for them. They
made a big army. The AngloSaxon kingdoms couldn’t resist the Viking, and soon only the
Kingdom of Wessex remained free of them the King of Wessex was Alfred the Great.
The Danish kings ruled in Britain for about 24 years. The last of them, Edward the Confessor,
died without a son to follow him. 15 years before his death he had promised the English Crown to
the Duke of Normandy, William, who was his cousin. But the British nobility supported Harold,
Earl of Wessex. Harold was the most powerful Anglo Saxon earl of England and in 1066 he was
crowned in York. William, feelling cheated, gathered an army to invade England. On the 14
October, 1066, the Normans won a victory and started the last invasion in the History of Britain.
III
. Рыцари и национальные герои Британии.
(Knights and national heroes of Britain.)
Boadicea.
Of course, the Roman soldiers were much better equipped than Boadicea’s men, and they
were much better trained too. But she led her soldiers into the battle herself, and when the military
situation was almost hopeless she encouraged her men to fight.
She had a lot of success at first. Her army burned some Roman cities and even London. They
destroyed an entire legion. Other tribes joined Boadicea and soon she had a huge army of 100,000
soldiers. The Roman wanted to catch her, because she led the resistance to their conquest of
England.
In the end the Roman army was too strong for her rather wild and ragged band of men. They
were surrounded, and had to give in. Queen Boadicea had to face the prospect of becoming a
prisoner of the Romans. She was a brave woman, and a Great War leader, and she didn’t likе the
prospect at all. She also had two daughters who had been with her during the fighting and she knew
they couldn’t expect much mercy from the Roman soldiers when they were caught.
She decided that death would be better for her and her daughters than the dishonour and
bad treatment. The history books tell us that first she gave them poison and then took it herself, and
when the Roman soldiers reached her, she was dead.
There is a monument to queen Boadicea in London.
Lady Godiva.
The city of Coventry is one of the greatest industrial towns, famous for its production of cars,
motor cycles and aeroplanes. Nine hundred years ago it was even more important. It was the fourth
largest city in England; only London, Bristol and York were bigger. It was ruled by a very
powerful man called Leofric, who lived in a magnificent castle. Even in those days Coventry was a very busy centre, making leather and woollen goods and soap.
But most of its inhabitants were very poor and Leofric forced them to pay heavy taxes so that he
could live in luxury in his castle. His wife, Lady GodIva, was very unhappy about this, but there
was nothing she could do. One day, at the end of a month when Leofric had spent more than usual
on horses, wine and meals, he decides to levy a further tax upon the inhabitants of Coventry. When
this terrible news came to the ears of the people they gathered.
One day, at the end of a month when Leofric had spent more than usual on horses, wine and
meals, he decided to levy a further tax upon the inhabitants of Coventry. When this terrible news
came to the ears of the people they gathered in great crowds outside his castle to beg their lords not
to do it. Lady GodIva, watching from a high window, could see the woman and children dresses in
rags, pale and underfed. She could see the guards down below driving the people brutally away and
she realized that her husband did not care about what happened to the ordinary people of Coventry.
She hurried down to her husband and burst into the room where he was consulting with one of
his stewards. He turned angrily to GodIva, “You know I am not to be disturbed when I am
discussing important financial affairs.”
“I must speak with you, my lord,” said Lady GodIva.
Leofric looked at his beautiful wife. “What is it?” he asked.
“I have been watching those miserable, starving people from my windows and I know that it will
be impossible for them to raise this new tax.”
Leofric stared at her, and then he said. “These matters do not concern a woman.”
“But they are my concern,” persisted Lady GodIva. “These illfed, ragged people are my fellow
citizens.”
“Enough, enough,” said Leofric. “I am busy. Please leave us.”
Lady GodIva went down on her knees. “My dear lord and husband.” she said,
“I will do anything you ask if you release the people from this tax.”
“Did you say “anything?” he asked.
“Yes, my lord, anything.”
“Well”, he said, “If you ride naked through the streets Coventry, I will not only repeal this tax but
will also give you three bags of gold to give to the poor.”
Lady GodIva looked startled and her eyes filled with tears. She rose from her knees and hurried to
the door. Then she turned round and looked Leofric straight in the eye.
“Very well, my lord,” she said quietly and deliberately, and left the room.
Then she went to her room, and wrote the following letter:
“My Dear Unhappy People of Coventry,
I know well how grieved you all are by the news of the new tax which my lord and husband has
levied upon you. I am now able to tell you that the tax will be
repealed if I ride naked through the streets of our city. For your sake, I have told my lord and
husband that I am ready to do this. I have made this painful decision because I am sure that you,
citizens of Coventry, will respect my modesty. I therefore ask you, dear kind people, to remain
indoors tomorrow morning between the hours of ten and twelve o’clock and to keep your shutters
closed.
Then she signed the letter simply “GodIva” and dispatched it with a herald, ordering him to see
that every man, woman and child knew about her decision. The next morning, she ordered her white horse to be brought to the castle gates at ten o’clock.
Alone in her room she undressed, and her beautiful hair fell loosely over her shoulders and hung
down and covered most of her body. She went to the gates, mounted her white horse and set off
through the streets of Coventry. These were an eerie stillness over the city. Every person was
indoors and all the shutters were drawn. Did I say “all”? Well, except for one house, where a
tailor called Tom could not conquer his curiosity and had drawn his shutter slightly aside so that
he might see the gallant lady. (Later this tailor became known to all the world as “Peeping Tom”
and there is even a legend which says that he was immediately struck with blindness as a
punishment for his intuitiveness.)
Lady Godiva rode calmly through the city and arrived back at her castle just as the church bells
rang for midday.
Lord Leofric was so full of admiration for his wife’s bravery and generosity that he not only
kept his wordrepealing the tax and giving her three bags of gold for the poorbut from that day
onwards decided to treat his citizens less harshly.
As for Lady Godiva, the people of Coventry remember her to his very day. And every year her
courageous action on their behalf is celebrated with much pomp and pageantry. And in one of
Coventry’s old houses you can see the figure of a man peeping through one of the windows.
Robin Hood and King Richard the Lionheart
.
That year Robin had just married Marian and they lived happily together in the Greenwood.
One day all good men sorrowed to learn that their King Richard had been captured and lay
imprisoned in a castle in Germany. The English had to pay a big sum of money to save their
king’s life. To collect this sum of money everybody was obliged to pay special taxes.
Robin wanted his king to be freed very much. When he learnt about the taxes, he sold half of
his precious stones, rich clothes and sent all the money to London. The mayor himself received
the parcel. When his visitors had left, he found a letter in which was written: “From Robin Hood
and the freemen of Sherwood Forest for the behoof of their beloved king, whom God save
speedily from his evil enemies at home and in foreign parts.”
Soon afterwards Robin learnt that a lot of knights, rich merchants and abbots hadn’t yet paid
their tax. So, Robin came to visit these people and if one didn’t resist, he would take from the
man’s house only what the man had to pay, but if, as sometimes happened, the man fought and
resisted, then Robin would take all he could find.
The tales of Robin’s dealings got to the ears of Earl de Warenne who was one of the king’s
treasurers. He said that it was a pity the king hadn’t such a taxgatherer as Robin in every county.
When King Richard was finally released from his prison he gathered all his nobility and knights.
He knew that his younger brother John had plotted to win the crown for himself and a lot knights
and noblemen supported him. So, King Richard wanted to know who his friend and who his enemy
was. Lords and knights decided that it was a good chance to complain to the king about Robin Hood
and get rid of this outlaw for ever.
They said that Robin had killed one sheriff and a lot of knights. But Earl de Warenne told the king
who had collected the money to save the king’s life and added so money wonderful and honest
words about Robin that the King declared, “I will see this outlaw. He will have my protection while he cometh and goeth for I would willingly speak to him who loves me, yet who kills my sheriff and
knights.”
Richard ordered his chief forester of Sherwood to find Robin for him. It was not an easy task to
find Robin if he didn’t want to be found. Only two days later the forester came to his king with
good news. He learnt that Robin had been haunting the roads by Ollerton, stopping rich travellers
and taking off their wealth. The king wanted to see Robin so much that he immediately left for
Ollerton. Richard and his knights were disguised as monks.
The party of the king hadn’t proceeded more than 5 miles alone when suddenly out of the wood
came a tall man. Manly of form and look was he, his face and neck were browned by the summer
sun and his dark hair hung to his shoulders. He said, “Stop here, sir Abbot, and tell me how much
money you’ve got.”
“Good yeoman,” replied the king, “I have with me no more than forty pounds, but I’ll gladly give
what I have.”
Robin was so much surprised by the truthful tone of the monk that he didn’t search him and his
friends and gave them twenty pounds back. He even invited them to have dinner with the outlaws in
Greenwood fashion. The king accepted the invitation with pleasure.
The King and his knights were led deep into the forest where under a big tree dinner was being
cooked. Then Robin said,” Now, Lord Abbot, thou shalt see what manner of life we lead and how
we shoot. If somebody misses the aim would receive a buffet from a better archer.”
Twice Robin shot at the mark and each time he was a success, but others missed, and all of them
fell before Robin’s buffet. Then Robin shot for the third time and he was unlucky. There was a great
burst of laughter from his arches and a cry, “A miss! A miss!” Robin turned to the Abbot and said,
“give me a buffet”.
The king smiled, bared his arm and gave Robin such a buffet that the outlaw almost fell to the
ground. At that moment, the cowl dropped away from the king’s face and everybody recognized
their king Richard. Robin and the outlaws kneeled, but the king laughed “By the soul of my father
Methinks this is a right fair adventure. Why do ye kneel, good Robin? Art, thou not king of the
Greenwood?” But Robin just asked the king for mercy.
“Rise, Robin, added the king for I have never met in the Greenwood a man so much after my
heart as you are.” He caught Robin by the hand and lifted him to his feet. King Richard also
pardoned maid Marian for having married the outlaw and joined their hands.
This is the end of one of the stories about Robin Hood and his outlaws.
William Wallace the fighter for independence of Scotland.
He was about twenty years old when the English King came and the dark days began for
Scotland. His indignation at the suffering of his country bred in him a deep resentment of the
English which became positive hatred as he grew older and himself came into conflict with them.
Many stories are told of his quarrels with Englishmen at this period of his life, and of his
wonderful feats which made his name a terror to his enemies.
With such experiences as these, we can understand the enthusiasm he felt when John de Balliol
at last defied King Edward and gathered an army to cast off the power of the English. And when
the attempt failed and the conqueror marched through the country Wallace and a few other brave
Scots still refused to bend the knee to the English King. For such behavior, they were proclaimed to be outside the law, and were therefore without its
protection. An outlaw night is killed without punishment falling on his murderer, and a sum of
money was paid to any who delivered him up to justice.
So, the outlaws lived a wild, free life in the woods and hills. Now and again, as opportunity
served them, they attacked their enemies, terrifying them by their daring deeds. Wallace became
their Chief, and they worshipped him, loyally obeying his every direction and following wherever
he led. Their life was one of constant adventure.
At that time, an event happened which strengthened all his old hatred and intensified all his old
spirit of rebellion. Some years before, he had loved and married Marian Bradfute, the daughter of
Hew de Bradfute. For certain reasons their marriage was secret, and Wallace only dared to visit his
wife at her house in Lanark in disguise. One day, approaching her house, Wallace overheard some
English soldiers making insolent remarks about him
He would have passed them by, but, walking beside him, they continued their insults. Unable
any longer to bear with them, he drew his sword, and a fight began. Very soon more soldiers came
up to help their friends, and Wallace would have been overpowered but his wife, seeing his danger,
at that moment opened her door, and that saved his life.
However, the news spread that it was Wallace who had again escaped from his enemies, and
when Marian proudly admitted to the governor that she was Wallace’s wife, she and all her
household were put to death, and the house burnt to the ground. It was a terrible blow to Wallace;
heartbroken and lonely he returned to Lanark, where he found himself surrounded by trusty
friends, who were weary of the tyranny of the governor. A swift revenge fell upon the governor;
Wallace and his followers forced their way into his house at night, dragged him from his bed into
the street and there killed him. Then they did not rest until all the English were driven out of the
town.
This was the beginning of an open rebellion. Wallace became the leader of an army which kept
growing. Several victorious battles were fought, and every victory brought fresh men to his army
men who were weary of Edward’s rule, and who saw in Wallace the men who would lead them to
freedom.
Many of the nobles now joined Wallace, among them Sir John the Grahame, who, to the end of
his life, was Wallace’s faithful friend and companion. But most of the nobles caused a lot of
problems; Wallace was disappointed by their jealousy of him and their quarrels between
themselves. They were afraid of losing their estates and betrayed Wallace when the chances of
success seemed to be against him.
The first great battle with the English army was near the town of Stirling. The English general
sent messengers to Wallace offering a pardon to all if they would lay down their arms. “Go back,”
said Wallace calmly, “and tell him we value not the pardon of the King of England. We have come
here not for peace, but to free our country.
The battle ended in a great victory for Wallace, which was followed up with others till gradually
Scotland was won back by Scots, and there was only one castle remaining in the hands of the
Englishthat of Roxburght.
It was a wonderful success, chiefly due to the fact than Wallace did not depend upon the help of
the nobles, but called upon the people themselves to fightthe shout peasant who had never been
used as soldiers. Each of these men was fighting for his own precious freedomthis inspired them
with enthusiasm, and their leader inspired them with love, and that was the secret of their strength. King Edward, meanwhile, had been engaged in war abroad, but hearing of the success of Wallace
in Scotland, he returned in angry haste, with a great army, determined to subdue the country at all
costs.
Each of the Scottish nobles had in his train a very large number of fighting men, but so great was
their jealousy of Wallace, that many of then didn’t want to give him the which he now needed so
much. But Wallace’s determined spirit never left him: the middle and especially the lower classes of
the people loved him, and with them he marched against the enemy.
The armies were in no way equal. The English had a lot of the finest horsesoldiers in the world,
all clothed in complete armour. Wallace had only one thousand horsesoldiers poorly armed, less
skilled and with weaker horses.
Edward had also the famous English archers, each one carrying twelve arrows in his belt, so that
it was a common saying that an English archer carried twelve Scotsmen’s lives under his girdle.
The Scots had some good archers, too from the Forest of Ettrick, the tallest and handsomest men in
the army, but they were few in number. The greater part of Wallace’s army was on foot and armed
with long spears; when drawn up for battle these spears were placed thick and close together, so that
it seemed almost impossible to break through the line.
The English horsesoldiers attacked upon that line of steel, but could not break through it; again
and again they made the attempt, and were driven back by the brave Scots. Then Edward brought
up his archers and most of the Scots were killed. And now the Scottish nobles, just when they were
most needed, left Wallace and galloped from the field.
The faithful Sir John the Grahame and thousand of the heroic soldiers were killed that day, and
Wallace himself escaped with difficulty, followed by the few men who survived.
This was the Battle of Falkirk, fought in the year 1298. Edward followed up his victory by
sending army after army throughout the country, until in 1305 again its conquest was complete, and
all had submitted to the English King.
Throughout these seven years Wallace had wandered alone, or with a very few friends, among
the woods and mountains, and although Edward offered pardon to all who had fought against him,
Wallace refused to accept it. He was at last betrayed into the hands of the English, and seized and
delivered up to Edward, by a Scotsman, Sir John Monteith, to his everlasting shame. Rewards were
given to his captors, and he was taken to London under a powerful guard.
He was accused of being a traitor to King Edward, to which he quietly replied, “I could not be a
traitor to Edward, for I was never his subject.” To the charge of having killed many English subjects
and having taken and burnt towns and castles, he answered again, calmly and firmly: “it is true that
I have killed many Englishmen, but it was because they came to oppress my native land, and I can’t
bear it.”
But his judges saw him only as a robber, and were blind to the heroic purpose of his life. He was
condemned to death, and the sentence was carried out with terrible brutality.
He was only thirtyfive years old when he died. His whole life had been spent in fighting for his
country’s freedom, and perhaps it seemed to him at the end that he had failed. But he had roused
Scotland into life, and though, he could not hinder the union of England and Scotland, yet he it was
who made it the union of brother and brother instead of the union of master and slave. Poets have
sung his praises, monuments have been raised to his memory, and his name is dear and honoured
not only in every Scottish heart but in every heart that thrills at the thought of freedom. King Arthur and Knights of the Round Table.
Arthur was a famous king of England. He lived such a long time ago that we know very little
about him. This king had such strange adventures, and did such wonderful things, that people have
never tired of writing and reading about him and his famous Knights of the Round Table.
It was not until Arthur had grown to young manhood that he knew he was of royal blood.
It happened that the baby was given to Merlin, who was supposed to know all things as he was a
magician. Merlin took him to Sir Ector, who brought the child up as his own son, and Sir Ector’s
wife cared for him, and they called him Arthur.
When King Uther who was Arthur’s father died, every lord in England wanted to be king. The
wise Merlin had promised that it should be made known to them, by a wonderful sign, who should
be king. So, he caked all the lords together in a great church in London to see if the sign would be
given.
After the first prayers were said, a large foursided stone was discovered in the churchyard in
which was a sword called Excalibur. Around the sword, written in letters of gold, were these words:
“Whose pulleth out this sword of this stone, is rightwise King born of England.”
The lords went out to look at the stone and the sword. As soon as they saw the words that were
written about the sword, they tried to move it; but in vain.
“It will be made known to us,” said the archbishop. So, it was decided that ten famous knights
should guard the sword until one came who should be able to move it.
There was a great contest, when it was hoped it would be revealed to them who should be made
king. All the barons came forth to the contest to try their skill. Among them rode Sir Ector, and with
him his son, Sir Kay, and his fosterson, young Arthur.
Sir Kay had no sword with him, having left his at his father’s castle. He therefore asked Arthur
to ride home for his sword and bring it to him. “I will, indeed,” said Arthur, and rode as fast as he
could; but when he reached the castle there was no one there to give him his brother’s sword, for all
had gone to the contest.
Then Arthur, being angry, said to himself: “I will ride to the churchyard, and take the sword
from within the stone, for my brother, Sir Kay, shall not be without a sword this day. “When
Arthur got to the churchyard, there was no one there. All the knights had gone to the contest to try
their skill. Then Arthur, quickly and easily, pulled the sword out of the stone, and rode away to
give it to his brother. As soon as Sir Kay saw it, he knew it was the sword of the stone, and went to
his father, Sir Ector, and cried: “Sir, here is the sword of the stone that appeared in the churchyard.
It means that I am chosen King of England.”
When Sir Ector looked at the sword, he rode again to the churchyard, with Sir Kay and Arthur,
where he made Sir Kay swear that he had got the sword.
“Sir,” said Sir Kay, “my brother, Arthur, brought it to me.”
“And how did you get it?” asked Sir Ector of Arthur.
Then Arthur told how he had ridden to the castle for his brother’s sword. And found no one there
to give it to him. Knowing that Sir Kay should have a sword, he rode to the churchyard where he
had seen the sword, and pulled it out of the stone easily.
“Were there no knights about the sword?” asked Sir Ector.
“No,” answered Arthur.
“Then, exclaimed Sir Ector to Arthur, “I know now that you are chosen King of England.” “Why should I be king?” asked Arthur.
“Sir,” said Sir Ector, “because of the prediction that no man, except the one that should draw out
this sword shall be king of this land.”
Then Sir Ector told Arthur to put the sword as it had been before, that he might see for himself. So
Arthur put the sword in the stone easily. Then Sir Ector tried to pull it out, but he could not move it.
“Now you try,” said Sir Kay to Arthur. “I will, indeed,” said Arthur, and he pulled the sword out as
easily as he had done before.
Then Sir Ector and Sir Kay both knelt on the ground before him.
“My father and my brother!” cried Arthur. “Why should you kneel to me?”
“No, no, I am not your father,” exclaimed Sir Ector, “nor am I even of your blood, which I now
know is higher that I thought.”
Then Sir Ector told Arthur how he was brought to him, soon after he was born, and had been to
him like his own son.
Arthur was sorry to hear that Sir Ector, who had cared for him, was not his father. Arthur
promised Sir Ector that if ever he (Arthur) should become king, he would never fail to do whatever
Sir Ector might ask of him. Then the archbishop was told how the sword had been won, and by
whom.
King Arthur righted many wrongs that had been done since his father’s death. The lands that had
been taken from lords, knights, and ladies were returned to them, and he ruled the kingdom well.
It happened that while King Arthur was away from England, Sir Mordred decided to rule instead
of him. So, he sent letters, which looked like they had come from across the sea, saying that King
Arthur had been killed in battle with one of his knights.
When King Arthur returned to his kingdom, he determined to set a day when he might be
revenged on Sir Mordred for his evil deeds.
Never was there seen a more sorrowful battle in all the land. King Arthur and Sir Mordred stood
between their armies. They fought fiercely until the close of the day, when many noble knights lay
dead on the field.
At last King Arthur hurt Sir Mordred under his shield. When Sir Mordred realized that it was his
was his deathwound, he struck the king’s helmet such a mighty blow that his sword wounded King
Arthur’s head.
When King Arthur came to himself, he called for Sir Bedevere, one of his knights.
Sir Bedevere departed. On his way to the lake, the knight looked at the richly jeweled sword,
which grew brighter the more he looked upon it, and he though that good would come from
throwing the sword into the water. So, he hid it under a tree and returned to the king, who asked:
“What did you see there?”
“Sir,” said the knight, “I saw nothing but the water rise and fall.”
“What you say is not true,” cried the king. “Go, and do as I asked you. You are called a noble
knight, and you have betrayed me for a jeweled sword! Haste again to the water’s edge, for your
delay puts me in great danger. If you don’t obey my command, and I ever see you again, I shall kill
you with my own hand. You would see me dead for my jeweled sword.”
Once more Sir Bedevere came to the edge of the water. He took the sword up, and threw it into
the water as far as he could. As he did so, arms rose above the surface of the water and caught the
sword. Then the hands disappeared beneath the water with the sword. Once more Sir Bedevere
returned to King Arthur and told him all he had seen. “Ah, me!” said Arthur, “Help me to the water’s edge, for I fear I may be late.”
Then the knight carried the dying king on his back to the edge of the water, where appears a
barge. Then the barge moved away from the shore, and Sir Bedevere saw his king being borne
away.
Thus, the knight saw King Arthur borne away, and he saw him no more.
Some say that King Arthur lives still, with his knights and companions, in an enchanted castle, and
that he shall come again to rule. Others declare that on his tomb is written:
HERE ARTHUR LIES, KING ONCE AND KING TO BE.
Завоеватель
(William the Conqueror).
и Плантагенеты
.
. Короли и королевы Великобритании. (The Kings and Queens of Great Britain.
IV
Норманны
The Danish kings ruled in Britain for about 24 years. The last of them, Edward the Confessor,
died without a son to follow him. 15 years before his death he had promised the English Crown to
the Duke of Normandy, William, who was his cousin. But the British nobility supported Harold,
Earl of Wessex. Harold was the most powerful Anglo Saxon earl of England and in 1066 he was
crowned in York. William, feelling cheated, gathered an army to invade England. On the 14
October, 1066, the Normans won a victory and started the last invasion in the History of Britain.
Вильгельм
When darkness fell over the hills of Sussex on 14 October, 1066, few people had any idea of
what had happened. But nowadays every schoolchild in England knows that on that day the famous
battle of Hastings took place. In this battle, the last AngloDanish king was defeated by a Norman
invader, Duke William. Soon after his victory William the Conqueror was crowned as William I.
the new king brought a new law and a new language.
The Norman aristocracy spoke French. Most of the old AngloDanish aristocracy was
depressed. William, I wanted to know all about his new country. He ordered his servants to count
all the population in England, their houses, castles and to measure their land. Later on, this
information was written in the famous Domesday Book. By the time, he died William I had set up a
new AngloNorman society and linked the fortunes of England with those of Normandy.
VIII
и его дочери. Елизавета
2. Тюдоры и Стюарты. Генрих
I .
Тюдоры
Стюарты
Генрих VII
Генрих VIII
Эдуард VI
Мария I
Елизавета I
Яков I
Карл I
Республика
Карл II
Яков II
Вильгельм III
и Мария II
Анна
1485по1509
1509по1547
1547по1553
1553по1558
1558по1603
1603по1625
1625по1649
1649по1660
1660по1685
1685по1688
1689по1702
1689по1694
1702по1714 The Tudor family came to power after the Wars of the Roses. These were civil wars between the
houses of York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose), both of whom claimed the throne. Memories
of the horrors of these wars were still alive when Henry VIII, who was just the second Tudor king
crowned. The young King, handsome, gifted and athletic, did much for the glory of England. His
talents were diverse – he was interested in music, books and sport.
The young king paid a lot of attention to religious questions. He was a true catholic and by 1521
he had written an AntiLutheran book, for which a grateful Pope awarded him the title of Defender
of the Faith. But only 10 years later Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church and set up his
own Church of England. The king made himself the Supreme Head of this new Church, and began
to close the monasteries. Henry VIII did this because he was short of money and wanted the wealth
of the monasteries for himself. There were a lot of reasons for breaking away from Rome, but the
main reason was a romantic one.
Only a few weeks after his coronation. Henry married his brother’s widow, a beautiful Spanish
princess, Catherine of Aragon. She was nice and clever and was a true friend to her husband, but
she failed to give him a son and after ten years of their marriage England had no heir. Henry
thought that England would be weak if there were no king to follow him and he didn’t want his
country to have civil wars again.
This problem had troubled Henry for many years when he met Anne Boleyn, a Ladyin
waiting. Anne was not a beauty and had six fingers on one of her hands, but the king fell madly in
love with her. Henry asked the Pope to give him a divorce so that he could marry again and
explained that Catherine had first been his elder brother’s wife, who had died very young. He
thought that it had been a sin to marry his brother’s widow and that the absence of sons was his
punishment.
But the Pope refused and that made the King of England break away from the Catholic Church.
Henry also proclaimed Mary, the daughter he had by this marriage, illegitimate.
Henry divorced Catherine and married Anne Boleyn, but she didn’t give him a son either and
when Henry got tired of her he had her executed. By his second marriage Henry had another
daughter, Elizabeth, whom he also proclaimed illegitimate.
Ten days after Ann Boleyn’s execution the king married his third wife, Jane Seymour, who did
give him a son, but died twelve days later.
King Henry VIII left three children: Mary by Catherine of Aragon, Elizabeth by Anne Boleyn
and Edward, the Prince of Wales, by Jane Seymour. The children’s father never thought that each of
his children would rule England after him. He couldn’t foresee either that his second daughter,
Elizabeth, whom he never loved and proclaimed illegitimate, would become Queen Elizabeth I, the
greatest monarch England has ever known.
Elizabeth I.
When Elizabeth was born in September 7, 1533, no one had any idea that she would
become the queen of England only twentyfive years later. Her birth was a big disappointment to
her father, Henry VIII, who had turned his world upside down, divorced his first wife Catherine of
Aragon broke with the Catholic Church so that he could marry again. But it was not simply passion
for Anne Boleyn that caused this, though winning Anne because an obsession with Henry: his real passion was for the son, who would secure the Tudor line on the throne and save England from
disputes about succession that might cause the repeat of the chaotic time of the War of the Roses of
the previous century. Elizabeth was not three years old when her mother, Anne Boleyn was
executed, so much was the king disappointed by her failure to give him a son. Soon after her
mother’s execution the girl was proclaimed illegitimate.
Life at the court of her father influenced a young Lady Princes’ worldview. Her father,
the king married four more times and had one more of his wives beheaded. It was after that second
execution, she evidenced when an eightyearold Elizabeth declared “I’ll never marry”. At that
time, nobody knew that she would stay true to her promise. During the reign of her halfsister Mary
I (Bloody Mary) Elizabeth’s life was in danger. Mary was a Catholic queen in a protestant country
and the existence of a protestant heir, Elizabeth, was a constant worry to Mary, who was justly
hated by her people. Thus, Elizabeth was firstly imprisoned in the Tower then at Woodstock, but
Mary never got the courage to have her halfsister executed.
At the age of twentyfive Elizabeth became the Queen of England to the great delight of the
people. As far her personality was concerned she inherited very little from either her father or her
mother. She had Henry’s red hair, his intelligence, his physical energy, but not his ability to take
quick decisions, his cold cruelty and his disregard of everything except his personal advantage and
pleasure. She had her mother’s charm, but not her daring and her irresponsibility. But Elizabeth’s
destiny and all her actions were based on the fact that she was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne
Boleynof the father who was a great king and national leader, and the mother who represented a
real Protestant, the revolutionary movement of the century.
As a monarch, Elizabeth inherited a very troublesome country. That is why the age of
Elizabeth is remembered as one of a great development. During her reign the religious compromise
dominated the Church of England and certainly she played a large part in it herself. It was under
Elizabeth that England finally freed itself from the thereat of invasion from Spain as she defeated
the Spanish Armada. She also suppressed the rebellion in Ireland. That contributed to the growth of
English prestige at home and abroad. In fact, Elizabethan age is called the golden age of England. It
was the time of English Renaissance. Thank to printing an interest in art and literature spread far
beyond the court. There was a wonderful harvest of art, music, poetry and most importantly of
theatre. In Shakespeare (15641616) England produced its greatest genius. Arts were greatly
encouraged by the Queen herself.
The threat to this glorious reign was presented by England’s weak neighbour Scotland. For
all true Catholic Elizabeth was still illegitimate and there was a “better” heir to the Tudor throne,
Mary Stuart the Queen of Scots, a catholic. She was a granddaughter of Henry VII by his
daughter Margaret. The relationship of two cousins has fascinated people over four hundred years
and their characters have often been contrasted. Mary represented medieval ages with their
courtship and admiration for beauty. She was emotional, charming and obstinate. Elizabeth was a
woman of a new Renaissance agecautious and wise. But the greatest difference between the two
of them was that Elizabeth was Queen of Scotland. Elizabeth was Queen of a prosperous and
powerful kingdom, and Mary Queen of a poor, weak and lawless one. Elizabeth had loyal
advisers and Mary’s advisers were traitors.
But they also had a lot in common as both were cultured, intelligent and brave. As soon as
Mary l of England died Mary Stuart claimed she was the only lawful heir to the English throne. However, in the meantime the two queens have become friendlier with each other and Marry
married an English nobleman Lord Darnley. The choice was made for her by Elizabeth. The
marriage proved to be a bitter disappointment and in February 1567 Darnley was found murdered.
Mary was suspected to order this murder and put in prison. She had to flee to England as a
penniless refugee and seek her royal cousin’s protection. The shelter she was given turned out to
be another prison where Mary spent nineteen years. This long imprisonment did not prevent Mary
from constantly plotting against the Queen of England. Mary was also found guilty of killing her
husband, Lord Darnley. Elizabeth was reluctant to have a monarch executed, but Mary’s presence
was a constant cause of Catholic riots and plots. Mary Stuart was executed on 7 February 1587
aged fortyfour. Elizabeth pretended she had known nothing about it and accused her counselors
of disloyalty.
In March, 1603 Elizabeth died. She never married and was childless. At the end when she
could no longer speak, she made a sign that James, the son of Marry Stuart should succeed
her.
There is something more to be said about Elizabeth. Her position of a monarch does not
explain the devotion which she inspired in her nation. There should be some reason why
people worshipped her and even sent to the block at her orders called out “God save the
Queen!” and why most historians for four hundred years have tried to pay more attention to
her successes than to her faults. There must be something that won them over and that we can
not easily understand todayher charm, her courage, her charisma and her magic.
3. Ганноверская и Виндзорская династии. Елизавета
II .
Ганноверская
династия
Виндзорская
династия
Георг I
Георг II
Георг III
Георг IV
Вильгельм IV
Виктория
Эдуард VII
Георг V
Эдуард VIII
Георг VI
Елизавета II
1714по1727
1727по1760
1760по1820
1820по1830
1830по1837
1837по1901
1901по1910
1910по1936
1936
1936по1952
1952
Елизавета II появилась на свет 21 апреля 1926 г. и была названа Елизаветой Марией
Александрой в честь матери, бабушки и прабабушки со стороны отца. Ребенок был настолько
очаровательным, что вскоре стал любимцем не только всей королевской семьи, включая даже
нерасположенного к детям короля Георга V, но и британской публики.
Бабушка королева Мария, одна из первых увидевшая новорожденную, записала в своем
дневнике, что крошка необыкновенно хорошенькая и
складненькая по своей комплекции. Несмотря на то, что в списке наследников престола дочь
герцогов Йоркских, т.е. родителей Елизаветы, была лишь третьей, внимание к ней общественности быстро возрастало. Портреты голубоглазой девочки с белокурыми локонами
вскоре появились на обложках самых престижных журналов. Любящие няни позаботились не
только о здоровье принцессы, но и приучили ее к аккуратности и порядку. Близкие сразу же
заметили, что девочка отличается способностями и сильным характером.
В 13 лет, накануне второй мировой войны, Елизавета встретилась с принцем Филиппом,
кадетом Дортмутского королевского военноморского училища. Будущий жених родился в
1921 г. и был сыном принца Андрея Греческого и принцессы Алисы, старшей сестры лорда
Маунтбеттена, близкого родственника королевской семьи. По родословной матери он был
прямым потомком королевы Виктории, а по отцу связан с греческодатской королевской
фамилией, а также с российским императорским домом. Его дед греческий король Георг I
женился на княжне Ольге, внучке царя Николая I. Но пройдет еще 7 лет пока принц, теперь
уже бывалый морской офицер, участвовавший в военных сражениях, станет супругом
принцессы.
С 1947 года, когда после свадьбы супругам были присвоены титулы Ее и Его Королевские
Величества герцогиня и герцог Эдинбургские, наследница престола получила личного
секретаря и доступ к государственным бумагам. В ноябре 1948 года у Елизаветы и Филиппа
на свет появился принц Чарльз, затем принцесса Анна и принц Эндрю. Значительно позднее
родился принц Эдвард. Со времени повзросления дочери Георг VI передавал ей опыт своего
царствования, а во время его болезни молодые супруги брали на себя исполнение
представительских функций. Причем и Елизавета, и особенно Филипп, отличавшийся
независимым характером, страшились того дня, когда им придется стать первыми лицами в
государстве, а принцу подданным своей супруги.
Роковой день настал 6 февраля 1952 г. Смерть короля и любимого отца знаменовал
мучительный перелом в судьбе Елизаветы, и она мужественно перенесла его, не поддавшись
панике. Обязанности королевы и сохранение престижа монархии стали приоритетными в ее
жизни.
"Ее Высочайшее Величество Елизавета Вторая, Божьей милостью Королева
Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии и других ее Царств, и
Территорий, Глава Содружества, Защитница Веры, Самодержца Орденов Рыцарства". Таков
полный официальный титул нынешней английской монархини,воплощающей в себе
тысячелетние традиции и современность.
Королева Елизавета является не только королевой Соединенного Королевства, но также
Антигуа и Барбуды, Австралии, Багамских островов,
Барбадоса, Белиза, Канады, Гренады, Ямайки, Новой Зеландии, Папуа – Новой Гвинеи, Сент
Кристофера и Невиса, СентЛюсии, СентВинсента и Гренадин, Соломоновых островов и
Тувалу.
Сама Елизавета II – потомок саксонских монархов, которые в девятом веке объединили
Англию, и Вильгельма Завоевателя, чья победа в битве при Гастингсе в 1066 году принесла
власть норманнам. Она царствует уже более пятидесяти лет, выполняя роль
конституционного монарха во времена существования республик и президентов.
Принесенная Елизаветой II клятва отстаивать конституционную форму правления
неукоснительно соблюдается. Она пожертвовала некоторыми своими традиционными
прерогативами ради политической стабильности. За время ее правления в стране не было
конституционных кризисов. Каков распорядок дня королевы? Прежде всего – детальное планирование визитов,
приемов, поездок, после чего – чтение правительственных бумаг, работа над почтовой
корреспонденцией. Самый ответственный пост в ее свите личный секретарь королевы,
связующая инстанция между ней и внешним миром. Исполнявший в 5060х годах такие
обязанности Майкл Адейн, чей дед, лорд Стамфордам, служил в этом качестве у Виктории и
Георга V. Он убедил Елизавету чаще встречаться с журналистами, появляться чего не было
ранее в ресторанах ВестЭнда, устраивать во дворце ленчи для видных представителей
различных слоев общества. Десять дам следят за гардеробом, туалетами королевы.
Финансами ведает хранитель частной казны. Помимо земельных владений в Лондоне, а
также на западе страны, в Корнуолле, у королевы имеется 52 тыс. акров герцогства
Ланкастерского в центре Англии. Она одна из крупнейших лендлордов.
За время своего царствования королева часто ездит за границу и почти всегда по
служебным делам. Помимо государственных визитов, которые она наносит, следуя советам
своих министров, большая часть времени, проводимая ею за пределами Британии, уходит на
визиты или недолгое пребывание в странах Содружества, главою государства которых она
является.
Королева имеет постоянное место жительство. Понятно, что это Британия. Но как,
например, королева Австрии, Канады и Барбадоса она также должна проводить некоторое
время в этих странах, что она и делает. Находясь в одной из стран Содружества, она
выполняет ряд обязанностей конституционной главы государства. В каждой определенной
стране она проводит определенную работу, советуясь с находящимися там министрами.
В течение всего периода царствования королевы Елизаветы ее поддерживают члены
королевской семьи. Они ведут частный и общественный образ жизни, а также служат родине и
Содружеству, когда это необходимо. Термин “ королевская семья “ не имеет строгого
юридического определения, а у самой семьи нет конституционного статуса, но работа ее
членов является неотъемлемой частью современной монархии.
V .Заключительный урок: рассказ о герое или монархе.
Просмотр художественного фильма на английском языке «Робин Гуд».
Список использованной литературы:
1. Бенатцы, Томас. Великолепие Виндзора. «LTD»,
Лондон, 2001.
2. Кауфман К.И. Страницы Британской истории. «Титул»,
Обнинск, 2002.
3. Леонович О.А. Страноведение Великобритании. «КДУ»,
М., 2005.
4. Морган К.О. История Британии в иллюстрациях. «Oxford
University Press», Оксфорд, 1996. 5.Томахин Г.Д. «По странам изучаемого языка. «Просвещение»,
М., 1998.
6. Торли, Симон. Лондонский Тауэр. «Historic Royal Palaces»,
Лондон, 2002.
7. Путеводитель для туристов. Лондон, 2004.
Страницы Британской истории (элективный курс для 9 класса)
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